tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-44148647192323786612024-02-20T22:42:43.573+07:00AGRICULTURE FACULTYUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger22125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4414864719232378661.post-49740755198715064962013-07-05T09:08:00.002+07:002013-07-05T09:08:51.467+07:00PENGARUHMEDIA TANAM DAN PEMBERIAN KOMPOS TKKS TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN KELAPA SAWIT<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
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<b><b>PENGARUHMEDIA TANAM DAN PEMBERIAN KOMPOS TKKS (TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT) TERHADAP
PERTUMBUHAN KELAPA SAWIT (</b><i>Elaeisguineensis</i><b>Jacq.) </b></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><b>(D X P) DI PRE NURSERY<o:p></o:p></b></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">OLEH
:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">JAMSON HASINTONGAN T. / 110301040<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI 1A<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: -7.1pt; margin-right: -14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LABORATORIUM
BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KELAPA SAWIT DAN KARET<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: -7.1pt; margin-right: -14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PROGRAM
STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: -7.1pt; margin-right: -14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FAKULTAS
PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: -7.1pt; margin-right: -14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">UNIVERSITAS
SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: -7.1pt; margin-right: -14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MEDAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: -7.1pt; margin-right: -14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2013<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: -7.1pt; margin-right: -14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PENGARUHMEDIA
TANAMDANPEMBERIANKOMPOSTKKS(TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT) TERHADAP
PERTUMBUHANKELAPA SAWIT (</span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Elaeisguineensis</span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Jacq.) (D X P) DI PRE NURSERY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">OLEH
:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">JAMSON HASINTONGAN T. / 110301040<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI 1A<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">LaporanSebagai
Salah SatuSyaratuntukDapatMengikutiPraktikalTes
diLaboratoriumBudidayaTanamanKelapaSawitdanKaret<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Program
StudiAgroekoteknologiFakultasPertanian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Universitas
Sumatera Utara Medan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: -7.1pt; margin-right: -14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LABORATORIUM
BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KELAPA SAWIT DAN KARET<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: -7.1pt; margin-right: -14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PROGRAM
STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: -7.1pt; margin-right: -14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FAKULTAS
PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: -7.1pt; margin-right: -14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">UNIVERSITAS
SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: -7.1pt; margin-right: -14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MEDAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: -7.1pt; margin-right: -14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2013<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: -7.1pt; margin-right: -14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: -7.1pt; margin-right: -14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">JUDUL :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengaruh Media
TanamdanPemberianKompos TKKS (Tandan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">KosongKelapaSawit)
terhadapPertumbuhanKelapaSawit(<i>elaeisguineensis</i><b>Jacq.</b>) (D x P) di Pre Nursery<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NAMA :
JAMSON HASINTONGAN T.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NIM :
110301040<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PRODI :
Agroekoteknologi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 70.9pt 3.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 70.9pt 3.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Diketahu<a href="" name="_GoBack"></a>iOleh :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<tbody>
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<td height="0" width="0"></td>
<td width="35"></td>
<td width="260"></td>
<td width="12"></td>
<td width="290"></td>
<td width="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="1"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td bgcolor="white" height="167" rowspan="2" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="290"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 4;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1029">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">DosenPenanggungJawab<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Praktikum<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(<u>Ir.
BalongguSiagian, MS</u>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">NIP:
19490102 197903 1 002<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
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<td bgcolor="white" height="168" rowspan="2" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="260"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 3;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1028">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">DosenPenanggungJawab<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Laboratorium<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(<u>Dr.
Ir. JonatanGinting, MS</u>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">NIP:19590201198601
1001<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b
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<b
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<b
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font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>(<u>Leo RichiHamoanganPanjaitan</u>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<b
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<b
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font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>DisetujuiOleh :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<b
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<b
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font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>(<u>Leo RichiHamoanganPanjaitan</u>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<b
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font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>NIM : 080301039</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<b><b>ABSTRACT<o:p></o:p></b></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> The objective of this experiment was to know
effect of media and TKKS dung in growing of palma’s bud. The experiment was
conducted in Green House, Agriculture Faculty, North Sumatera University with
altitude ± 25 m above sea level, from April to May 2013. The experiment used
Randomized Complete Block Design ( RAK) with 2 factors and 3 replications. The
first factor was media, top soil, sand, sub soil and fertilizer. The second one
was TKKS, 10gr, 20gr, and 30gr.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The experiment result showed that
media gave significant effect of height and leaves of bud. <span class="hps">The
average</span> <span class="hps">height</span> <span class="hps">of palm</span> <span class="hps">shoots</span> <span class="hps">at week</span> <span class="hps">-</span>
<span class="hps">8</span> <span class="hps">M2T1</span> <span class="hps">highest</span>
<span class="hps">in treatment</span> <span class="hps">which amounted to</span> <span class="hps">21.93</span> <span class="hps">cm</span> <span class="hps">but</span> <span class="hps">not significantly different from</span> <span class="hps">M2T0</span> <span class="hps">which amounted to</span> <span class="hps">21.80</span> <span class="hps">cm</span>. <span class="hps">While the</span> <span class="hps">lowest
was</span> <span class="hps">on</span> <span class="hps">treatment</span> <span class="hps">M1T2</span>. <span class="hps">The average</span> <span class="hps">number</span>
<span class="hps">of palm</span> <span class="hps">leaves</span> <span class="hps">to</span>
<span class="hps">8</span> <span class="hps">weeks</span> <span class="hps">(</span>strands)
at the highest <span class="hps">treatment</span> <span class="hps">M1T2</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">M2T2</span> <span class="hps">at</span> <span class="hps">3:33</span> <span class="hps">strands</span> <span class="hps">and</span>
<span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">lowest</span> <span class="hps">at
treatment</span> <span class="hps">M1T0</span>, <span class="hps">M1T1</span>, <span class="hps">M2T0</span>, <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">M2T1</span> <span class="hps">is equal to</span> <span class="hps">3</span> <span class="hps">strands</span>.
<span class="hps">The average</span> <span class="hps">diameter of the</span> <span class="hps">palm</span> <span class="hps">trunk</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">8</span> <span class="hps">weeks</span> <span class="hps">(</span>mm) <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">the highest</span> <span class="hps">in the</span>
<span class="hps">treatment</span> <span class="hps">that is equal to</span> <span class="hps">15.55</span> <span class="hps">mm</span> <span class="hps">M1T1</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">M1T0</span> <span class="hps">lowest in</span>
<span class="hps">at 0.67</span> <span class="hps">mm</span>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Key words : </span></b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">media, TKKS, bud</span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ABSTRAK<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Tujuan dari
percobaan ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh media tanam dan Kompos TKKS
(Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit) terhadap pertumbuhan kecambah kelapa sawit (<i>Elaeis gueneensis</i> Jacq.) di Pre Nursery.
Percobaan ini dilaksanakan di Rumah Kassa, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas
Sumatera Utara, dengan ketinggian tempat ± 25 m di dpl, dari bulan April sampai
bulan Mei 2013. Percobaan ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan
dua faktor perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Faktor I adalah Faktor media tanam,
yaitu top soil + pasir dan Subsoil + pupuk Kandang Ayam Ras, faktor II adalah
Faktor kompos TKKS, yaitu 10 gr, 20 gr, 30 gr. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Hasil
percobaan menunjukan bahwa media tanam dan kompos TKKS berpengaruh nyata
terhadap perkecambahan kelapa sawit. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rataan tinggi tunas
kelapasawitpada 8 MST tertinggi pada perlakuan M2T1 yakni sebesar 21,93 cm
namun tidak berbeda nyata dengan M2T0 yakni sebesar 21,80 cm. Sedangkan
terendah terdapat pada perlakuan M1T2. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rataan jumlah daun kelapa sawit 8 MST (helai) tertinggi
pada perlakuan M1T2 dan M2T2 yaitu sebesar 3.33 helai dan terendah pada
perlakuan M1T0, M1T1, M2T0, dan M2T1 yaitu sebesar 3 helai.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rataan diameter batang kelapa sawit
8 MST (mm) tertinggi yaitu pada perlakuan M1T1 yaitu sebesar 15,55 mm dan
terendah pada M1T0 sebesar</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> 0,67 mm.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kata kunci : </span></b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">media tanam, kompos TKKS, kecambah<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><b style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">RIWAYAT
HIDUP</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Jamson
Hasintongan T. dilahirkan di Padang Sidempuan pada tanggal 24 Nopember 1993. Penulis
merupakan putra keenam dari enam bersaudara dari pasangan Bapak J. Tampubolon
dan Ibu S. Silaban.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Adapun
pendidikan yang telah di tempuh penulis hingga saat ini adalah menyelesaikan
pendidikan sekolah dasar di SDN 100390 di Padang Sidempuan lulus tahun 2005,
menyelesaikan pendidikan Sekolah Menengah Pertama di SMPN 1 Padang Sidempuan,
lulus tahun 2008, menyelesaikan pendidikan SMA Katolik Budi Murni 3
Medan, lulus tahun 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Pada
tahun 2011, penulis terdaftar sebagai mahasiswa Fakultas Pertanian Universitas
Sumatera Utara, Medan jurusan Agroekoteknologi melalui jalur Seleksi Masuk
Perguruan Tinggi Negri (SNMPTN) tertulis pilihan pertama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">KATA PENGANTAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> PujidansyukurpenulisucapkankepadaTuhan
yang Maha Esa karena berkat dan
rahmat-Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan laporan ini tepat pada waktunya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Adapun
judul dari laporan ini adalah “Pengaruh Media Tanam dan Kompos TKKS (Tandan Kosong
Kelapa Sawit) terhadap Pertumbuhan Kecambah Kelapa Sawit (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i> <b>Jacq.</b>)
di Pre Nursery” yang merupakan salah satu syarat untuk dapat mengikuti
praktikal test di Laboratorium Budidaya Tanaman Kelapa Sawit dan Karet, Program
Studi Agroekoteknologi FakultasPertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Pada
kesempatan ini penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Prof. Ir.
Edison Purba, Ph.D., Ir. Balonggu Siagian, MS., Ir. T. Irmansyah, MP., Ir. Lahmuddin
Lubis, MP., Ir. Charloq, MP., Dr. Ir. Jonatan Ginting, MS., dan
Ir. Jonis Ginting, MP selaku dosen mata
kuliah Budidaya Tanaman Kelapa Sawit dan Karet serta kepada abang dan kakak
asisten yang telah membantu penulis dalam pembuatan laporan ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Penulis
menyadari bahwa laporan ini masih jauh dari sempurna. Oleh karenanya, penulis
mengharap kritik dan saran demi kesempurnaan laporan ini. Akhir kata penulis
mengucapkan terima kasih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Medan, Mei 2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penulis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">DAFTAR ISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">ABSTRACT</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">............................................................................................................ i<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">ABSTRAK</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">............................................................................................................. ii<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">RIWAYAT HIDUP</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">.............................................................................................. iii<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">......................................................................................... iv<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">.......................................................................................................... v<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">DAFTAR TABEL</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">............................................................................................... vii<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">DAFTAR DIAGRAM</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">........................................................................................ viii<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">DAFTAR LAMPIRAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">........................................................................................ ix<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Latar
Belakang............................................................................................. 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tujuan
Percobaan......................................................................................... 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hipotesa
Percobaan...................................................................................... 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kegunaan
Penulisan..................................................................................... 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Botani
Tanaman........................................................................................... 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Syarat
Tumbuh............................................................................................. 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Iklim.................................................................................................... 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanah.................................................................................................. 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembibitan Kelapa Sawit di Pre
Nursery..................................................... 5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Media
Tanam................................................................................................ 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kompos
Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS)......................................... 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">BAHAN DAN METODE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tempat
dan Waktu Percobaan................................................................... 10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bahan
dan Alat.......................................................................................... 10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Metode
Percobaan...................................................................................... 10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bagan
Percobaan........................................................................................ 12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PELAKSANAAN PERCOBAAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Persiapan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Media Tanam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">......................................................................... 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Aplikasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kompos TKKS</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">......................................................................... 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Penanaman</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">............................................................................................... 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pemeliharaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">............................................................................................ 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Penyiraman</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">..................................................................................... 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Penyiangan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">...................................................................................... 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengamatan
Parameter</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">............................................................................ 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tinggi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanaman (cm</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">)..................................................................... 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Daun (Helai</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">)...................................................................... 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Diameter</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Batang (mm</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">).................................................................. 14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hasil........................................................................................................... 15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pembahasan................................................................................................ 17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kesimpulan................................................................................................. 20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Saran........................................................................................................... 20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><b style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR TABEL</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">No.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Judul<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.85pt;" width="45">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Hal.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 345.45pt;" valign="top" width="461">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Tinggi Tunas Kelapa Sawit 8 MST
(cm)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.85pt;" valign="top" width="45">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 345.45pt;" valign="top" width="461">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tabel </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">. Jumlah Daun Kelapa Sawit 8 MST
(Helai)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.85pt;" valign="top" width="45">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 345.45pt;" valign="top" width="461">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tabel </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">. Diameter Batang Kelapa Sawit 8
MST (mm)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.85pt;" valign="top" width="45">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR DIAGRAM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">No.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 345.45pt;" valign="top" width="461">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Judul<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.85pt;" valign="top" width="45">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Hal.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 345.45pt;" valign="top" width="461">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Diagram 1. Tinggi Tunas Kelapa Sawit 8 MST
(cm)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.85pt;" valign="top" width="45">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 345.45pt;" valign="top" width="461">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Diagram 2. Jumlah Daun Kelapa Sawit 8 MST (helai)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.85pt;" valign="top" width="45">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 345.45pt;" valign="top" width="461">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Diagram 3. Diameter Batang Kelapa Sawit 8 MST
(mm)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.85pt;" valign="top" width="45">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar
Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelapa sawit (<i>Elais guineensis </i><b>Jacq</b>)
adalah tanaman perkebunan penting penghasil minyak makanan, minyak industri
maupun bahan bakar (bio disel). Indonesia adalah penghasil minyak kelapa sawit
terbesar di dunia, bersama dengan Malaysia dan Thailand. Untuk meningkatkan
produksi kelapa sawit dilakukan kegiatan perluasan areal per tanaman,
rehabilitasi kebun yang sudah ada dan intensifikasi (Jamnah, dkk., 2012).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkembangan
areal penanaman kelapa sawit sangat pesat, dan diperkirakan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> luas areal perkebunan sawit pada tahun 2006
mencapai lebih dari enam juta Ha. Semakin luas perkebunan sawit akan diikuti
dengan peningkatan jumlah limbah kelapa sawit. Dalam produksi minyak kelapa
sawit, TKKS merupakan limbah terbesar yaitu sekitar 23% tandan buah segar (TBS)
(Widiastuti dan Panji, 2007).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanaman kelapa sawit dimasukkan
pertama kali ke Indonesiaoleh
bangsa Belanda dengan bibit yang berasal dari Boorbor (Rheonion) atau
Mauritus sebanyak dua batang dan dari Amsterdam juga dua batang. Bibit
tersebut ditanam di kebun Raya
Bogor untuk dijadikan tanaman koleksi pada tahun 1848 (Ruysschaert, 2011). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelapa sawit telah menjadi komoditi
sub sektor perkebunan yang memiliki peranan enting bagi perekonomian Indonesia.
Prospek usaha yang cerah, harga produk yang kompetitif, dan industri berbasis
kelapa sawit yang beragam dengan skala usaha yang fleksibel telah menjadikan
banyak perusahaan dalam berbagai skala maupun petani yang berminat untuk
membangun industri kelapa sawit mulai dari kebun hingga hilir (Hanum, 2010).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tandan buah sawit kosong (tandan
kosong) dapat digunakan sebagai pupuk organik yang langsung dikembalikan ke
lapangan (kebun). Bisa juga di proses terlebih dahulu menjadi pupuk organik
melalui pengomposan (proses fermentasi) menggunakan mikroba (Ruysschaert,
2011).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan
Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun tujuan dari percobaan ini
adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh media tanam dan pemberian kompos TKSS (Tandan
Kosong Kelapa Sawit) terhadap pertumbuhan kecambah kelapa sawit (<i>Elais guineensis </i><b>Jacq</b>) (DXP) di Pre</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Nu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rsery.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hipotesis
Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada pengaruh media tanam dan
pemberian kompos TKKS terhadap pertumbuhan kelapa sawit serta ada interaksi
media tanam dan pemberian kompos TKKS terhadap kecambah kelapa sawit (<i>Elais guineensis </i><b>Jacq</b>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kegunaan
Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai salah satu syarat untuk
dapat mengikuti laporan di Laboratorium Budidaya Tanaman Kelapa Sawit dan Karet
Program Studi Agroekoteknologi Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara
Medan dan sebagai bahan informasi bagi pihak yang membutuhkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1048" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:381.1pt;margin-top:-92.05pt;width:46.75pt;
height:41.9pt;z-index:23' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 23;"><span style="height: 56px; left: 0px; left: 508px; position: absolute; top: -123px; width: 62px;"><img height="56" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1048" width="62" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Botani Tanaman<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Erwinsyah (2008) klasifikasi
tanaman kelapa sawit adalah : Kingdom : Plantae; Divisio : Spermatophyta; Sub
Divisio : Angiospermae;
Class : Monocotyledoneae; Ordo : Arecales; Family : Aracaceae; Genus :
Elaeis; Spesies : <i>Elais guineensis </i>Jacq.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai tanaman palma, kelapa sawit
tidak memiliki akar tunggang dan
akar cabang. Pada tahun pertama dan tahun kedua pertumbuhan kelapa
sawit, pertumbuhan membesar terlihat sekali pada bagian pangkal, dimana diameter
batang mencapai 60 cm (Ruysschaert, 2011).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanaman kelapa sawit mempunyai akar
tumbuh dan akar nafas. Akar nafas tumbuh di atas permukaan tanah atau di dalam
tanah dengan adanya aerasi yang baik. Akar utama berfungsi sebagai menjaga
bagian ats tanaman dan menyerap hara (Erwinsyah, 2008).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batang sawit berbatang tunggal
(tidak bercabang) kecuali abnormal.
Laju pertumbuhan tinggi tanaman dipengaruhi oleh komposisi genetik dan
lingkungan. Batang mengandung banyak serat dengan jaringan pembuluh yang
menunjang pohon dan pengangkutan hara (Hanum, 2010).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun (folium) pertama yang keluar
pada stadia bibit adalah berbentuk lanceolate, kemudian muncul bifarcate dan
muncul bentuk painrate. Pada pangkal pelepah daun atau retiole adalah bagian
daun yang mendukung atau tempat duduknya helaian daun (Ruysschaert, 2011).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Letak bunga jantan dan bunga betina
terpisah, masing-masing tersusun pada tandan yang berbeda tetapi masih dalam 1
pohon. Namun demikian, terkadang dalam 1 tandan terdapat bunga jantan sekaligus
bunga betina (Susanto, dkk., 2006).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Temperatur optimal 24-28<sup>o</sup>C.
Kelembaban optimum ideal untuk tanaman sawit sekitar 80-90% dan kecepatan angin
5-6 km/jam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">.
Optimalisasipertumbuhantanamankelapasawitjugaterdapatpadadaerahtropis.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(BBPP,
2008).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buah muda berwarna hijau pucat.
Semakin tua berubah menjadi hijauhitam hingga kuning. Buah sawit yang masih
mentah berwarna hitam (nigrescens), beberapa diantaranya berwarna hijau
(viresans). Sementara itu buah matang <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">berwarna merah kuning (oranye). Selanjutnya, buah
matang akan rontok (Fricke, 2009).</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biji merupakan bagian buah yang
telah terpisah dari daging buah dan sering disebut noten atau nut yang memiliki
berbagai ukuran tergantung tipe tanaman.
Biji terdiri atas cangkang, embrio dan inti atau endosperm. Embrio
panjangnya 3 mm berdiameter 1,2 mm berbentuk silindris (Ruysschaert, 2011).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syarat
Tumbuh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Iklim<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Curah hujan yang baik untuk tanaman
kelapa sawit dalam pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman kelapa sawit adalah di atas
2000 mm dan merata sepanjang tahun. Hujan tidak turun selama 3 bulan
menyebabkan pertumbuhan kuncup dan terhambat sampai hujan turun. Hujan yang
lama tidak turun juga mempengaruhi produksi buah (Erwinsyah, 2008).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanaman kelapa sawit tumbuh yang
baik merupakan syarat baik pada daerah 12<sup>o</sup>LU-12<sup>o</sup> LS pada
ketinggian 0-500 meter dpl. Suhu rata-rata per tahun 25<sup>o</sup>C. Kelapa
sawit tumbuh baik jika tidak mengalami defisit air (Kurnia, 1997).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanaman kelapa sawit termasuk
tanaman heliofil atau menyukai cahaya matahari. Penyinaran matahari sangat
berpengaruh terhadap buah kelapa sawit. Tanaman yang ternaungi karena jarak
tanam yang sempit, pertumbuhannya akan terhambat karena hasil asimilasinya
kurang (Ruysschaert, 2011).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Umumnya kelapa sawit menghendaki
tanah yang gembur, subur di atas tanah yang berdrainase baik untuk memiliki
lapisan saluran yang dalam tanpa
lapisan padas. Kondisi topografi pertanaman kelapa sawit sebaiknya tidak
lebih dari 15<sup>o</sup>C. Jenis
tanah yang sesuai adalah ultisol, entosol, inseptisol dan histosol (Erwinsyah,
2008).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanah yang baik bagi tanaman kelapa
sawit adalah tanah lempeng, berdebu, lempung liat berdebu, lempung berliat dan
lempung liat berpasir. Kedalaman efektif adalah jika lebih dalam dari 100 cm.
pH tanah yang optimal adalah pH 5-6 dan
pH 3,5-4 pada lahan gambut
(Ruysschaert, 2011).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelapa sawit dapat tumbuh pada pH
4,0-6,0 namun terbaik adalah 5,0-5,5. Kandungan hara yang tinggi yaitu C/N
mendekati 10 dimana C 1% dan N 0,1%,
daya tukar Mg = 1,2 Me/100 g, daya tukar k = 0,15-0,20 Me/100 g (Hanum,
2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembibitan
Kelapa Sawit di Pre Nursery<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembibitan awal di Pre-Nursery
mempunyai ciri adalah penggunaan kantong plastik atau polybag berukuran kecil,
sehingga jumlah bibit per Ha areal pembibitan menjadi banyak. Tempat pembibitan
menjadi banyak. Tempat pembibitan adalah kantong plastik karena lebih aman
(Erwinsyah, 2008).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Polybag kecil yang digunakan
sebaiknya berwarna hitam, jika terpaksa bisa menggunakan polybag kecil berwarna
putih, polybag berukuran panjang 14 cm,
lebar 8 cm, dan tebal 0,14 cm. Selain itu, bisa juga menggunakan babbag
hitam ukuran 14 x 22 x 0,07 cm (200 lembar/kg) media tanam yang digunakan
berupa campuran top soil dan kompos dengan perbandingan 6 : 1 atau campuran
pasir dan TKKS dan top soil 1 : 1 : 1 (Fricke, 2009).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Seperti
jenis tanaman Palmae yang lain, tanaman kelapa sawit mempunyai akar
serabut.Akar primer tumbuh ke bawah di dalam tanah sampai batas permukaan air
tanah. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Karena
akar sawit merupakan akar serabut dan tidak mampu menyerap air yang
terlaludalam, maka drainase pada pertanaman sawit harus diperhatikan. Kekurangan
air tanah tanaman untuk kelapa sawit dapat mempengaruhi produksi tajuk sawit
yang berakibat terganggunya proses fotosintesis dan terhalangnya laju transpirasi.
Jika hal tersebut terjadi maka pertumbuhan tanaman kelapa sawit akan terganggu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Erwinsyah, 2008)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanah yang digunakan untuk mengikuti
polybag kecil berupa tanah bagian atas (top soil) yang sudah dibersihkan dari
batu dan sisa-sisa tanaman. Hal ini mengakibatkan sulitnya memperoleh media top
soil yang dijumpai tebalnya sangat tipis atau hilang karena erosi (Hanum,
2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Media
Tanam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hara dalam pupuk kandang berasal
dari pakan yang dikonsumsi ternak,
lebih dari 70% N yang dimakan oleh hewan dapat dilihat dari
kotorannya, demikian juga kalsium sebesar 80%. Diantara
kotoran ternak, kotoran ayam mempunyai kandungan hara tinggi, terendah sapi,
sedangkan kotoran babi berada diantranya (Erwinsyah, 2008).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Media tanam diisi ke polybag yang
digunakan adalah 12 cm x 23 cm atau 15 cm x 25 cm (lay flat). Polybag diisi
dengan 1,5-2,0 kg tanah atas yang telah diayak. Tiap polybag diberi lubang
untuk drainase (BBPP, 2008).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tekstur
tanah yang paling ideal untuk kelapa sawit adalah lempung berdebu, lempung liat
berdebu, lempung berliat dan lempung liat berpasir. Kedalaman efektif tanah
yang baik jika <100 cm dengan tingkat keasaman (pH) tanah yang optimal
adalah pH 5,0 s/d 6,0 namun kelapa sawit masih toleran terhadap pH<5
misalnya pada pH 3,5 s/d 4 (pada tanah gambut) (Hartanto, 2010).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kelapa
sawit dapat tumbuh pada berbagai tanah, tetapi petumbuhan optimal akan dicapai
jika jenis tanahnya sesuai dengan syarat tumbuh kelapa sawit. Sifat-sifat
fisika dan kimia tanah yang harus dipenuhi untuk pertumbuhan kelapa sawit
secara optimal (Frey, 2010).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kelapa
sawit menghendaki tanah yang gembur, subur, datar, berdrainase baik dan
memiliki lapisan solum yang dalam tanpa lapisan padas. Kondisi topografi
pertanaman kelapa sawit sebaiknya tidak lebih dari 15<sup>0</sup>. Tanaman
kelapa sawit membutuhkan unsur hara dalam jumlah besar untuk pertumbuhan
vegetatif dan generatif (Hartanto, 2010).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pasir yang digunakan adalah pasir
yang berasal dari laut. Pasir dibersihkan dari bahan organik, dan tanah.
Kemudian media tanam campuran yakni blotog tebu dicampur sesuai dengan
perlakuan masing-masing, kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam polybag (Hanum, 2010).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kompos
TKKS (Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Budidaya kelapa sawit meliputi
beberapa tahapan kegiatan yaitu persiapan areal, pembibitan, penanaman, sensus
pokok, penyulaman, pemupukan, pengendalian hama dan penyakit tanaman,
pengendalian gulma, kastrasi, penunasan, pemanenan dan pemanfaatan limbah
(Saputra, 2010).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nitrogen umumnya diserap oleh
tanaman dalam bentuk NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> dan NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+ </sup>walaupun
urea dapat juga dimanfaatkan oleh tanaman, karena urea secara cepat dapat
diserap melalui epidermis daun dan pada tanah bereaksi agak masam sampai alkali
dengan aerosi baik maka bentuk NO<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> banyak dijumpai
(Kurnia, 1997).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan organik adalah hasil lapukan
sisa-sisa tumbuhan atau binatang yang bercampur dengan bahan mineral tanah.
Pembentukannya dalam tanah umumnya terjadi secara alami. Kadar bahan organik
dalam tanah dengan mudah dan cepat dapat berkurang karena erosi (Haekal, 2000).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kompos tandan kosong kelapa sawit
sangat bermanfaat untuk meningkatkan bahan organik tanah. Bahan organik dalam
tanah berfungsi untuk memperbaiki sifat tanah seperti struktur tanah. TKKS
merupakan bahan organik yang mengandung unsur hara esensial dan unsur hara
makro N, P, K dan Mg. Jika N cukup maka daun tanaman akan tumbuh baik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (Witjaksana, 1985).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kompos
tandan kosong kelapa sawit telah diuji dan berpengaruh baik pada pembibitan
kelapa sawit. Pemberian kompos TKKS 50% dan tanah 50% mampu meningkatkan tinggi
tanaman dan jumlah pelepah. Aplikasi bahan organik seperti kompos tandan kosong
kelapa sawit (TKKS) adalah 100 kg/pohon yang diaplikasikan dua tahap dalam
setahun (Firmansyah, 2010).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tandan kosong kelapa sawit merupakan
hasil sampingan dari pengolahan minyak kelapa sawit yang pemanfaatannya masih
terbatas sebagai pupuk, bahan baku pembuatan matras dan media untuk pertumbuhan
tanaman (Ruysschaert, 2011).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kompos TKKS merupakan bahan organik
yang mengandung unsur hara N, P,
K dan Mg. Selain diprediksi mampu untuk memperbaiki sifat tanah, kompos TKKS diprediksi mampu
meningkatkan efisiensi pemupukan sehingga pupuk digunakan untuk pembibitan
kelapa sawit dapat dikurangi (Erwinsyah, 2008).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kompos
tandan kosong kelapa sawit telah diuji dan berpengaruh baik pada pembibitan
kelapa sawit. Pemberian kompos TKKS 50% dan tanah 50% mampu meningkatkan tinggi
tanaman dan jumlah pelepah. Aplikasi bahan organik seperti kompos tandan kosong
kelapa sawit (TKKS) adalah 100 kg/pohon yang diaplikasikan dua tahap dalam
setahun (Firmansyah, 2010).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Salah satu potensi tandan kosong kelapa
sawit (TKKS) yang cukup besar adalah sebagai bahan pembenah tanah dan sumber
hara bagi tanaman. Potensi ini didasarkan pada materi TKKS yang merupakan bahan
organik dengan kandungan hara yang cukup tinggi. Tandan kosong kelapa sawit
mengandung 42,8% C; 2,90% K<sub>2</sub>O; 0,80% N; 0,22% P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>;
0,30% MgO; dan unsur-unsur mikro antara lain 10 ppm B, 23 ppm Cu, dan 51 ppm Zn
(Hastuti, 2009).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<br /></div>
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" stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 20;"><span style="height: 50px; left: 0px; left: 497px; position: absolute; top: -86px; width: 47px;"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="Rectangle_x0020_24" width="47" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAHAN DAN METODE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tempat dan Waktu Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Percobaan
ini dilakukan di Rumah kasa dimulai pada bulan Maret 2013 sampai dengan Juni
2013 Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara pada ketinggian 25 m diatas
permukaan laut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan dan Alat <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun
bahan yang digunakan pada percobaan ini adalah Benih kelapa sawit sebgai objek
pengamatan, polybag sebagai wadah media tanam, top soil sebagai media tanam,
pasir sebagai campuran media tanam, kompos TKKS sebagai media pupuk yang
digunakan, Sub soil sebagai media tanam, Pupuk Kandang sebagai campuran media
tanam dan label perlakuan untuk menandai perlakuan yang diberikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Adapun alat yang digunakan adalah cangkul
untuk mengolah media tanam, gembor untuk menyiram, alat tulis dan buku data
untuk menulis dan mencatat data, jangka sorong untuk mengukur diameter batang,
penggaris untuk mengukur tinggi tanaman, karung untuk membawa dan mengangkut
media tanam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Metode Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada
praktikum ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) faktorial dengan 2
faktor, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor
1 : Media Tanam (M) dengan 2
taraf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> M1 : Top Soil + Pasir
(2:1)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> M2 : Sub Soil + Pupuk
Kandang Sapi (3:1)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor
2 : Kompos TKKS dengan 3 taraf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> T0 : 10 gr<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> T1 : 20 gr<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> T2 : 30 gr<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sehingga
didapat 6 kombinasi yaitu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt center 7.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> M1T0 M2T0 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> M1T1 M2T1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> M1T2 M2T2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah
ulangan : 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah
polybag per ulangan : 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah
biji per polibag : 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah
kecambah per plot : 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah
kecambah seluruhnya : 36<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Data
hasil praktikum dianalisis sidik ragam berdasarkan model linier sebagai berikut
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Yijk =
µ + βi + αj + βk + (αβ)jk + ijk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dimana
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Yijk
: Hasil pengamatan dari blok ke i dengan
perlakuan media tanam ke j dan kompos
TKKS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">µ : Nilai tengah sebenarnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">βi : Efek blok ke i<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">αj : Efek jumlah dosis pupuk Media Tanam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">βk : Efek perlakuan kompos TKKS taraf ke- k<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengamatan
Paremeter :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.
Tinggi Tanaman (cm) 3. Jumlah
Daun (Helai)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.
Diameter Batang (mm)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagan Percobaan</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 83.65pt; text-align: center;">
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" stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 21;"><span style="height: 50px; left: 0px; left: 499px; position: absolute; top: -80px; width: 48px;"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="Rectangle_x0020_25" width="48" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PELAKSANAAN PERCOBAAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 83.65pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapan Media Tanam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Polybag
berukuran 1 kg diisi dengan top soil + pasir dengan perbandingan 2 : 1 dan sub
soil 2 : 1 dan sub soil + pupuk kandang dengan perbandingan 3 : 1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aplikasi Kompos TKKS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengaplikasian
kompos TKKS dilakukan pada polybag sebagai M2 bersamaan dengan sub soil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penanaman<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Benih kelapa sawit ditanam di
polybag yang diisi tanah sesuai dengan perlakuan dan dimasukkan ke dalam
polybag dan sebaliknya jangan ditanam terlalu dalam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeliharaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyiraman<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Penyiraman dilakukan sebanyak 2 kali
sehari yaitu pada pagi dan sore hari tergantung dengan kondisi kelembaban permukaan
media tanam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyiangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Penyiangan dilakukan setiap
minggunya dengan cara mecabut gulma yang tumbuh di polybag.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengamatan Parameter<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinggi Tanaman (cm)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Tinggi tanaman diukur dari pangkal
batang sampai ujung daun tertinggi dan dimulai dari 1 MST sampai dengan 8 MST
dengan menggunakan penggaris.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah Daun (Helai)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Daun yang dihitung adalah daun yang
telah membuka sempurna.Perhitungan jumlah daun adalah daun yang sempurna yaitu
kecambah yang daunnya sudah membuka lebar sejak 1 MST hingga 8 MST.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Diameter Batang (mm)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Diameter
batang dihitung dengan menggunakan jangka sorong di bagian batang. Pengukuran
diameter dila<a href="" name="_GoBack"></a>kukan menggunakan jangka sorong dengan cara
dua kali mulai dari kiri sekali dan dari kanan sekali karena batang tanaman
sawit batangnya merupakan pelepah sawit. Pengukuran ini dilakukan pada 1 MST
hingga 8 MST.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1052" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:375.35pt;margin-top:-62.3pt;width:46.75pt;height:41.9pt;z-index:27'
stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 27;"><span style="height: 56px; left: 0px; left: 500px; position: absolute; top: -83px; width: 63px;"><img height="56" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1052" width="63" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tabel </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">. Tinggi Tunas Kelapa Sawit 8 MST (cm) <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid gray 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 553px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.65pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Perlakuan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.25pt;" width="292">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ulangan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 7.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 7.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 7.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border: none; height: 14.4pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">M1T0<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 14.4pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">18,10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 14.4pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">18,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 14.4pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">18,30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 14.4pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">54,40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 14.4pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">18,13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border: none; height: 6.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">M1T1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 6.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">18,70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 6.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">17,80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 6.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">18,10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 6.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">54,60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 6.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">18,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">M1T2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">13,50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">19,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">17,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">49,50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">16,50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">M2T0<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">24,10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">17,90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">23,40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">65,40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">21,80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border: none; height: 12.6pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">M2T1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 12.6pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">22,80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 12.6pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">20,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 12.6pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">23,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 12.6pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">65,80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 12.6pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">21,93<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">M2T2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">18,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">17,50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">16,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">51,50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">17,17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">115,20<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">110,20<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">115,80<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">341,20<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">19,20<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">18,37<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">191,30<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">18,96<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Diagram </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">. Tinggi Tunas Kelapa Sawit 8 MST (cm)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rataan tinggi
tunas kelapasawitpada 8 MST tertinggi pada perlakuan M2T1 yakni sebesar 21,93
cm namun tidak berbeda nyata dengan M2T0 yakni sebesar 21,80 cm. Sedangkan terendah
terdapat pada perlakuan M1T2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tabel </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">. Jumlah Daun Kelapa Sawit 8 MST (Helai)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 553px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.95pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.95pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Perlakuan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.95pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.25pt;" valign="top" width="292">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ulangan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.95pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.95pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 7.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 7.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 7.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">M1T0<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border: none; height: 14.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">M1T1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 14.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 14.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 14.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 14.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 14.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">M1T2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">10,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,33<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">M2T0<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">M2T1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">M2T2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">10,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,33<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">19,00<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">19,00<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">18,00<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">56,00<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.7pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.7pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,17<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.7pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,17<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.7pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,00<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.7pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.7pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,11<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Diagram </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">. Jumlah Daun Kelapa Sawit 8 MST (helai)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_s1055"
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o:title="" croptop="17339f" cropbottom="10580f" cropleft="15522f"
cropright="17321f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 217px; margin-left: 2px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 521px; z-index: -2;"><img height="217" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_10" width="521" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"><br clear="all" />
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rataan jumlah daun kelapa sawit 8 MST (helai) tertinggi
pada perlakuan M1T2 dan M2T2 yaitu sebesar 3.33 helai dan terendah pada
perlakuan M1T0, M1T1, M2T0, dan M2T1 yaitu sebesar 3 helai.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tabel </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">. Diameter Batang Kelapa Sawit 8 MST (mm)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 553px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.9pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 12.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 12.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.25pt;" valign="top" width="292">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ulangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 12.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 12.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 6.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 6.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 6.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">M1T0<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,67<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border: none; height: 14.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">M1T1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 14.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5,78<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 14.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5,01<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 14.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5,85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 14.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">26,64<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 14.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">15,55<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">M1T2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7,50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">21,90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7,03<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">M2T0<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5,75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">8,23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">8,95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">22,93<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7,64<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">M2T1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7,08<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7,01<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6,09<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">20,18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 13.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6,73<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">M2T2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7,13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6,47<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6,51<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">20,11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6,70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">33,84<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">34,62<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">35,50<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">103,76<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 11.2pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 11.2pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5,64<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 11.2pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5,77<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 11.2pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5,88<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 11.2pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 11.2pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5,76<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Diagram </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">. Diameter Batang Kelapa Sawit 8 MST (mm)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_13"
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mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 186px; left: 0px; margin-left: 21px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 483px; z-index: -1;"><img height="186" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_13" width="483" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rataan diameter batang kelapa sawit 8 MST (mm)
tertinggi yaitu pada perlakuan M1T1 yaitu sebesar 15,55 mm dan terendah pada
M1T0 sebesar 0,67 mm.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari data yang diperoleh diketahui
bahwa rataan tinggi tunas kelapa sawit 8 MST (cm) tertinggi adalah sebesar
21,93 cm yaitu pada perlakuan M2T1 (subsoil + pupuk kandang (3:1) + 20 gram
TKKS). Hal ini disebabkan media sub soil dengan tambahan pupuk kandang sangat
baik untuk pertumbuhan tunas kelapa sawit karena pupuk kandang kaya akan bahan
organik sehingga dapat memperbaiki struktur tanah menjadi lebih gembur. Hal ini sesuai dengan literatur Hartanto (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2010</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">) yang menyatakan bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">kelapa sawit menghendaki tanah yang
gembur, subur, datar, berdrainase baik dan memiliki lapisan solum yang dalam
tanpa lapisan padas. </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari data yang diperoleh diketahui bahwa rataan tinggi
tunas kelapa sawit 8 MST (cm) terendah adalah sebesar 16,50 cm yaitu pada
perlakuan M1T2 (topsoil + pasir (3:1) + 30 gram TKKS). Hal ini disebabkan
tanaman kekurangan air sehingga media tanam yang sudah sangat baik tidak dapat
mendukung kehidupan tanaman karena kekurangan air. Tanaman kelapa sawit
membutuhkan air yang cukup untuk pertumbuhannya, sehingga jika air t</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">idak tercukupi maka pertumbuhan dapat
terhambat. Hal ini sesuai dengan literatur </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Erwinsyah (2008) yang menyatakan bahwa Kekurangan air
tanah tanaman untuk kelapa sawit dapat mempengaruhi produksi tajuk sawit yang
berakibat terganggunya proses fotosintesis dan terhalangnya laju transpirasi. Jika
hal tersebut terjadi maka pertumbuhan tanaman kelapa sawit akan terganggu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dari data yang diperoleh diketahui bahwa
rataan jumlah daun kelapa sawit 8 MST (helai) tertinggi
sebesar 3.33 helai pada perlakuan M1T2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(top soil + pasir (3:1) + 30 gram TKKS)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> dan M2T2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(subsoil + pupuk kandang 3:1 + 30
gram TKKS).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Hal ini
disebabkan media tanam yang digunakan sangat mendukung pertumbuhan kecambah
kelapa sawit sehingga jumlah daun yang dihasilkan lebih banyak dan juga
pemberian 30 gram TKKS dapat menambah unsur hara tanah sehingga dapat
meningkatkan jumlah daun. Hal ini sesuai dengan literatur Firmansyah (2010)
yang menyatakan bahwa kompos tandan kosong kelapa sawit telah diuji dan
berpengaruh baik pada pembibitan kelapa sawit. Pemberian kompos TKKS 50% dan
tanah 50% mampu meningkatkan tinggi tanaman dan jumlah pelepah. </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dari data yang diperoleh diketahui bahwa
rataan jumlah daun kelapa sawit 8 MST (helai) terendah
sebesar 3 helai yaitu </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pada perlakuan M1T0, M1T1, M2T0, dan M2T1. Hal ini disebabkan
pemberian kompos TKKS yang kaya bahan organik dapat meningkatkan kesuburan
tanah diberi dalam jumlah yang lebih sedikit sehingga jumlah daun yang
dihasilkan juga lebih kecil jumlahnya karena TKKS dapat meningkatkan jumlah
daun. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hal ini sesuai dengan
literatur Firmansyah (2010) yang menyatakan bahwa kompos tandan kosong kelapa
sawit telah diuji dan berpengaruh baik pada pembibitan kelapa sawit. Pemberian
kompos TKKS 50% dan tanah 50% mampu meningkatkan tinggi tanaman dan jumlah
pelepah.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dari data yang diperoleh diketahui bahwa
rataan diameter batang kelapa sawit 8 MST (mm) tertinggi adalah sebesar 15.55
mm yaitu pada perlakuan M1T1 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(topsoil + pasir (3:1) + 20 gram TKKS). Hal ini
disebabkan media top soil dengan tambahan pasir sangat baik untuk pertumbuhan
kelapa sawit karena pupuk kandang kaya akan bahan organik sehingga dapat
memperbaiki struktur tanah menjadi lebih gembur. Hal ini sesuai dengan literatur Hartanto (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2010</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">) yang menyatakan bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">kelapa sawit menghendaki tanah yang
gembur, subur, datar, berdrainase baik dan memiliki lapisan solum yang dalam
tanpa lapisan padas. </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dari data yang diperoleh diketahui bahwa
rataan diameter batang kelapa sawit 8 MST (mm) terendah adalah sebesar 0.67 mm
yaitu pdaa perlakun M1T0
( top soil + pasir (3 :1) +10 gram TKKS). Hal ini disebabkan jumlah TKKS yang diberiakn tidak memberi
pengaruh yang signifikan karena jumlah yang sedikit sementara TKKS itu sangat
baik untuk pertumbuhan tanaman karena dapat menamba sumber hara dan juga kaya
bahan organik. Hal ini sesuai dengan literatur Hastuti (2009)yang menyatakan
bahwa salah satu potensi tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) yang cukup besar
adalah sebagai bahan pembenah tanah dan sumber hara bagi tanaman. Potensi ini
didasarkan pada materi TKKS yang merupakan bahan organik dengan kandungan hara
yang cukup tinggi.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1053"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:377.85pt;
margin-top:-55.05pt;width:29.25pt;height:28.5pt;z-index:28' strokecolor="white [3212]"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 28;"><span style="height: 40px; left: 0px; left: 503px; position: absolute; top: -74px; width: 41px;"><img height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1053" width="41" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rataan tinggi tunas kelapa sawit 8
MST (cm) tertinggi pada perlakuan M2T1 (sub soil + pupuk kandang (3:1) + 20
gram TKKS) yaitu sebesar 21,93 cm. Sedangkan rataan tinggi tunas kelapa sawit 8
MST (cm) terendah pada M1T2 (top soil + pasir (3:1) + 30 gram TKKS) yaitu sebesar
16,50 cm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rataaan jumlah daun kelapa sawit 8
MST (helai) tertinggi pada perlakuan M1T2 (top soil + pasir (3:1) + 30 gram
TKKS) dan M2T2 (sub soil + pupuk kandang (3:1) + 30 gram TKKS) yaitu 3.33 helai.
Sedangkan rataan jumlah daun kelapa sawit 8 MST (helai) terendah pada perlakuan
M1T0, M1T1, M2T0, dan M2T1yaitu sebesar 3 helai.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rataan diameter batang kelapa sawit
8 MST (mm) tertinggi pada perlakuan M1T1(top soil + pasir (3:1) + 20 gram TKKS)
yaitu 15,55 mm. Sedangkan rataan diameter batang kelapa sawit 8 MST (mm)
terendah pada perlakuan M1T0 (top soil + pasir (3:1) + 10 gram TKKS) yaitu0,67
mm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemberian pupuk kompos tandan kosong
kelapa sawit (TKKS) dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan kelapa sawit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Media tanam dengan campuran top
soil dan pasir (3:1) lebih baik daripada media tanam dengan campuran sub soil
dan pupuk kandang (3:1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt 585.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Saran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disarankan dalam memilih benih bahan tanam dan kompos Tandan Kosong kelapa
sawit harus memperhatikan kualitasnya, karena mempengaruhi pertumbuhan tanaman terutama
pada fase vegetatif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 26;"><span style="height: 56px; left: 0px; left: 508px; position: absolute; top: -77px; width: 62px;"><img height="56" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1051" width="62" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BBPP. 2008. Teknologi Budidaya Kelapa Sawit. Balai Besar
Pengkajian dan Pengembangan. Departemen Pertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Erwinsyah. 2008. <i>Improvement
of Oil Palm Wood Properties Using Bioresin</i> [Dissertation] <i>Technische Universitat Dresden</i>, Germany.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Firmansyah,
M.A. 2010. Teknik Pembuatan Kompos. Pelatihan Petani Plasma Kelapa Sawit di
Kabupaten Sukamara. Kalimantan Tengah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Frey, R. 2010.
Budidaya Kelapa Sawit, Ramah Lingkungan Untuk Petani Kecil. Universitas Syah
Kuala. Banda Aceh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fricke, T.B. 2009. Buku Panduan Pabrik Kelapa Sawit Skala
Kecil untuk Produksi Bahan Baku Bahan Bakar Nabati (BBN). USAID, Environmental
Services Program.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Haecal, M. 2000. Respon Pertumbuhan Bibit Kelapa Sawit (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i><b>Jacq</b>) Terhadap Pemupukan N Pada Media Tumbuh dengan Kompos
Alang-alang dengan Inokulasi Tricho dan Viride. [Skripsi]. IPB, Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hanum, C. 2010. Teknik Budidaya Tanaman. Direktorat SMK.
Kemendiknas, Jakarta.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hartanto, H.
2010. Budidaya Kelapa Sawit. Citra Media Publishing. Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hastuti, P. B.
2009. Pemanfaatan Limbah Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Sebagai The Kompos Pada
Tanaman Selada. Buletin Instiper. Yogyakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jannah, N.A. Fatah, dan Marhanudin. 2012. Pengaruh Macam dan
Dosis Pupuk NPK Majemuk Terhadap Pertumbuhan Kelapa Sawit. Media Sains Vol. 4
No. 1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kurnia, R. 1997. Pengaruh Pemupukan Terhadap Pertumbuhan
Bibit Kelapa Sawit (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i><b>Jacq</b>) Pada Dua Jenis Media Pembibitan
Utama. [Skripsi]. IPB, Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ruysschaert, D., A. Darsoyo, R. Zen, G. Gea dan I.
Singleton. 2011. Budidaya Kelapa Sawit di Lahan Tidur. Paneco, WAC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saputra, R.A. 2011. Evaluasi Pemupukan Kelapa Sawit di Kebun
Radang Seko Banjar Batu. [Skripsi]. IPB, Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Susanto, A., R.Y. Purba, dan C. Utomo, 2006.
Penyakit-penyakit Pada Kelapa Sawit. PPKS, Medan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Widiastuti, H dan T. Panji. 2007. Pemanfaatan Tandan Kosong
Kelapa Sawit Sisa Jamur Merah Menanam Perkebunan Vol. 75 (2) : 70-79.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Witjaksana, dkk., 2000. Dalam Jurnal “Ragam Pertumbuhan
Bibit Kakao Pada Media Sub Soil Ultisol dan Kompos TKKS oleh W. Hutagalung
(2013). Jurnal Online Agroekoteknologi Vol. 1 FP USU, Medan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4414864719232378661.post-65325167660076244602013-07-05T08:32:00.000+07:002013-07-05T08:32:00.775+07:00PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN TANAH DAN TATA AIR PADA LAHAN SULFAT MASAM<br />
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<strong><b>PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN TANAH DAN TATA AIR <o:p></o:p></b></strong></div>
<strong>
</strong><br />
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<strong><b>PADA LAHAN SULFAT MASAM <o:p></o:p></b></strong></div>
<strong>
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z-index:251658240' o:connectortype="straight" strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 3px; left: 0px; margin-left: 212px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 108px; z-index: 251658240;"></span><!--[endif]--><b>PAPER</b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>Oleh :<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>LIA
AGNES LUMBANGAOL<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b> 110301052<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI
1<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI</b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>MEDAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2013</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 400%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 400%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>KATA PENGANTAR</b>.......................................................................................... i</div>
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<b>DAFTAR ISI</b>......................................................................................................... ii<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Latar
Belakang............................................................................................... 1 </div>
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Tujuan
Penulisan............................................................................................ 2</div>
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<b>TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Pengertian
Lahan Kering............................................................................... 3</div>
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Tanah
Mineral Masam dan Penyebarannya.................................................... 4</div>
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Kesuburan
Tanah........................................................................................... 7</div>
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<b>PERMASALAHAN KESUBURAN TANAH</b>................................................. 10</div>
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<b>PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN TANAH<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Konsep
LEIA, LLEISA, dan HEIA........................................................... 14</div>
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Konsep
Mekanik dan Vegetatif.................................................................. 23</div>
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<b>PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Kesimpulan.................................................................................................. 29</div>
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Saran............................................................................................................ 29</div>
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<strong style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 400%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></strong></div>
<br />
<br />
PENDAHULUAN</strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lahan rawa di Indonesia cukup luas dan tersebar di tiga pulau
besar, yaitu di Sumatera, Kalimantan, dan Irian Jaya (Papua). Menurut
Widjaja-Adhi et al. (1992) luas lahan rawa Indonesia ± 33,4 juta ha, yang
terdiri atas lahan rawa pasang surut sekitar 20 juta ha dan lahan lebak 13,4
juta ha. Pembukaan lahan rawa pasang surut dilakukan berkaitan dengan program
pemukiman transmigrasi yang dimulai sejak Pelita I (orde baru) sekitar tahun
1969 melalui program Proyek Pembukaan Persawahan Pasang Surut (P4S).
Pemanfaatan lahan pasang surut untuk pertanian merupakan pilihan yang strategis
dalam mengimbangi penciutan lahan produktif di pulau Jawa yang dialihfungsikan
untuk pembangunan sektor non pertanian seperti, perumahan, jalan raya, industri
dan pembangunan lainnya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Sudiadikarta et al., (1999) sampai saat ini lahan
rawa yang telah dibuka 2,4 juta ha, 1,5 juta ha di Kalimantan dan 0,9 ha di
Sumatera. Lahan rawa di Irian Jaya (Papua) sampai saat ini masih belum dibuka
untuk pertanian. Pengembangan lahan rawa memerlukan perencanaan pengelolaan dan
pemanfaatan yang baik dan memerlukan penerapan teknologi yang sesuai, terutama
pengelolaan tanah dan air yang tepat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemanfaatan yang bijak, pengembangan yang seimbang dan
pengelolaan yang sesuai dengan karakteristik, sifat dan kelakuannya, diharapkan
dapat mengembalikan lahan rawa menjadi lahan pertanian yang berproduktivitas
tinggi, berkelanjutan dan berwawasan lingkungan (Widjaja-Adhi, 1995a dan
1995b). Sejak proyek P4S tahun tujuh puluhan dan dilanjutkan dengan proyek
penelitian Badan Litbang Pertanian Swamp I, Swamp II, dan kerjasama dengan
Belanda (LAWOO) tahun delapan puluhan, Proyek Penelitian Pengembangan Lahan
Rawa Terpadu (ISDP) dan Proyek Pertanian PLG tahun sembilan puluhan telah
banyak teknologi pengelolaan lahan rawa yang dihasilkan (Suriadikarta dan
A.Abdurachman, 1999). Teknologi itu antara lain adalah teknologi pengelolaan
tanah, tata air mikro, teknologi ameliorasi tanah dan pemupukan, penggunaan
varietas yang adaptif, teknologi mengatasi hama dan penyakit, dan model
usahatani. Namun penerapan teknologi pertanian lahan rawa umumnya tidak dapat
diterapkan secara berkelanjutan disebabkan ada beberapa kendala yaitu : modal
petani yang rendah, infrastruktur yang terbatas, kelembagaan pedesaan yang
minim, dan kurangnya perhatian pemerintah dalam pemeliharaan jaringan tata air
makro secara konsisten.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berbagai kegagalan telah didokumentasikan namun keberhasilan
juga telah dicapai sepanjang pengembangan lahan rawa. Terjadinya lahan bongkor
akibat reklamasi yang kurang tepat merupakan pengalaman kegagalan yang tidak
perlu terulang lagi dalam pengembangan lahan rawa yang masih memungkinkan untuk
pengembangan pertanian. Potensi lahan rawa yang masih besar ini sebaiknya dapat
dimanfaatkan untuk menunjang persiapan pengembangan sistem ketahanan pangan dan
agribisnis yang menjadi program utama sektor pertanian. Sebagaimana disampaikan
oleh Menteri Pertanian (1999). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lahan rawa, baik rawa pasang surut maupun bukan pasang surut
(lebak) dapat dijadikan basis pengembangan sistem ketahanan pangan, untuk
kepentingan jangka pendek, menengah maupun jangka panjang. Sehingga perhatian
berupa investasi, terutama swasta dalam pemanfaatan lahan rawa seyogyanya dapat
lebih ditingkatkan. Berdasarkan macam dan tingkat kendala dalam pengembangan
dan pengelolaan, khususnya untuk pertanian, lahan rawa dibagi menjadi lima
tipologi lahan, yaitu 1) lahan potensial, 2) lahan sulfat masam, 3) lahan
gambut, 4) lahan salin atau pantai, 5) lahan rawa lebak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan Penulisan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Adapun tujuan penulisan paper ini
adalah untuk mengetahui pengelolaan kesuburan tanah dan tata air pada lahan
sulfat masam dan sebagai tugas matakuliah Pengelolaan Tanah dan Air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">PERMASALAHAN
PADA TANAH SULFAT MASAM</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pertama kali tanah sulfat masam dikenal dengan sebutan cat
clay yang diambil dari asal kata katteklei (bahasa Belanda), yang diartikan
sebagai lempung yang berwarna seperti warna pada bulu kucing, yaitu warna
kelabu dengan bercak kuning pucat (jerami). Bercak kuning pucat ini merupakan
senyawa hasil (produk) oksidasi pirit yang sering disebut dengan jarosit.
Istilah tanah sulfat masam sendiri digunakan karena berkaitan dengan adanya
bahan sulfida (pirit) dalam tanah ini yang apabila teroksidasi menghasilkan
asam sulfat sehingga menyebabkan tanah menjadi masam sampai sangat masam (pH
2-3). Tanah sulfat masam merupakan tanah liat rawa dan seringkali memiliki
lapisan gambut tipis < 20 cm; memiliki lapisan pirit yang belum teroksidasi
(bahan sulfidik) atau sudah teroksidasi (horison sulfurik) pada kedalaman 0-50
cm. Tanah sulfat masam terbagi menjadi sulfat masam potensial dan sulfat masam
aktual. Sulfat masam potensial dapat berubah menjadi sulfat masam aktual bila
tanah mengalami drainase yang berlebihan akibat reklamasi. Pirit yang semula
stabil dan tidak berbahaya pada kondisi anaerob atau tergenang, akan
teroksidasi bila kondisi berubah menjadi aerob. Menurunnya permukaan air tanah
akibat pembuatan saluran drainase primer-sekunder-tersier menyebabkan oksigen
masuk ke dalam pori tanah dan akan mengoksidasi pirit membentuk asam sulfat,
ion hidrogen dan Fe3+. Apabila oksidasi pirit berlangsung cepat maka akan
terbentuk mineral jarosit berupa bercak-bercak karatan berwarna kuning jerami
(Dent, 1986; Langenhoff, 1986).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada kondisi tergenang, kemasaman tanah dapat dikurangi namun
disisi lain muncul masalah keracunan besi fero (Fe2+), Al, Mn, Hidrogen
sulfida, CO2, dan asam organik. Masalah fisik yang sering dijumpai adalah
terhambatnya perkembangan akar tanaman pada horison sulfurik karena tanaman
kekurangan air, pematangan tanah terhambat serta saluran drainase tertutup oleh
deposit oksida besi. Pada kondisi seperti ini, pertumbuhan dan aktivitas
mikroorganisme tanah terhambat. Jenis tanaman yang dapat tumbuh dan berkembang
akan sangat terbatas dengan hasil rendah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses Kimia pada Tanah
Sulfat Masam</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses kimia pada tanah sulfat masam dapat dikelompokkan
menjadi dua bagian penting. Pertama, proses kimia yang terjadi dalam keadaan
reduktif, antara lain pembentukan pirit, reduksi besi feri menjadi fero, serta
reduksi senyawa beracun.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="background: white;">Kedua, proses kimia pada kondisi oksidatif, yang
terpenting adalah oksidasi pirit.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses reduksi</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada kondisi aerob, sumber elektron utama bagi aktivitas
mikroorganisme</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">pendekomposisi bahan organik adalah oksigen.
Bila keadaan berubah menjadi anaerob, oksigen di dalam tanah secara perlahan
menghilang. Namun demikian, dekomposisi bahan organik oleh bakteri anaerob
tetap berlangsung dengan memanfaatkan elektron yang dilepaskan dalam proses
reduksi nitrat, oksida mangan, oksida besi, dan sulfat. Dalam proses reduksi
selalu memanfaatkan proton, sehingga pH tanah akan meningkat. Proses kimia
penting yang terjadi adalah :</span> <span style="background: white;">Pembentukan
pirit. Pirit (FeS2) adalah mineral berkristal kubus dari senyawa besi-sulfida
yang terkumpul di dalam endapan marin kaya bahan organik dan diluapi air
mengandung senyawa sulfat (SO4-) dari air laut. Bentuk kristal pirit sangat
halus bervariasi dari <> 2 mikron hingga > 100 mikron (Van Dam dan
Pons, 1972). Kandungan pirit dalam endapan marin mencapai 5%, tetapi umumnya
1-4% (Van Breemen, 1972). Pembentukan pirit memerlukan persyaratan tertentu :</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lingkungan anaerob : Reduksi sulfat hanya dapat terjadi pada
kondisi yang sangat anaerob seperti pada sedimen tergenang dan kaya bahan
organik. Dekomposisi bahan organik oleh bakteri anaerob menghasilkan
senyawa-senyawa yang bersifat masam sehingga menyebabkan lingkungan bertambah
masam (Pons et al., 1982);</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sulfat terlarut : Sumber utama sulfat adalah air laut atau
air payau pasang;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan organik : Oksidasi bahan organik menghasilkan energi
yang sangat diperlukan oleh bakteri pereduksi sulfat. Ion sulfat bertindak
sebagai sumber elektron bagi respirasi bakteri kemudian direduksi menjadi
sulfida. Jumlah sulfida yang terbentuk berkaitan langsung dengan jumlah bahan
organik yang dimetabolisme oleh bakteri;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah besi : Tanah dan sedimen mengandung besi oksida dan
hidroksida dalam jumlah yang banyak, yang akan tereduksi menjadi Fe2+, yang
sangat larut pada pH sekitar normal atau dijerap oleh senyawa organik yang
larut;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">e)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Waktu : Waktu yang diperlukan untuk pembentukan pirit pada
kondisi alami masih belum banyak diketahui. Reaksi antara padatan FeS dan S
berjalan sangat lambat, memerlukan waktu bulanan bahkan tahunan untuk
menghasilkan sejumlah pirit. Namun demikian, pada kondisi yang sesuai, Fe2+
larut dan ion polisulfida dapat membentuk pirit dalam beberapa hari (Howarth,
1979 dalam Dent, 1986). Reaksi keseluruhan pembentukan pirit dari besi oksida
(Fe2O3) sebagai sumber Fe digambarkan sebagai berikut :</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada kondisi tergenang atau anaerob, selain terbentuk ion
mono-karbonat, di dalam tanah atau sedimen juga mengandung karbonat yang
berasal dari koral atau binatang laut. Karbonat akan menetralisir kemasaman
tanah dan mempertahankan pH sekitar netral.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="background: white;">Pirit adalah zat yang hanya ditemukan di
tanah di daerah pasang surut saja. Zat ini dibentuk pada waktu lahan digenangi
oleh air laut yang masuk pada musim kemarau. Pada saat kondisi lahan basah atau
tergenang, pirit tidak berbahaya bagi tanaman. Akan tetapi, bila terkena udara
(teroksidasi), pirit berubah bentuk menjadi zat besi dan zat asam belerang yang
dapat meracuni tanaman. Pirit dapat terkena udara apabila:</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah pirit diangkat ke permukaan tanah (misalnya pada waktu
mengolah tanah, membuat saluran, atau membuat surjan).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Permukaan air tanah turun (misalnya pada musim kemarau).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reduksi Fe3+menjadi Fe2+. Pada sebagian tanah masam,
penggenangan akan mengakibatkan pH meningkat hingga 6-7 setelah beberapa
minggu. Pada kondisi seperti ini, proses terpenting adalah reduksi Fe3+ menjadi
Fe2+ (Ponnamperuma, 1972; Patrick dan Reddy, 1978). Pada tanah sulfat masam
muda, peningkatan pH dari 3,0-3,5 menjadi 5,5-6,0 berkaitan dengan tingkat
pelarutan Fe2+ yang dicapai. Pada tanah sulfat masam yang telah lanjut, pH
meningkat sangat lambat setelah penggenangan bahkan kadang-kadang tidak
mencapai 5,5-6,0. Kemungkinan hal ini disebabkan oleh : (1) lambatnya proses
reduksi dan (2) tidak adanya bahan yang akan direduksi seperti misalnya oksida
besi feri. Pada kondisi pertama, maka setelah penggenangan tidak akan terjadi
perubahan nilai Eh atau pH yang drastis. Pada kasus kedua, nilai Eh akan
menurun tanpa meningkatkan pH. Menurut Dent (1986), tanah sulfat masam yang
sudah tua mengandung besi dalam bentuk kristal goetit dan hematit yang stabil
sehingga sulit tereduksi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebaliknya tanah sulfat masam yang masih muda kaya akan
koloid besi, sehingga diperkirakan mempunyai kadar besi terlarut yang tinggi
setelah penggenangan. Reduksi oksida Fe3+ dengan bahan organik sebagai donor
elektron akan mengkonsumsi 4 proton :</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="background: white;">Konsten et al., (1990) melaporkan bahwa
tanah sulfat masam di Kalimantan ada yang tidak menunjukkan peningkatan pH
setelah penggenangan. Hal ini disebabkan tanah tersebut mempunyai kandungan
oksida Fe3+ yang rendah dibandingkan kapasitas netralisasi oleh tanah.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reduksi sulfat. Proses reduksi sulfat menjadi sulfida dapat
terjadi pada kondisi pH di atas 4 hingga 5, pada pH di bawah itu reaksi terjadi
sangat lambat dan bahkan tidak ada. Reduksi sulfat seringkali terjadi pada
tanah sulfat masam yang masih muda dan sulfat masam lanjut yang lama tergenang.
Reduksi sulfat ini sangat berkaitan dengan adanya hasil dekomposisi bahan
organik yang masih baru. H2S yang terbentuk sangat beracun bagi tanaman, pada
konsentrasi 0,1 mg l-1 H2S sudah dapat meracuni tanaman padi dalam larutan hara
(Mitsui, 1964 dalam van Breemen, 1993). </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses oksidasi</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses utama yang terjadi bila tanah sulfat masam teroksidasi
adalah oksidasi pirit. Reklamasi lahan rawa melalui pembuatan saluran drainase
mengakibatkan perubahan kimia di dalam tanah sulfat masam. Pirit yang semula
tidak berbahaya pada kondisi tergenang, secara perlahan berubah menjadi unsur
beracun dan merupakan sumber kemasaman tanah bila kondisi tanah berubah menjadi
oksidatif. Perbedaan yang besar antara pasang surutnya air laut serta musim
kemarau yang panjang menyebabkan pirit teroksidasi secara alami. Reaksi
oksidasi pirit dengan oksigen pada tanah sulfat masam berlangsung dalam
beberapa tahapan, meliputi reaksi-reaksi kimia dan biologis (Dent, 1986). </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada nilai pH kurang dari 3,5 reaksi oksidasi kimia ini
berjalan sangat lambat dengan waktu paruh 1.000 hari. Kecepatan oksidasi pirit
oleh Fe3+ sangat dipengaruhi oleh pH, karena Fe3+ hanya larut pada nilai pH di
bawah 4 dan Thiobacillus ferrooxidans tidak tumbuh pada pH yang tinggi. Besi
oksida dan pirit di dalam tanah mungkin secara fisik berada pada tempat yang
berdekatan, namun ada tidaknya reaksi di antara mereka sangat dipengaruhi oleh
kelarutan Fe3+.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kecepatan oksidasi pirit cenderung bertambah dengan
menurunnya pH tanah. Pada pH di bawah 4, proses oksidasi terhambat oleh suplai
O2. Kecepatan penurunan pH akibat oksidasi pirit tergantung pada : (1) jumlah
pirit; (2) kecepatan oksidasi; (3) kecepatan perubahan bahan hasil oksidasi;
dan (4) kapasitas netralisasi. Kalsium karbonat dan basa dapat ditukar
merupakan bahan penetralisir kemasaman dimana reaksinya dengan asam sulfat
berjalan cepat(van Breemen, 1993).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Di dalam tanah, berbagai tingkatan oksidasi yang berlangsung
tidak terjadi</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">pada titik yang sama. Pengujian secara
mikro-morfologi menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan/batas yang nyata antara lokasi
beradanya pirit dan bahan hasil oksidasinya seperti jarosit, besi oksida, dan
gipsum. Pirit biasanya terdapat di dalam inti dari ped, sedangkan jarosit, besi
oksida, dan gipsum terdapat pada permukaan ped dan ruang pori. van Breemen
(1976) menduga bahwa oksigen bereaksi dengan Fe2+ terlarut membentuk Fe3+
terlebih dahulu sebelum bertemu dengan pirit.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil oksidasi pirit</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Oksidasi pirit oleh Fe3+ menghasilkan ion (H+) yang kemudian
sebagian digunakan lagi untuk mengoksidasi Fe2+ menjadi Fe3+. Hasil akhir dari
oksidasi pirit adalah hidroksida Fe3+. Pada pH > 4, oksida dan hidroksida
Fe3+ akan mengendap, misalnya dalam bentuk goetit yang lambat laun akan berubah
menjadi hematit (Dent, 1986).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jarosit [KFe<sub>3</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>6</sub>]
merupakan endapan berwarna kuning pucat hasil oksidasi pirit pada kondisi yang
sangat masam, yaitu pada Eh diatas 400 mV dan pH kurang dari 3,7. Pada pH di atas 4, jarosit tidak stabil dan
mudah berubah menjadi goetit dan terhidrolisa menjadi oksida besi. Hasil
pengujian mikroskopi terhadap irisan tipis dan difraksi sinar X menunjukkan
bahwa bercak kuning yang merupakan karakteristik tanah sulfat masam didominasi
oleh jarosit dan goetit. Bercak merah dan coklat pada sulfat masam adalah
goetit yang kadang-kadang berasosiasi dengan jarosit dan hematit (van Breemen,
1976). Sulfat merupakan salah satu hasil oksidasi pirit yang sangat sedikit
dijerap oleh profil tanah. Sebagian besar dari sulfur terlarut hilang bersama
air drainase atau berdifusi ke lapisan di bawahnya yang kemudian akan direduksi
kembali menjadi sulfida. Sebagian kecil tertahan dalam bentuk jarosit atau
gipsum. Gipsum terbentuk pada tanah sulfat masam melalui reaksi netralisasi
kemasaman oleh kalsium karbonat :</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Ion hidrogen (proton) yang dihasilkan dari
oksidasi pirit menyebabkan kondisi tanah yang sangat masam. pH yang sangat
rendah menyebabkan penghancuran kisi-kisi mineral liat sehingga silikat dan
Al3+ terlepas. Di lapangan, nilai pH tanah sulfat masam berkisar antara 3,2
hingga 3,8 (Dent, 1986). Meningkatnya kandungan silika dan Al3+ terlarut
mempengaruhi karakteristik tanah dan air tanah. Aktivitas Al3+ terlarut
berkorelasi secara langsung dengan pH, bila pH meningkat maka aluminium akan
mengendap sebagai hidroksida atau basic sulfate (van Breemen, 1973).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Beberapa unsur mikro seperti Ni dan Co ikut terakumulasi di
dalam sedimen karena mensubstitusi Fe dalam pirit atau unsur Cu, Zn, Pb yang
menggantikan sulfida (Deer et al., 1965 dalam van Breemen, 1993). Unsur-unsur
tersebut akan terlepas kembali saat pirit teroksidasi. Satawathananont (1986
dalam van Breemen, 1993) menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi unsur Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd,
Pb, Ni, dan As terdapat dalam jumlah yang lebih tinggi pada tanah berpirit yang
aerasinya baik (pH 2,9) dibandingkan pada tanah sulfat masam yang sudah
berkembang (pH 3,9-4,5) dan tanah marin yang tidak masam (pH 4,9) di Bangkok.
Lebih lanjut ia mengamati tanah yang diinkubasi pada nilai potensial redoks dan
pH yang terkontrol dalam suasana masam yang oksidatif selama dua minggu, logam
berat yang larut air lebih tinggi pada tanah berpirit dibandingkan tanah
lanjut/tua.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sulfat Masam Potensial</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Data profil sulfat masam potensial (SMP) menunjukkan adanya
lapisan gambut permukaan yang tipis, sekitar 0-12/16 cm. Tekstur seluruh
lapisan tanah menunjukkan halus, yaitu tekstur tanah SMP dari Sumatera
mempunyai kandungan liat antara 40-75%, dengan debu 25-60%. Sementara kandungan
liat SMP dari Kalimantan, bervariasi antara 40-85%, dan debu 20-50%. Dengan
demikian, tekstur tanah lapisan atas termasuk liat berdebu, sedangkan lapisan
bawahnya liat berdebu atau liat.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi tanah di seluruh lapisan bervariasi dari masam ekstrim
(extremely acid) (pH 3,5 atau kurang) sampai sangat masam (very strongly acid)
(pH 4,5-4,8), dan cenderung makin masam di lapisan-Iapisan bawah. Reaksi tanah
lapisan atas rata-rata sangat masam sekali (pH 4,0-4,3), dan di lapisan bawah
masam ekstrim sampai sangat masam sekali (pH 3,5-3,8). Kandungan garam, dengan
data terbatas yang hanya berasal dari SMP Kalimantan, ditunjukkan oleh daya
hantar listrik yang bervariasi dari 7.000-21.000 dS/m, dengan rata-rata
termasuk sangat tinggi sekali (7.253-7.320 dS/m), baik di lapisan atas maupun
lapisan bawah.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan bahan organik, tidak termasuk lapisan gambut tipis
di permukaan tanah bervariasi sedang sampai sangat tinggi, baik pada SMP dari
Sumatera maupun SMP dari Kalimantan. Rata-rata kandungan bahan organik sangat
tinggi sampai sangat tinggi sekali (9,16-20,54%) di lapisan atas, dan sangat
tinggi (6,31-6,61%) di lapisan bawah. Kandungan N tinggi (0,59-0,70%) di
lapisan atas, dan menurun menjadi rendah sampai sedang (0,17-0,28%) di lapisan
bawah. Rasio C/N di seluruh lapisan tanah bervariasi dari tinggi sampai sangat
tinggi, dan cenderung meningkat di lapisan bawah. Rata-rata C/N tergolong
tinggi (16-24) di lapisan atas, dan sangat tinggi (30-31) di lapisan bawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan fosfat potensial (P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>-HCI)
pada SMP dari Sumatera bervariasi dari rendah sampai sangat tinggi di lapisan
atas, dan menurun menjadi rendah sampai sedang di lapisan bawah. Rata-ratanya
tinggi (58 mg/100 g tanah) di lapisan atas, dan rendah (20 mg/100 g tanah) di
lapisan bawah. Sementara kandungan P2O5 di seluruh lapisan pada SMP dari Kalimantan,
bervariasi dari rendah sampai sangat tinggi. Oleh karena itu, rata-rata
kandungan P2O5 potensial di lapisan atas termasuk sangat tinggi (115 mg/100 g
tanah), dan di lapisan bawah sedang (33 mg/100 g tanah). Kandungan K2O
tergolong sedang (32-35 mg/100 g tanah) di lapisan atas, dan sedang sampai
tinggi (29-60 mg/100 g tanah) di lapisan bawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan fosfat tersedia (P2O5 Bray-I) tergolong sedang
sampai tinggi (17,7-32,3 ppm) di lapisan atas, dan sedang (15,2-17,0 ppm) di
lapisan bawah. Jumlah basa, baik di lapisan atas maupun lapisan bawah,
tergolong tinggi (18,0-28,3 cmol(+)/kg tanah).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="background: white;">Basa dapat tukar yang
dominan di seluruh lapisan tanah adalah Mg dan Na masing-masing untuk Mg
termasuk sangat tinggi (10,89- 14,19 cmol(+)/kg tanah, pada SMP dari Sumatera,
dan termasuk tinggi (7,05-8,02 cmol(+)/kg tanah) pada SMP dari Kalimantan.
Kandungan Na tergolong sangat tinggi sampai sangat tinggi sekali, baik di
lapisan atas (2,34-6,01 cmol(+)/kg tanah) maupun di lapisan bawah (4,91-5,61
cmol(+)/kg tanah). Sebaliknya kandungan Ca-dapat tukar rendah sampai sedang,
baik di lapisan atas (5,11-7,84 cmol(+)/kg tanah), maupun lapisan bawah
(4,61-7,95 cmol(+)/kg tanah). Sementara kandungan K-dapat tukar, tergolong
sedang (0,43-0,64 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di seluruh lapisan. Kapasitar tukar kation
tanah, menunjukkan nilai tinggi sampai sangat tinggi (31,5-62,5 cmol(+)/kg
tanah) di lapisan atas, dan tinggi (28,9-32,7 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di lapisan
bawah karena pengaruh kandungan bahan organik yang sangat tinggi.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kejenuhan basa tergolong rendah sampai sedang (35-49%) di
lapisan atas, dan sedang sampai sangat tinggi (55-84%) di lapisan bawah.
Kejenuhan AI di semua lapisan umumnya sangat bervariasi dari sangat rendah
sampai sangat tinggi, dan rata-ratanya rendah (32-35%) di lapisan atas, dan
rendah sampai sedang (30-47%) di lapisan bawah. Kandungan pirit (FeS2) sangat
rendah (0,44-1,12%) di lapisan atas, dan rendah (1,35-2,31%) di lapisan bawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sulfat Masam Aktual</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Data Sulfat Masam Aktual (SMA) yang tersedia, hanya berasal
dari lahan rawa di Kalimantan. Sementara data analisis yang berasal dari
Sumatera, tidak menyebutkan adanya SMA karena data relatif berumur tua,
1974-1978. Tanah mempunyai lapisan gambut permukaan yang tipis, sekitar 0-12
cm. Seluruh lapisan tanah memiliki tekstur halus, dengan kandungan fraksi liat
35-70%, dan debu 25-60%, sehingga tekstur tanah lapisan atas tergolong liat
berdebu, dan di lapisan bawah liat. Lapisan atas berreaksi sangat masam sekali
(pH 3,6), sementara lapisan bawah antara kedalaman 20-120 cm menunjukkan pH
antara 1,8-3,5, dengan pH rata-rata 2,8, sehingga tergolong ber-reaksi masam
ekstrim.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan bahan organik di seluruh lapisan bervariasi tinggi
sampai sangat tinggi, sehingga rata-ratanya tergolong sangat tinggi
(7,51-10,93%). Kandungan N rata-rata tergolong sedang (0,22-0,49%) di seluruh
lapisan, dan cenderung menurun di lapisan-Iapisan bawah. Rasio C/N bervariasi
dari tinggi sampai sangat tinggi, dan bertambah besar di lapisan bawah. Karena
itu rasio C/N rata-rata tergolong tinggi (25) di lapisan atas, dan sangat
tinggi (39) di lapisan bawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan fosfat potensial (P2O5-HCI 25%) di lapisan atas
bervariasi dari rendah sampai sangat tinggi, dan rata-ratanya termasuk tinggi
(45 mg/100 g tanah). Kandungan P2O5 lapisan bawah, sebagian besar sangat rendah
sampai sedang, sehingga rata-ratanya rendah (17 mg/100 g tanah). Sebaliknya
kandungan K2O potensial (HCl 25%), sebagian besar tinggi sampai sangat tinggi
di semua lapisan, sehingga rata-ratanya tergolong sangat tinggi (73-81 mg/100 g
tanah).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah basa-basa di semua lapisan sampai sedalam 180 cm
sangat bervariasi dari rendah sampai sangat tinggi sekali, dan cenderung
menurun di lapisan bawah. Karena itu, rata-rata jumlah basa, baik di lapisan
atas maupun lapisan bawah tergolong tinggi (21,9-29,1 cmol(+)/kg tanah).
Seperti pada tipe- tipe lahan sebelumnya, basa dapatttukar yang dominan di
seluruh lapisan adalah Mg dan Na. Mg terdapat dalam jumlah tinggi sampai sangat
tinggi sekali, dan rata-ratanya sangat tinggi (8,30-9,25 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di
semua tapisan. Demikian juga Na terdapat dalam jumlah tinggi sampai sangat
tinggi sekali di seluruh lapisan, sehingga rata-ratanya termasuk sangat tinggi
sekali (9,70-14,87 cmol(+)/kg tanah). Sebaliknya kandungan Ca-dapat tukar
umumnya bervariasi dari sangat rendah sampai sedang, dan rata-ratanya tergolong
rendah (3,49-4,12 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di lapisan atas dan lapisan bawah.
Sedangkan K-dapat tukar tergolong tinggi (0,89 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di lapisan
atas, dan rendah (0,37 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di lapisan bawah. Kapasitas tukar
kation tanah bervariasi dari tinggi sampai sangat tinggi, dan rata-ratanya
tergolong tinggi (33,5-37,2 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di seluruh lapisan karena
kontribusi dari bahan organik.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1029" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:325.8pt;margin-top:-70.65pt;width:92.5pt;height:53.15pt;z-index:251661312'
stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251661312;"><span style="height: 71px; left: 0px; left: 434px; position: absolute; top: -94px; width: 124px;"></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 400%;">PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN PADA TANAH
SULFAT MASAM</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengelolaan
Bahan Organik</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyiapan lahan secara konvensional oleh petani petani
tradisional dengan sistem <i>tajak-puntal-hambur</i> sebagaimana
dkemukakan di atas merupakan kearifan lokal (<i>indigenous knowledge</i>) dalam
pengelolaan bahan organik yang patut dikembangkan. Proses pengomposan praktis
diserahkan kepada kebesaran alam dengan memanfaatkan mikroorganisme perombak
anaerob. Hasil analisis kompos dari purun (<i>Eleocharis</i> sp.),
bura-bura (<i>Panicum repens</i>), kerisan (<i>Rhynchospora corymbosa</i>)
menunjukkan mengandung rata-rata 31,74 % organik karbon, 1,96 % N, 0,68 % P,
dan 0,64 % K (Balittra, 2001).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Kadar bahan organik tanah di sulfat masam perlu
dipertahankan pada taraf 5 %, terutama pada tipe luapan c untuk mempertahankan
kebasahan tanah dan potensial redoks. Pada lahan sulfat masam yang lapisan
atasnya berupa gambut atau lahan-lahan gambut yang dibawahnya terdapat lapisan
pirit keberadaan lapisan piritnya perlu dipertahankan setebal antara 15-25 cm
(Noor, 2001). Lahan-lahan gambut yang mempunyai lapisan pirit di bawahnya
(seperti jenis tanah <i>Sulfihemist</i>, dan <i>Sulfohemist</i>)
merupakan lahan yang sangat berbahaya dan beresiko serta sukar penulihan
kembali apabila terdegradasi bila dibandingkan jenis lahan sulfat masam
seperti <i>Sulfaquent</i>. Produktivitas dan kesuburan tanah rawa pasang
surut berkaitan erat dengan ketebalan lapisan gambut atau kadar bahan organik
tanah (Notohadiprawiro, 1998b).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Teknologi Ameliorasi dan
Pemupukan pada Lahan Sulfat Masam</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ameliorasi
tanah sulfat masam untuk memperbaiki sifat kimia dan fisik tanah harus
dilakukan terlebih dahulu sebelum pemupukan dilaksanakan. Pemupukan tanpa
perbaikan tanah tidak akan efisien bahkan tidak respon. Produktivitas tanah
sulfat masam biasanya rendah, disebabkan oleh tingginya kemasaman (pH rendah),
kelarutan Fe, Al, dan Mn serta rendahnya ketersediaan unsur hara terutama P dan
K dan kejenuhan basa yang dapat mengganggu pertumbuhan tanaman (Dent, 1986).
Oleh karena itu tanah seperti ini memerlukan bahan pembenah tanah (amelioran)
untuk memperbaiki kesuburan tanahnya sehingga produktivitas lahannya meningkat.
Bahan amelioran yang dapat digunakan adalah kaptan dan <i>Rock Phosphate</i>.
Kaptan digunakan untuk meningkatkan pH tanah sedangkan<i>Rock Phosphate </i>untuk
memenuhi kebutuhan hara P-nya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Beberapa
faktor yang perlu dipertimbangkan dalam menetapkan kebutuhan kapur menurut (Mc
Lean, 1982, <i>dalam </i>Al-Jabri, 2002) adalah 1) derajat pelapukan
dari tipe bahan induk, 2) kandungan liat, 3) kandungan bahan organik, 4) bentuk
kemasaman, 5) pH tanah awal, 6) penggunaan metode kebutuhan kapur, dan 7)
waktu. Penetapan kebutuhan kapur untuk tanah sulfat masam dapat dilakukan
melalui beberapa metode, yaitu : 1) kebutuhan kapur berdasarkan metode
inkubasi, 2) metode titrasi, dan 3) berdasarkan Al-dd. Penetapan kebutuhan
kapur dengan metode inkubasi dilakukan dengan mencampurkan kapur dan tanah
serta air dalam beberapa dosis kapur selama beberapa waktu tertentu, biasanya
dari satu minggu sampai beberapa minggu. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lalu kebutuhan kapur ditentukan pada nilai pH tertentu.
Menurut Mc. Lean (1982 <i>dalam </i>Al-Jabri 2002), kelemahan metode
ini adalah terjadinya akumulasi garam (Ca, Mg, dan K) sehubungan dengan
aktivitas mikroba sehingga takaran kapurnya lebih tinggi. Penetapan kebutuhan
kapur berdasarkan metode titrasi dengan NaOH 0,05 N untuk mencapai pH tertentu
lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan metode inkubasi dan Al-dd KCl 1 N, tetapi
cara ini lambat tidak sesuai untuk analisis rutin (Al-Jabri, 2002). Walaupun
kebutuhan kapur dengan metode titrasi lebih rendah, tetapi sebagian besar dari
kemasaman tanah tidak dinetralisir oleh basa. Hal ini disebabkan reaksi antara
kation-kation asam yang dapat dititrasi berlangsung sangat lambat. Penetapan
kebutuhan kapur berdasarkan Al-dd KCl 1,0 N banyak dipertanyakan, sebab tingkat
keracunan Al bervariasi dengan tanaman dan tanah. Karena tingkat keracunan
untuk suatu jenis tanaman mempunyai variasi lebar dalam tanah yang berbeda maka
Al-dd tidak digunakan sebagai parameter yang menentukan keracunan tetapi
persentase kejenuhannya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil
penelitian di rumah kaca dan lapangan ternyata pemberian dosis kapur
berdasarkan titrasi dan inkubasi dapat diaplikasikan pada tanah sulfat masam
potensial bergambut di Lamunti ex. PLG Kalimantan Tengah (Suriadikarta dan
Sjamsidi, 2001), tanah sulfat masam umumnya ketersediaan hara P dan K rendah
namun bila bahan organiknya tinggi maka P dan K biasanya<br />
tinggi pula. Pada tanah sulfat masam aktual kadar P dan K dalam tanah sangat
rendah sehingga pemupukan P dan K sangat diperlukan. Pemupukan P diberikan 100
kg TSP/ha atau 125 kg SP-36/ha yang setara dengan 200 kg RP/ha (Hartatik, 1999
dan Supardi <i>et al., </i>2000).<i>Rock Phosphate </i>yang baik
mutunya untuk tanah ini adalah <i>Rock Phosphate </i>Maroko Ground
karena mempunyai kandungan Ca yang tinggi yaitu 27,65% dan kadar P2O5 total
28,8% (Suriadikarta dan Sjamsidi, 2001). Hasil penelitian di lahan rawa
menunjukkan pupuk kalium cukup diberikan 100 kg KCl/ha untuk tanaman padi
sawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah
sulfat masam di Pulau Petak sangat respon terhadap pemupukan P baik yang
berasal dari TSP maupun dari <i>Rock Phosphate</i>. Hasil penelitian
Manuelpillei <i>et al</i>. (1986) di kebun percobaan Unitatas BARIF
pemberian 135 kg P2O5/ha, 1.000 kg kaptan/ha, 50 kg K2O/ha, dan 120 kg N/ha
dapat meningkatkan hasil tanaman padi menjadi 2,45 t/ha GKG terjadi delapan
kali lipat peningkatan bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol (tanpa P dan Kaptan).
Pemberian 90 kg P2O5/ha dan kaptan 500 kg/ha menghasilkan 2,21 t/ha GKG, hasil
ini tidak berbeda nyata dengan pemberian 135 kg P2O5/ha dan kaptan 1.000 kg/ha.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemberian <i>Rock
Phosphate </i>pada tanah sulfat masam juga menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan
yang nyata dengan penggunaan TSP, hal ini disebabkan terjadinya proses
penyanggaan<i>Rock </i>Phophate dalam media yang sangat masam,
menghasilkan bentuk P yang meta-stabil seperti Dicalsium phophate yang tersedia
untuk tanaman. Subiksa <i>et al. </i>(1999), menunjukkan pemberian
dolomit 2 t/ha dan SP-36 200-300 kg/ha dapat menghasilkan rata-rata 4,0 t/ha
GKG pada tanah sulfat masam potensial di Kecamatan Telang, Kabupaten Muba,
Sumatera Selatan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam
penelitian pada tanah sulfat masam potensial di Tabung Anen Kalimantan Selatan
pemberian pupuk P + kalium + bahan organik dan kapur masing-masing sebesar 43
kg P/ha, 52 kg K/ha, kapur 1 t/ha dan pupuk kandang 5 t/ha memberikan hasil
3,24 t/ha GKG, pemberian kapur didasarkan kepada metode inkubasi untuk mencapai
pH 5 (Hartatik <i>et al.,</i>1999). Sedangkan pemupukan P berdasarkan
kepada kebutuhan P untuk mencapai 0,02 ppm P dalam larutan tanah. Di Belawang
kebutuhan kapurnya lebih tinggi yaitu sebesar 4 t/ha, respon pemupukan P dan K
tertinggi dicapai pada perlakuan P optimum (100 kg P/ha), K 78 kg/ha, dan 4 t
kapur/ha. Hasil itu dapat dipahami karena tanah sulfat masam aktual di Belawang
piritnya telah mengalami oksidasi sehingga Al-dd tinggi dan P tersedia rendah.
Hasil penelitian pemupukan P dan kapur pada tanah sulfat masam pada beberapa
lokasi penelitian disajikan pada Tabel 4.3. P-alam yang telah dicoba untuk
tanah sulfat masam dan memberikan hasil yang sama baiknya adalah P-alam
Tunisia, Ciamis, Christmas, dan Aljazair.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Di
Lamunti, ex PLG Kalimantan Tengah P-alam setara dengan 150 kg P2O5/ha rata-rata
dapat memberikan hasil 4,5 t/ha GKG, tetapi kalau diberikan 75 kg P2O5/ha hasil
yang diperoleh hanya 3,79 t/ha GKG, sedangkan di Palingkau Kalimantan Tengah
dengan dosis yang sama dapat memberikan masing-masing 3,7 t/ha dan 3,4 t/ha GKG
(Supardi <i>et al., </i>2000).</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemupukan
P-alam hingga 60% erapan maksimum P dalam tanah sulfat masam Sumber Agung dan
Sumber Rejo di Pulau Rimau, Sumatera Selatan dapat meningkatkan kadar P
tersedia, namun belum dapat menurunkan kadar unsur beracun Fe2+, Fe-Al oksida,
dan amorf serta sulfat dalam tanah. Unsur beracun diatas ditemukan dalam jumlah
yang lebih tinggi pada tanah sulfat masam potensial yang baru teroksidasi
dibandingkan tanah sulfat masam aktual (Setyorini, 2001). Oleh karena itu
diperlukan kehati-hatian dalam mereklamasi atau melakukan pencucian/drainase di
tanah sulfat masam potensial, apalagi jika kandungan liat tinggi. Lebih lanjut
ia menyatakan bahwa erapan P maksimum pada tanah sulfat masam aktual mencapai
2,000 µg P/g sedangkan pada sulfat masam potensial sedikit lebih rendah yaitu
sekitar 1,666 µg P/g. Nilai erapan maksimum yang tinggi pada sulfat masam
aktual dari pada sulfat masam potensial diakibatkan perbedaan kadar dan jenis
liat, kadar pirit, pH, Al dan Fe, serta bahan organik. Ditinjau dari distribusi
bentuk P-anorganik pada tanah sulfat masam diatas, terlihat bahwa fraksi Fe-P
dan Al-P mendominasi jumlah P anorganik pada tanah sulfat masam potensial
sedangkan fraksi Al-P dan Ca-P dominan pada sulfat masam aktual. Faktor-faktor
yang mempengaruhi ketersediaan P pada tanah sulfat masam antara lain pH, Alo,
Feo, Ald, Fed, dan pirit. Tingginya kadar Fe dan Al bentuk amorf pada tanah
sulfat masam mempengaruhi distribusi fraksi Panorganik (Setyorini, 2001).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari
hasil penelitian Konsten dan Sarwani (1990), di Pulau Petak Kalimantan Selatan,
diperoleh bahwa oksidasi pirit setelah reklamasi membuat tanah di daerah
tersebut sangat masam, dijenuhi oleh Al dan mempunyai pH antara 3 dan 4. Adanya
garam-garam besi bebas dan Al menyebabkan keracunan tanaman dan defisiensi K
dan Ca sangat sering terjadi. Kemasaman tanah aktual dari tanah sulfat masam di
Pulau Petak diduga dengan titrasi cepat pada pH 5,5, jumlah Al-dd sampai 60
mmol/g. Kemasaman tanah aktual untuk tanah pH kurang dari 4 adalah 20 mmol/100
g yang setara dengan keperluan kapur 15 t/ha. Potensi kemasaman sangat tinggi
dengan kandungan pirit mencapai 8%.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selanjutnya
Konsten dan Sarwani (1990) mengemukakan bahwa untuk mengatasi kemasaman aktual
yang tinggi dapat dilakukan dengan drainase dangkal, pencucian intensif tanah
lapisan atas, yang dikombinasikan dengan pemberian kapur dan pupuk kalium.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengelolaan Tanah dan
Air</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengelolaan
tanah dan air (<i>soil and water management</i>) merupakan kunci utama untuk
keberhasilan pengembangan pertanian di lahan rawa pasang surut, termasuk tanah
sulfat masam. Pengelolaan tanah dan air ini meliputi jaringan tata air makro
maupun mikro, penataan lahan, ameliorasi, dan pemupukan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jaringan Tata Air Makro</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengembangan
lahan rawa meliputi kegiatan reklamasi dan pengelolaan. Kegiatan reklamasi
dimulai dari perencanaan, penelitian dan pelaksanaan di lapangan. Penelitian
yang mendukung perencanaan reklamasi sangat diperlukan terutama penelitian
sumberdaya lahan meliputi tanah, air, iklim, dan hidrologi serta aspek
lingkungan. Dalam pelaksanaannya reklamasi mencakup pekerjaan penebangan hutan
dan pembakaran, konstruksi jalan, dan pembuatan saluran drainase (Widjaja-Adhi,
1995).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem
reklamasi lahan rawa di Indonesia telah dilakukan sejak proyek P4S yang dimulai
awal Pelita I di lahan rawa pasang surut pantai timur Sumatera, Kalimantan
Tengah, dan Kalimantan Selatan serta Kalimantan Barat. Menurut Subagjo dan
Widjaja-Adhi (1998) selama PJP I telah ditetapkan lima sistem jaringan tata air
makro, yaitu: 1) sistem garpu, 2) tangga, 3) sisir tunggal, 4) sisir
berpasangan, dan 5) kombinasi garpu dengan sisir.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selain
kelima sistem tersebut UGM telah mengkombinasikan dengan pembuatan kolam pada
ujung saluran primer atau sekunder (Gambar 1) yang disebut dengan sistem kolam.
Keuntungan dari sistem kolam ini adalah asamasam atau racun dapat diendapkan
dalam kolam tersebut tidak masuk ke dalam lahan pertanian dan memelihara aliran
sewaktu air surut. Sistem kolam ini telah dilaksanakan di Pulau Petak dan
Barabai Kalimantan Selatan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem
jaringan tata air tersebut sebenarnya tidak berlaku umum tetapi tergantung
kepada tipologi lahan dan tipe luapan di daerah itu. Sistem jaringan tata air
selain dibedakan menurut bentuknya dapat pula dibedakan menurut hubungan tata
air, yaitu sistem terbuka dan sistem tertutup. Sistem reklamasi jaringan
tertutup adalah cara pembukaan lahan yang jaringan tata airnya tidak
berhubungan satu sama lain (<i>zonasi</i>). Sistem ini seperti yang dilakukan
oleh petani Suku Banjar di Kalimantan Selatan dan Kalimantan Tengah dan Suku
Bugis di Pulau Sumatera. Pada sistem tertutup ini pembuatan saluran atau handil
sangat hati-hati dengan memperhatikan karakteristik tanah dan tipe luapan air
sungai. Handil itu dibuat tegak lurus sungai ke arah hutan mengikuti garis
kontur sehingga handil itu tidak selalu lurus dan panjangnya tergantung air
pasang masuk (4-10 km). Cara reklamasi seperti ini umumnya berhasil dalam
meningkatkan produktivitas lahan rawa, terutama padi, palawija, dan tanaman buah-buahan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan
hasil penelitian Badan Litbang Pertanian bahwa lahan pasang surut memiliki
prospek yang besar untuk dikembangkan menjadi lahan pertanian terutama dalam
kaitannya dalam mendukung program ketahanan pangan dan agribisnis melalui
peningkatan dan diversifikasi produksi, peningkatan pendapatan dan lapangan
kerja. Namun untuk mendukung kearah pengembangan pertanian yang berhasil dan
berkesinambungan dilahan pasang surut ada dua hal penting yang harus
diperhatikan dalam reklamasi lahan, yaitu pemanfaatan jaringan tata air berikut
salurannya dan tata ruang untuk penataan lahannya (Widjaja-Adhi dan Alihamsyah,
1998).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selanjutnya
dalam pembuatan saluran baik primer, sekunder dan tersier perlu memperhatikan
tata letak, dimensi dan cara pembuatan salurannya disesuaikan dengan fisiografi
dan kondisi lahan sehingga menunjang kelestarian dan produktivitas lahan.
Pembuatan saluran harus mengikuti atau memperhatikan garis kontur dan tipologi
lahannya. Saluran dengan mempertimbangkan garis kontur maka aliran air dapat
mengalir dengan baik, tinggi air di saluran rata.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hal
ini akan sangat berpengaruh dalam proses pencucian bahan-bahan beracun dari
lahan ke saluran dan seterusnya ke sungai berjalan lancar. Dimensi dan
kedalaman saluran perlu dipertimbangkan sehubungan dengan keadaan hidrologi di
daerah tersebut, sebab penurunan muka air yang drastis akan mengakibatkan
teroksidasi lapisan pirit, besi, Al, dan sulfat akan muncul ke permukaan dan
dengan adanya air hujan akan meningkatkan kemasaman (pH) air di saluran.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selain
itu penurunan permukaan air yang drastis juga akan menyebabkan gambut kering
tak balik (<i>irrevisible drying</i>) sehingga akan mempercepat penurunan
permukaan gambut (<i>subsidence</i>) dan atau cepat hilangnya lapisan gambut.
Pembuatan tata ruang sebelum saluran dibuat perlu memperhatikan dan
mempertimbangkan pola penggunaan lahan hipotetik yang dikemukakan oleh
Widjaja-Adhi, (1992). Menurut Harjono, (1995) sedikitnya terbuka lima peluang
fungsi dari jaringan pengairan rawa, yaitu 1) berfungsi sebagai saluran
drainase, 2) sebagai pemasukan air, 3) sebagai alat trasportasi, 4) berfungsi
sebagai konservasi sumberdaya air rawa, dan 5) sebagai pendukung bagi proses
reklamasi.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk
mencapai jaringan tata air ini hendaknya berpegang kepada pola penggunaan lahan
dan pola pemanfaatan sekaligus diharapkan dapat berfungsi sebagai saluran
drainase, pemasok air, mendukung proses reklamasi, dan konservasi sumber air.
Fungsi jaringan tata air sebagai alat transportasi perlu dipertimbangkan pada
tahapan mana ini dapat diberlakukan. Pada tahap saluran primer dan sekunder
mungkin fungsi ini dapat diberlakukan, tetapi untuk tersier sebaiknya tidak
dianjurkan. Pembuatan pintu air pada saluran primer atau sekunder seperti
dilahan ex-PLG sangat tidak efisien karena mengganggu fungsi transportasi
masyarakat sekitar sehingga akhirnya dijebol, pengaturan pintu air sebaiknya
mulai dilakukan di tingkat tersier ke bawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam
rancangan infrastruktur hidrologi, pengelolaan air di lahan pasang surut
dibedakan ke dalam : (1) Pengelolaan air makro, (2) pengelolaan air mikro, dan
(3) pengelolaan air tingkat tersier yaitu mengkaitkan antara pengelolaan air
makro dan pengelolaan air mikro (Widjaja-Adhi dan Alihamsyah, 1998).
Pengelolaan air makro yaitu penguasaan air di tingkat kawasan reklamasi yang
bertujuan mengelola berfungsinya jaringan drainase/irigasi
(navigasi-sekundertersier), kawasan <i>retarder </i>dan sepadan
sungai/laut dan saluran intersepsi bila diperlukan serta kawasan tampung hujan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kawasan <i>retarder </i>dimaksudkan
untuk mengurangi terjadinya banjir di daerah hulu sungai termasuk mengurangi
kedalaman dan lama genangan air dilahan lebak dangkal dan tengahan. Dalam hal
ini, seyogyanya lebak dalam dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai kawasan <i>retarder </i>dengan
jalan diperdalam dan alirannya diarahkan ke sungai di bagian hilirnya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Saluran
itersepsi dimaksudkan untuk menampung aliran permukaan dan sebagai tempat
memproses air yang mengandung bahan beracun agar tidak memasuki areal
pertanian. Saluran ini dibuat di daerah perbatasan lahan kering dan rawa menyerupai
waduk panjang serta diarahkan untuk menyalurkan kelebihan air ke sungai di
bagian hilirnya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kawasan
tampung hujan dimaksudkan sebagai daerah sumber air untuk irigasi. Kawasan
tampung hujan sebaiknya dialokasikan pada lahan gambut di bagian hulu sungai
karena gambut memiliki daya menahan dan melepas air tinggi, yaitu antara
300-800% bobotnya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tata Air Mikro</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem
pengelolaan tata air mikro berfungsi untuk : (1) mencukupi kebutuhan
evapotranspirasi tanaman, (2) mencegah pertumbuhan tanaman liar pada padi
sawah, (3) mencegah terjadinya bahan beracun bagi tanaman melalui
penggelontoran dan pencucian, (4) mengatur tinggi muka air, dan (5) menjaga
kualitas air di petakan lahan dan di saluran. Untuk lebih memperlancar keluar
masuknya air pada petakan lahan yang sekaligus memperlancar pencucian bahan
racun, Widjaja-Adhi (1995) menganjurkan pembuatan saluran cacing pada petakan
lahan dan di sekeliling petakan lahan. Oleh karena itu, sistem pengelolaan tata
air mikro mencakup pengaturan dan pengelolaan tata air di saluran kuarter dan
petakan lahan yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan tanaman dan sekaligus memperlancar
pencucian bahan beracun.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil
penelitian Suriadikarta <i>et al. </i>(1999), saluran kuarter
biasanya dibuat di setiap batas pemilikan lahan, sedangkan di dalam petakan
lahan dibuat saluran cacing dengan interval 3-12 m dan di sekeliling petakan
lahan tergantung pada kondisi lahannya. Semakin tinggi tingkat keracunan,
semakin rapat pula jarak antar saluran cacing tersebut. Hasil penelitian
Subagyono <i>et al. </i>(1999) pencucian bahan beracun dari petakan
lahan dilakukan dengan memasukkan air ke petakan lahan sebelum tanah dibajak,
kemudian air tersebut dikeluarkan setelah pengolahan tanah selesai. Usaha
pencucian ini akan berjalan baik apabila terdapat cukup air segar, baik dari
hujan maupun dari air pasang. Oleh karena itu, air di petakan lahan perlu
diganti setiap dua minggu pada saat pasang besar.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengelolaan
air tingkat tersier ditujukan untuk mengatur saluran tersier agar berfungsi:
(1) memasukkan air irigasi, (2) mengatur tinggi muka air di saluran dan secara
tidak langsung di petakan lahan, dan (3) mengatur kualitas air dengan membuang
bahan beracun yang terbentuk di petakan lahan serta mencegah masuknya air asin
ke petakan lahan. Sistem pengelolaan air di tingkat tersier dan mikro
tergantung kepada tipe luapan air pasang dan keracunan di petakan lahan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penataan
air di lahan petani dapat dilakukan dengan sistem aliran satu arah (<i>one-way
flow system</i>) dan sistem aliran yang sifatnya bolak-balik (<i>twoway</i> <i>flow
system</i>). Hal yang perlu mendapat perhatian khusus dalam sistem tata air
adalah sinkronisasi antara tata air makro dan mikro (Subagyono <i>et al</i>.,
1999). Misalnya, penerapan aliran sistem satu arah untuk pencucian hanya akan
berjalan efektif jika kondisi saluran tersier, sekunder, dan primer semuanya
dalam kondisi baik dan arah aliran tidak bolak-balik.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada
sistem aliran satu arah dirancang saluran irigasi dan saluran drainase secara
terpisah. Pintu klep (<i>flapgate</i>) dipasang berlawanan arah. Pada saluran
irigasi pintu klep membuka ke arah dalam sedang pada saluran drainase pintu
klep membuka ke arah luar, sehingga pencucian lahan dapat berlangsung dengan
efektif. Pencucian lahan dimaksudkan agar unsur yang bersifat racun bagi
tanaman seperti Fe<sup>2+</sup>, sulfat, dan Al<sup>3+</sup> keluar dari
lahan usaha dan pH tanah menjadi lebih baik.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tata
air pada lahan yang bertipe luapan A dan B perlu diatur dalam sistem aliran
satu arah (<i>one way flow system</i>), sedangkan untuk lahan bertipe luapan C
dan D, saluran air perlu ditabat/disekat dengan <i>stoplog </i>untuk
menjaga permukaan air tanah agar sesuai dengan kebutuhan tanaman serta
memungkinkan air hujan tertampung dalam saluran tersebut. Untuk keperluan
pengaturan tata air ini perlu dibangun pintu-pintu yang sesuai sebagai
pengendali air. Pintu air tersebut dapat berupa <i>stoplog </i>maupun
pintu ayun atau pintu engsel (<i>flapgate</i>). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil
penelitian pengelolaan tata air mikro dengan cara tersebut pada lahan sulfat
masam dengan berbagai sistem penataan lahan di Karang Agung Ulu oleh
Djayusman <i>et al</i>. (1995) menunjukkan adanya peningkatan kualitas
lahan dan hasil tanaman dari musim ke musim. Aliran satu arah dikombinasikan
dengan pengolahan tanah memakai traktor tangan dan pemberian dolomit pada lahan
sulfat masam dalam satu unit tata air saluran sekunder (50 ha) oleh Proyek ISDP
(1997), dapat secara cepat meningkatkan kualitas lahan dan memberikan hasil
yang baik bagi tanaman padi dan palawija. Nilai pH air tanah meningkat dari
rata-rata 4,2 pada saat sebelum pengolahan tanah menjadi rata-rata 4,8 pada
saat penanaman dan 5,4 pada pada saat panen (Widjaja-Adhi dan Alihamsyah,
1998). Sedangkan kandungan Fe<sup>++</sup> 160 ppm pada saat tanam dan 72
ppm pada saat panen. Hasil rata-rata ubinan padi varietas Cisadane mencapai
6,26 t/ha GKP sedangkan varietas Cisangarung dapat mencapai 9,44 t/ha GKP.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penataan Lahan</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penataan
lahan perlu dilakukan untuk membuat lahan tersebut sesuai dengan kebutuhan
tanaman yang akan dikembangkan. Dalam melakukan penataan lahan perlu
diperhatikan hubungan antara tipologi lahan, tipe luapan, dan pola
pemanfaatannya seperti pada tipologi sulfat masam potensial dengan tipe luapan
A, maka penataan lahan sebaiknya untuk sawah, karena pirit akan lebih stabil
tidak mengalami oksidasi dan tanaman padi dapat tumbuh dengan baik. Tetapi bila
tipe luapan B, maka pola pemanfaatan lahan dapat dilaksanakan dengan sistem
surjan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem
surjan dapat digunakan untuk tanaman padi, palawija, sayuran atau buah-buahan.
Untuk tanah sulfat masam potensial pengolahan tanah dan pembuatan guludan
sebaiknya dilakukan secara hati-hati dan bertahap. Guludan dibuat secara
bertahap dan tanahnya diambil dari lapisan atas. Hal ini dilakukan untuk
menghindari oksidasi pirit.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem surjan adalah salah satu contoh usaha penataan
lahan untuk melakukan diversifikasi tanaman dilahan rawa. Lebar guludan 3-5 m,
dan tinggi 0,5-0,6 m, sedangkan tabukan dibuat dengan lebar 15 m. Setiap ha
lahan dapat dibuat 6-10 guludan, dan 5-9 tabukan. Tabukan surjan ditanami padi
sawah, sedangkan guludan ditanami dengan palawija, sayuran, dan tanaman industri
(kencur, kopi, dan kelapa). </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari
Tabel diatas ditunjukkan bagaimana pola pemanfaatan lahan dalam kaitannya
tipologi lahan dan tipe luapan. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem
surjan baik dilakukan pada tipe luapan B dan C sedangkan tipe luapan D lebih
baik untuk sistem pertanian lahan kering. Untuk tanah gambut tekstur lapisan
tanah dibawahnya sangat menentukan dalam pola pemanfaatan lahannya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">KESIMPULAN</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lahan sulfat masam adalah lahan yang mempunyai kendala pH
yang masam, mempunyai kandungan pirit, dan kandungan hara yang rendah, namun
sifat fisiknya cukup baik, oleh karena itu lahan tersebut berpotensi untuk
dikembangkan sebagai lahan pertanian.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman yang dapat dikembangkan pada lahan ini adalah tanaman
padi sawah, palawija, sayuran, perkebunan, dan tanaman kehutanan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam pelaksanaan penggunaan lahan untuk pertanian perlu
mempertimbangkan dua hal yang penting, yaitu letak kedalaman pirit dan tipe
luapan air pasang surut.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kedua faktor itu merupakan penentu di dalam menerapkan
teknologi penataan lahan dan tata air, serta pemilihan komoditas yang
dikembangkan. Selanjutnya dalam peningkatan produktivitas lahan perlu didukung
teknologi ameliorasi dan pemupukan sesuai dengan komoditasnya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1027" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:360.5pt;margin-top:-60.85pt;width:92.5pt;height:53.15pt;z-index:251659264'
stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251659264;"><span style="height: 71px; left: 0px; left: 481px; position: absolute; top: -81px; width: 123px;"><img height="71" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="123" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Abdurachman, A., A. Bambang, K.
Sudarman, dan D.A. Suriadikarta. 2000. Perspektif pengembangan lahan rawa untuk
pertanian di Indonesia. Prosiding Temu Pakar dan Lokakarya Nasional Diseminasi
dan Optimasi Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Lahan Rawa, Jakarta, 23-26 November 1999.
Pusat Penelitian Tanah dan Agroklimat. Bogor. Hal. 33-54.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Jabri, M. 2002. Penentapan
Kebutuhan Kapur dan Pupuk Fosfat untuk Tanaman Padi (Oryza sativa L.) pada
Tanah Sulfat Masam Aktual Belawang, Kalimantan Selatan. Disertasi. Program
Pascasarjana. Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arkesteyn GJMW. 1980. Contribution
of microorganisms to the oxidation of pyrite. WAU disertation no. 791.
http://agralin.nl/wda/abstracts/ab791.htm. [10 September 2012].</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arulando, X. dan Kam suan Pheng.
1982. Management of acis sulphate soils in the muda irrigation scheme, Kedal.
Paninsular Malaysia. Dalam: H. Dost dan V.N. Breemen Symp. On acid sulphate
soils. ILRI Publ. 31. Wageningen. The Netherlands. P. 195-213.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Pertanian. 2003. Panduan ekspose Nasional Pertanian Lahan Rawa Pasang Surut.
Barito Kuala, 30-31 Juli 2003.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Balittra. 2001. 40 Tahun Balittra
1961-2001: Perkembangan dan Program Penelitian ke Depan. Balai Penelitian
Tanaman pangan Lahan Rawa. Banjarbaru. 84 hlm.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bloomfield, C. and J.K. Coulter.
1973. Genesis and management of Acid sulfate soils. Adv. Agron. 25:265-326.
Academic Press. Inc. New York.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Boss, M.G. 1990. Research on Acid
sulfate soils in humid tropics. Paper workshop on acid sulfate soils in humid
tropic. Bogor, 20-22 Nopember, 1990.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Brinkman, R. and V.P. Sing. 1982.
Rapid reclamation of fish pond in acid sulfate soils. In Proc. Int. Symp. Acid
Sulfate Soil. 318-330. Bangkok.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dent, D. 1986. Acid Sulphate Soils
: a baseline for research and development. International Institute for Land
Reclamation and Improvement Publication No.39 Wageningen, the Netherland.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dent D. 1986. Acid Sulphate Soils:
A baseline for research and development. Wageningen: ILRI Publ. 39.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Driessen, P.M. and M.
Soepraptohardjo. 1974. Soil for Agriculture Expansion in Indonesia. Bulletin 1.
Soil Research Institute Bogor.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Djayusman, M., S. Sastraatmaja,
I.G. Ismail, dan I P.G. Widjaja-Adhi. 1995. Penataan lahan dan pengelolaan air
untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tanah sulfat masam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tim Peneliti Puslittanak. 1997.
Survei Tanah Tinjau Mendalam Daerah Kerja A, Propinsi Kalimantan Tengah. Pusat
Penelitian Tanah dan Agroklimat, Badan Litbang Pertanian, Departemen Pertanian.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Van Breemen, N. 1976. Genesis and
solution chemisty of acid sulfate soils in Thailand. Center of Agricultural
Publishing and Documentation. Wegeningen, 1976. Ph.D. Dessertation.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Widjaja-Adhi, I P.G. 1986. Pengelolaan
lahan rawa pasang surut dan lebak.Jurnal Badan Litbang Pertanian V(1):1-9.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Widjaja-Adhi, I P.G., K. Nugroho,
D.A. Suriadikarta, dan A.S. Karama. 1992. Sumberdaya lahan rawa: Potensi,
keterbatasan dan pemanfaatan. Risalah. PERNAS Pengembangan Pertanian Di lahan
Rawa Pasang Surut Dan Lebak. Cisarua 3-4 Maret 1992 Badan Litbang Pertanian.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Widjaja-Adhi, I P.G. 1995a.
Pengelolaan tanah dan air dalam pengembangan sumberdaya lahan rawa untuk
usahatani berkelanjutan dan berwawasan lingkungan. Makalah disampaikan pada
Pelatihan Calon Pelatih untuk Pengembangan Pertanian di Daerah Pasang Surut,
26-30 Juni 1995, Karang Agung Ulu, Sumatera Selatan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Widjaja-Adhi, I P.G. 1995b. Potensi
peluang dan kendala perluasan areal pertanian lahan rawa di Kalimantan Tengah
dan Irian Jaya. Sopeng, 7-8 Nopember 1995.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Widjaja-Adhi, I P.G. dan T.
Alihamsyah. 1998. Pengembangan Lahan Pasang Surut ; Potensi, Prospek, dan
Kendala Serta Teknologi Pengelolaannya Untuk Pertanian. Prosiding Seminar
Nasional dan Pertemuan Tahunan Komda HITI, 16-17 Desember 1998.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4414864719232378661.post-55485093307870552302013-07-01T09:33:00.001+07:002013-07-01T09:33:57.584+07:00CEKAMAN NAUNGAN<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV">MEKANISME ADAPTASI MORFOLOGI KEDELAI (</span></b><i><span lang="SV">Glycine
max </span></i><b><span lang="SV">(L.) Merril)
TERHADAP CEKAMAN NAUNGAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>JAMSON HASINTONGAN T. / 110301040<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI 1A<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>KELOMPOK 1<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">LABORATORIUM EKOLOGI TANAMAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">20</span><span lang="IN">1</span></b><b>3<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">KATA PENGANTAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> Puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan
atas kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang telah memberikan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya
sehingga penulisan laporan ini dapat selesai tepat pada waktunya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> Adapun judul laporan ini adalah <b>“Adaptasi Morfologi Kedelai (</b><i>Glycine max </i><b>(L.) Merril)
terhadap Cekaman Naungan”</b> yang merupakan salah satu syarat untuk dapat
mengikuti praktikal test di Laboratorium Ekologi Tanaman, Program Studi
Agroekoteknologi, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FI" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada
kesempatan ini penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada Dr. Dra. Ir. Chairani
Hanum, MSi; Nini Rahmawati, SP, M.Si, Ir. Irsal, MP, Ir. Yaya Hasanah, MP, dan Ir.
Haryati, MP selaku dosen mata kuliah Ekologi Tanaman. </span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Terimakasih yang sama juga
penulis ucapkan kepada abang dan kakak asisten yang telah banyak membantu
penulis dalam menyelesaikan laporan ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FI" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Penulis
menyadari bahwa laporan ini masih jauh dari sempurna. Oleh karena itu, penulis
mengharapkan masukan dan saran yang bersifat membangun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> Ahkirnya
penulis mengucapkan terimakasih dan semoga laporan ini bermanfaat bagi kita
semua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Medan, Juni 2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Penulis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">DAFTAR ISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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i<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">DAFTAR ISI</span></b><span lang="SV">.......................................................................................................
ii</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">Latar Belakang.............................................................................................
1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FI">Tujuan Percobaan.........................................................................................
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<span lang="FI">Kegunaan
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">BAHAN DAN METODE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">Bahan dan Alat.............................................................................................
</span>12<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="IN">Prosedur
Percobaan ..................................................................................... </span>12<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PELAKSANAAN PERCOBAAN</span></b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Pe</span>milihan Lokasi<span lang="IN"> ......................................................................................... 1</span>4<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="IN">P</span>ersiapan Media Tanam<span lang="IN"> ............................................................................... 1</span>4<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="IN">Pe</span>mberian Kayu Pembatas<span lang="IN"> .......................................................................... 1</span>4<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="IN">Pe</span>nanaman Benih<span lang="IN"> ........................................................................................ 1</span>4<o:p></o:p></div>
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Pemeliharaan Tanaman ................................................................................ 14<o:p></o:p></div>
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Penyiraman ......................................................................................... 14<o:p></o:p></div>
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Penyiangan ......................................................................................... 14<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="IN">Pengamatan Parameter ................................................................................ 1</span>5<o:p></o:p></div>
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Tinggi Tanaman (cm) .......................................................................... 15<o:p></o:p></div>
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Jumlah Daun (Helai) ........................................................................... 15<o:p></o:p></div>
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Berat Basah Akar (g) .......................................................................... 15<o:p></o:p></div>
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Berat Basah Tajuk (g) ......................................................................... 15<o:p></o:p></div>
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Berat Kering Akar (g) ......................................................................... 15<o:p></o:p></div>
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Berat Kering Tajuk (g) ........................................................................ 15<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="ES-CL" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-CL; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ES-CL">Hasil ............................................................................................................. 16</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-CL">Pembahasan</span><span lang="IN"> ................................................................................................. </span>23<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="ES-CL" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-CL; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ES-CL"> Kesimpulan ...................................................................................................... </span><span lang="IN">2</span>7<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="ES-CL"> Saran ................................................................................................................ </span><span lang="IN">2</span>7<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span lang="ES-CL">DAFTAR PUSTAKA </span></b><b><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="ES-CL">LAMPIRAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kebutuhan
kedelai di Indonesia setiap tahun selalu meningkat seiring dengan pertambahan
penduduk dan perbaikan pendapatan per kapita. Oleh karena itu diperlukan suplai
kedelai tambahan yang harus diimpor karena produksi da;lam negeri belum dapat
mencukupi kebutuhan tersebut. Lahan budidaya kedelai pun diperluas dan
produksitivitasnya ditingkatkan. Untuk mencapai usaha tersebut, diperlukan
pengenalan mengenai tanaman kedelai yang lebih mendalam (Adisarwanto, 2005).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada waktu masih muda memerlukan cahaya
dengan intensitas rendah dan menjelang sapihan mulai memerlukan cahaya dengan
intensitas tinggi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Setiap
tanaman atau jenis pohon mempunyai toleransi yang berlainan terhadap cahaya
matahari. Ada tanaman yang tumbuh baik ditempat terbuka sebaliknya ada beberapa
tanaman yang dapat tumbuh dengan baik pada tempat teduh/bernaungan. Ada pula tanaman yang
memerlukan intensitas cahaya yang berbeda sepanjang periode hidupnya. (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Abdi,1994</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk mendapatkan pertumbuhan yang baik
dan produksi yang optimum, perlu diperhatikan pemeliharaan tanaman dan juga
ketersediaan unsur hara yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan tanaman itu sendiri.
Pertumbuhan dan produksi dapat meningkat apabila didukung oleh faktor iklim,
cuaca dan air</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemberian
naungan mempunyai tujuan untuk mengurangi pengaruh yang </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">erugikan
dari intensitas cahaya yang berlebihan, dapat menurunkan suhu dan meningkatkan
kelembaban udara (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Nismara,2003</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengaturan naungan sangat penting untuk
menghasilkan semai-semai yang berkualitas. Naungan berhubungan erat dengan
temperatur dan evaporasi. Oleh karena adanya naungan, evaporasi dari semai
dapat dikurangi. Beberapa spesies lain menunjukkan perilaku yang berbeda.
Beberapa spesies dapat hidup dengan mudah dalam intensitas cahaya yang tinggi
tetapi beberapa spesies tidak. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(Suhardi
<i>et al</i>, 1995).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Banyak spesies memerlukan naungan pada
awal pertumbuhannya, walaupun dengan bertambahnya umur naungan dapat dikurangi
secara bertahap. Beberapa spesies yang berbeda mungkin tidak memerlukan naungan
dan yang lain mungkin memerlukan naungan mulai awal pertumbuhannya. Pengaturan
naungan sangat penting untuk menghasilkan semai-semai yang berkualitas. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(Suhardi
<i>et al</i>, 1995).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Untuk
mengamati </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">adaptasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">morfologi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">kedelai</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> (<i>Glycine max </i><b>(L.) Merril</b>) terhadap cekaman naungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan
Penulisan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai
salah satu syarat untuk dapat memenuhi komponen nilai di Laboratorium Ekologi
Tanaman Program Studi Agroekoteknologi Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera
Utara, Medan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai
bahan informasi bagi yang membutuhkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">TINJAUAN
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Botani Tanaman<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut
Adisarwanto (2005), klasifikasi tanaman kedelai adalah sebagai berikut:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Division: Spermatophyte</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Subdivision:
Angiospermae</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Class:
Dicotyledonae</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ordo
: Polypetales</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Famili
: Leguminosae</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Genus : Glycine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Species
: <i>Glycine max </i><b>L.</b></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Merril.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Akar
tunggangnya bercabang – cabang panjangnya mencapai 2 m, akar – akar sampingnya
menyebar mendatar sejauh 2,5 m pada kedalaman 10 – 15 cm. Jika ada vbakteri
Rhizombium japonicum akan terbentuk bintil – bintil akar (Somaatmadja, 1993).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kedelai
berbatang semak, dengan tinggi batang antara 30 – 100 cm. Setiap batang dapat
membentuk 3 – 6 cabang. Bila jarak antar tanaman dalam barisan rapat, cabang
menjadi berkurang dan tidak bercabang sama sekali (Suprapto, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Daun kedelai
merupakan daun majemuk yang terdiri dari tiga helai anak daun dan umumnya
berwarna hijau muda atau hijau kekuning – kuningan. Bentuk daun ada yang oval,
juga ada yang segitiga. Warna daun kedelai ini tergantung pada varietas masing – masing (Andrianto <i>dan</i> Indarto, 2004).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tangkai bunga
umumnya tumbuh dari ketiak daun yang diberi nama rasim. Jumlah bunga pada
setiap ketiak tangkai daun sangat beragam, antara 2 – 25 bunga, tergantung
kondisi lingkungan tumbuh dan varietas kedelai. Bunga pertama yang terbentuk
umunnya pada buku kelima, keenam, atau pada buku yang lebih tinggi
(Adisarwanto, 2005)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Buah kedelai
berbentuk polong, jumlah biji sekitar 1 – 4 tiap polong. Polong berbulu
berwarna kuning kecoklat – coklatan atau abu – abu. Dalam proses pematangan
warna polong berubah menjadi lebih tua, warna hijau menjadi kehitaman,
keputihan atau kecoklatan, polong yang telah kering mudah pecah dan bijinya
melenting keluar (Rakhman <i>dan</i> Tambas,
1986). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Didalam polong
terdapat biji yang berjumlah 2 – 3 biji. Setiap biji mempunyai ukuran
bervariasi, mulai dari kecil (sekitar 7 – 9 g/ 100 biji), sedang ( 10 – 13 g/ 100 biji ), dan besar ( > 13
g/ 100 biji). Bentuk biji bervariasi,
tergantung pada varietas tanaman, yaitu bulat, agak gepeng, dan bulat telur. Namun demikian, sebahagian
besar biji berbentuk bulat telur. (Adisarwanto, 2005).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Syarat Tumbuh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Iklim<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kedelai
dapat tumbuh baik di tempat yang berhawa pana, di tempat – tempat yang terbuka
dan bercurah hujan 100 – 400 mm<sup>3</sup> per bulan. Oleh karena itu, kedelai
banyak ditanam di daerah yang terletak kurang dari 400 m di atas permukaan laut
dan jarang sekali ditanam di daerah yang terletak 600 mdi atas permukaan laut.
Jadi tanaman kedelai akan tumbuh baik, jika ditanam di daerah beriklim kering
(AAK, 1989).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Agar
hidup dengan baik dan berproduksi optimal, kedelai memerlukan penyinaran penuh.
Kedelai dapat tumbuh pada suhu 25 <sup>0 </sup>– 30 <sup>0 </sup>C dengan suhu
optimal 28 <sup>0 </sup>C. Kedelai mengkhendaki air yang cukup pada masa
pertumbuhannya terutama pada saat pengisian biji. Curah hujan yang optimal
untuk budidaya kedelai adalah 100 – 200 mm/ bulan (PMT – AS, 1996).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kedelai
dapat tumbuh baik pada berbagai jenis tanah asal drainase dan aerasi tanah
cukup baik. Tanah – tanah yang cocok yaitu alluvial, regosol, grumosol,
latosol, dan andosol. Pada tanah – tanah padzolik merah kuning dan tanah yang
mengandung banyak pasir kwarsa, pertumbuhan kedelai kurang baik, kecuali bila
diberi tambahan pupuk organic atau kompos dalam jumlah cukup (
AAK, 1989).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Pada
tanah yang pHnya tinggi ( diatas 7 ) kedele memperlihatkan gejala khlorosis
yakni tanaman kerdil dan daun berwarna kuning, karena kekurangan unsure besi.
Sebaliknya pada tanah masam, pH kurang dari 5 kedele tumbuh kerdil karena keracunan Aluminium
(Al) atau Mangan (Mn)
(Rakhman <i>dan</i> Tambas, 1986).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Kedelai
termasuk tanaman yang mampu beradaptasi terhadap berbagai agroklimat,
mengkhendaki tanah yang cukup gembur, tekstur
lempung berpasir dan liat. Tanaman kedelai dapat tumbuh dengan baik pada
tanah yang mengandung bahan organic dan pH antara 5,5 – 7 ( optimal 6,7). Tanah
hendaknya mengandung cukup air tapi tidak tergenang (PMT – AS, 1996).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Naungan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemberian naungan mempunyai tujuan untuk
mengurangi pengaruh yang </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">erugikan dari intensitas cahaya yang
berlebihan, dapat menurunkan suhu dan meningkatkan kelembaban udara</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk mendapatkan pertumbuhan yang baik
dan produksi yang optimum, perlu diperhatikan pemeliharaan tanaman dan juga
ketersediaan unsur hara yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan tanaman itu sendiri.
Pertumbuhan dan produksi dapat meningkat apabila didukung oleh faktor iklim,
cuaca dan air</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
(Lakitan 1993).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pertumbuhan suatu tanaman di bawah
kondisi yang kurang optimum menunjukkan adanya penurunan kemampuan tumbuh dan
berproduksi pada tanaman tertentu. Pada kondisi tersebut perlu ditambahkan
masukan yang dapat mendukung pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman yaitu dengan
pemberian pupuk. Sehingga perlu diketahui pengaruh pemberian pupuk untuk
mendukung pertumbuhan, produksi simplisia dan kandungan bahan aktif tanaman
dalam kondisi ternaungi. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pitono
<i>et al. </i>1996)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adaptasi tanaman terhadap naungan dilakukan
melalui mekanisme penghindaran terhadap kekurangan cahaya dan mekanisme toleran
terhadap kekurangan cahaya. Pada mekanisme penghindaran, tanaman akan
meningkatkan luas area pengkapan cahaya dan meningkatkan penangkapan cahaya per
unit area fotosintesis, melalui pengurangan cahaya yang ditransmisikan dan yang
direfleksikan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Levitt
1980)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perlakuan dengan pemberian naungan pada
kedelai akan mempengaruhi sifat morfologi tanaman. Morfologi tanaman kedelai
yang bisa dipengaruhi oleh naungan adalah batang tidak kokoh, karena garis
tengah batang lebih kecil sehingga tanaman menjadi mudah rebah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adisarwanto
1999)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Pada
batas naungan tertentu proses fisiologis didalam tanaman toleran tersebut tidak
terlalu dipengaruhi naungan sehingga tanaman tumbuh normal, tidak terjadi
etiolasi dan kerebahan yang tentunya tidak mempengaruhi hasil (Asadi dkk,1991).
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">pemberian perlakuan naungan pada
berbagai stadi pertumbuhan berpengaruh nyata terhadap</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">panjang akar </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> jumlah bunga per tanaman, jumlah polong per
tanaman, berat biji, dan produksi biji kering pada berbagai macam variaetas
kedelai</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemberian naungan 20% akan memberikan
hasil yang lebih baik apabila diaplikasikan pada awal pengisian polong
dibandingkan dengan awal tanam atau awal berbung</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (widiarsih,2010)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">tanaman
toleran naungan dapat mengatur dan mengorientrasikan daun sesuai dengan arah
dan intensitas cahaya sehingga pada kondisi ternaungi mengarahkan kloroplas
agar mengumpul ke dekat lapisan epidermis, akibatnya warna daun menjadi lebih
hijau. Percobaan dengan daun Iris yang ditumbuhkan pada intensitas cahaya yang
berbeda-beda memperlihatkan bahwa jumlah stomata berkurang dengan menurunnya
intensitas cahaya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> (Fahn,
1995 </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times-Italic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Italic;">dalam </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">Afriana, 2003).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">tinggi
tanaman semakin meningkat dengan meningkatnya persentase naungan, tapi
sebaliknya untuk jumlah buku, jumlah batang dan diameter batang. Pemanjangan
batang ditujukan untuk memaksimumkan intensitas radiasi surya yang diterima dan
untuk mempertahankan laju fotosintesis (Sukaesih,2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemberian naungan pada tanaman akan
berdampak terhadap proses metabolisme dalam tubuh tanaman dan akhirnya akan
berdampak terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman, terutama karena kurangnya
intensitas cahaya yang diterima tanaman tersebut (Baharsyah,1980).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor cahaya,
suhu, CO<sub>2</sub> ,air dan zat hara mempengaruhi laju fotosintesis tanaman dan berpengaruh pada kepadatan kanopi
,ukuran dan bentuk daun serta sudut letak daun . Apabila lingkungan subur,
airtersedia dan suhu yang sesuai ,maka radiasi merupakan faktor utama yang
mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman dan terdapat hubungan yang erat
antara radiasi dengan fotosintesis bersih (Wilson, 1980)<b><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b>BAHAN DAN METODE<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">
<b>Tempat dan Waktu Praktikum<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b> </b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Adapun percobaan
dilaksanakan di lahan percobaan Laboratorium Ekologi Tanaman Fakultas Pertanian
Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan, pada ketinggian tempat ± 25 m diatas
permukaan laut. Percobaan ini dilaksanakan pada Maret 2013 sampai dengan
selesai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Bahan dan Alat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Bahan yang digunakan dalam
percobaan ini adalah; benih kedelai</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">sebagai
bahan percobaan, benih bayam (Amaranthus sp ) sebagai bahan percobaan, spanduk
sebagai pembatas lahan ,air untuk menyiram tanaman, pamplet sebagai penanda,
triplek sebagai penyekat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Alat
yang digunakan dalam percoban ini adalah cangkul untuk mengolah lahan, gembor
untuk menyiram tanaman, meteran untuk mengukur panjang lahan, timbangan
analitik untuk menimbang bobot kering tajuk dan bobot kering tanman, kamer</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">untuk dokumentasi buku data
untuk mencatat data</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, dan paranet sebagai
naungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">
<b>Prosedur
Percobaan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Disiapkan bahan tanaman yang akan dijadikan objek
pengamatan<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Ditanam dan disemaikan benih kedelai ke dalam
plot lahan <b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Setiap minggu dilakukan pengamatan yang meliputi
jumlah daun, tinggi tanaman, waktu berbunga, <b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Lakukan destruksi pada akhir fase vegetatif.
Akar dan tajuk dicuci bersih ,dipisahkan , dikeringkan oven pada suhu 78<sup>o</sup>C
selama 48 jam sampai bobotnya konstan.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">
<b><span lang="SV">Parameter Pengamatan</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tinggi
Tanaman (cm)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Tinggi tanaman diukur dari pangkal batang sampai ujung daun tertinggi
dan dimulai dari 1 MST sampai dengan 6 MST.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah
Daun (helai)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Tanaman yang telah mengeluarkan
daun, dihitung jumlah daun yang telah terbuka sempurna dari 1 MST sampai dengan
6 MST.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Panjang
akar (cm) <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Panjang akar
dihitung dari pangkal akar sampai akar paling panjang. Dengan menggunakan
penggaris.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Volume Akar <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berat basah akar
diukur setelah pemanenan dengan menggunakan timbangan analitik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berat
Kering Akar (g)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berat kering
akar diukur setelah pemanenan dan pengovenan tanaman kedelai dan bayam.
Pengukuran berat kering akar dilakukan dengan menggunakan timbangan analitik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berat
Kering Tajuk (g)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berat kering tajuk diukur setelah
pemanenan dan pengovenan tanaman kedelai dan bayam. Pengukuran berat kering
tajuk dilakukan dengan menggunakan timbangan analitik.</span><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">HASIL
DAN PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hasil<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Parameter :
Tinggi Tanaman</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 508px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.35pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="120">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sampel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="70">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="56"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="70">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">VIN1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">34<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="70">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">31<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">35<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">36<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">65</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="70">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">33</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V2N1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">8,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="70">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">32<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">61</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="70">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">31</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">VIN1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="70">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">8,3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">37</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">35,1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">36<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="70">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2,75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V2N0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">37<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="70">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">33<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">37,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7,1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7,1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="70">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">34</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V1N0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="70">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">35,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">66</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="70">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">34</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,525<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">329,3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="70">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">309,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">381<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">249<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">824,217<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">417<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="70">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5,7</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">8</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">67<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">37</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="70">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">26,42708<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tabel Dwi Kasta</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 532px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.7pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="130">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dwi
Kasta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="76"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V1N1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V2N1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V1N1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V2N0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V1N0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 8.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kedelai<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 8.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 8.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">105</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 8.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">134,9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 8.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">94,4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 8.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">83,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 8.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">595<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 8.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">99,167<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 5.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 5.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 5.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">43</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 5.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">231</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 5.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">65</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 5.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">31</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 5.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">93</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 5.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 5.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="76"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">115,95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">109,4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">124,4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">105,75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">92,95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">43</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,70</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tabel Sidik Ragam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 597px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.9pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">SK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Db<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">JK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">KT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">F.hit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">F.tab<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">17835,12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9471,01<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">K<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5471,654<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Galat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="83"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">FK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">15002,54<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">KK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Parameter :
Jumlah Daun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 485px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 10.2pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="136">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ulangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="81"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="87"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="81">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="87">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">VIN1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="81">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6 22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 112<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">22,4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="87">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V2N1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="81">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">26 32 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 118<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">24,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="87">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">VIN1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="81">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">24 24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">26</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="87">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V2N0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">38<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="81">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">26 23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 122<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">24.75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="87">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V1N0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="81">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2 18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 10.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">23</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,0</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="87">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">157<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">124<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">78<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="81">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">8</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="87">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,33<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,67<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="81">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,42<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">165<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">17</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tabel Dwi Kasta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 491px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 17.3pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V1N1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V2N1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V1N1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V2N0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V1N0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kedelai <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">53<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">8,83<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">115<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">8,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">11,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9,58<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tabel Sidik Ragam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 510px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.2pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="100">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">SK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Db<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">JK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">KT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">F.hit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">F.tab<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="100">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">17,73<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1,61<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,83<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="100">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1,69<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1,69<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,87<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="100">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">K<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">11,85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2,37<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1,22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="100">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V*K<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4,19<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,84<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,43<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="100">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Galat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">36<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">69,75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1,94<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="100">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">87,48<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="100">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">FK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">275,52<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="100">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">KK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">58,10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Parameter :
Panjang Akar</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.65pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 467px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="71">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ulangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rataan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="71">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="72">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">VIN1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">10,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">24,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="71">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">35,50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">9,30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">79,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">19,75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="72">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V2N1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5,50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">13,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="71">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">32,90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8,23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="72">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">VIN1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">12,60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">15,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="71">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">24,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">10,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">61,60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">15,40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="72">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V2N0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">10,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">17,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="71">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">26,40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8,50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">61,90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">15,48<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="72">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V1N0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">14,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">19,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="71">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">10,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">13,70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">57,30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">14,33<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="72">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">111,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">153,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="71">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">165,30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">92,80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">522,30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="72">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rataaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">9,25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">12,77<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="71">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">15,03<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">7,73<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">11,11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tabel Dwi Kasta</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 505px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 21.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="63"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V1N1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V2N1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V1N1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V2N0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V1N0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V1N1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 21.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kedelai <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 21.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">19,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 21.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">27,90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 21.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">36,70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 21.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">28,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 21.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">34,10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 21.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">188,10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 21.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">31,35<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">98,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">60,80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">98,30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">89,90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">91,40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">522,30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">49,10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">30,40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">49,15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">44,95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">45,70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">43,53<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tabel Sidik Ragam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 497px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">SK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Db<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">JK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">KT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">F.hit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">F.tab<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">860,90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">78,26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2,19<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">444,69<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">444,69<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">12,42<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">K<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">122,28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">24,46<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,68<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V*K<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">293,93<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">58,79<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1,64<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Galat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">36<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1288,51<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">35,79<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2149,41<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="97">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">FK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5683,28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="97">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">KK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">53,84<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 13.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Parameter
: Volume Akar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 453px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ulangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="46">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">VIN1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="46">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6,10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9,50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">16,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4,05<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V2N1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="46">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4,30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">10</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2,03<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">VIN1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="46">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">10,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2,55<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V2N0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="46">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1,50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">8,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V1N0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="46">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5,30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9,90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2,48<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="46">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">8</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">11</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="46">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,65<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5,23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,38<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2,38<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tabel
Dwi Kasta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.65pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 490px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 17.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V1N1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V2N1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V1N1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V2N0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V1N0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kedelai <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">16,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">8,10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">10,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">13,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9,90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">68,80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">11,47<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">20,80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">10,90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">19,70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">18,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">21,40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">111,90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">10,40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5,45<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9,85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9,10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">10,70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9,33<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tabel
Sidik Ragam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 485px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.2pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">SK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">db<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">JK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">KT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">F.hit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">F.tab<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">39,23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,57<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,51<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">13,76<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">13,76<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1,97<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">K<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9,83<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1,97<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 5.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 5.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V*K<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 5.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 5.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">15,64<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 5.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 5.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,45<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 5.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Galat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">36<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">251,76<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6,99<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">290,98<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">FK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">260,87<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">KK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">111,07<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 16.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Parameter
: Bobot Kering Akar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 453px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ulangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="75"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="53">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="75">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">VIN1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="53">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">8</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">8</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">8,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="75">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V2N1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="53">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1,30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1,40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1,50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="75">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">VIN1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="53">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">8</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,98<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="75">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V2N0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="53">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2,80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,32<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,62<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1,16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="75">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V1N0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="53">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1,10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1,10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5,50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1,38<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="75">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="53">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,06<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">8</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="75">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="53">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,34<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,92<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,41<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tabel
Dwi Kasta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 481px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V1N1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V2N1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V1N1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V2N0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">V1N0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">kedelai<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">8,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4,62<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5,50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">32,82<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5,47<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">13,80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">11,50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9,60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9,53<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">11,23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">66,26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rataan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6,90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5,75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4,80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4,77<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5,62<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5,52<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t32"
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</v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:.8pt;margin-top:2.1pt;width:358.35pt;
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mso-position-vertical-relative:text' o:connectortype="straight"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 4px; left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 480px; z-index: 251658240;"><img height="4" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="480" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tabel
Sidik Ragam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 14.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">SK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">db<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">JK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">KT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">F.hit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">F.tab<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2,73<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0,25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0,13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0,01<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0,01<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">K<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1,55<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0,31<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0,16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">V*K<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1,18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0,24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0,12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Galat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">36<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">69,05<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1,92<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">47<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">71,78<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">FK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">91,47<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">KK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">98,24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt; width: 51.6pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari hasil percobaan diketahui bahwa
data tanaman tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan V2N0 sebesar 37,5 dengan rataan 34,65 dan terendah
pada perlakuan V2N1 sebesar 28 dengan rataan 31,5 hal ini menunjukan bahwa
tanaman yang berada di naungan cenderung lebih tinggi dibanding tanaman yang
tidak di naungi hal ini sesuai dengan literatur </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">Sukaesih (2002)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> tinggi tanaman semakin meningkat dengan
meningkatnya persentase naungan, tapi sebaliknya untuk jumlah buku, jumlah
batang dan diameter batang. Pemanjangan batang ditujukan untuk memaksimumkan
intensitas radiasi surya yang diterima dan untuk mempertahankan laju
fotosintesis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari hasil
percobaan diketahui bahwa jumlah daun tanaman tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan
V2N0 sebesar 38 dengan rataan 24,75 dan
terendah pada perlakuan V2N1 sebesar 16 dengan rataan 24,2 hal menunjukan bahwa
tanaman yang ternaungi lebih sedikit jumlah daunya dibanding yang tidak
ternaungi hal ini sesuai dengan literatur Baharsyah (1980) yang menyatakan
bahwa Pemberian naungan pada tanaman akan berdampak terhadap proses metabolisme
dalam tubuh tanaman dan akhirnya akan berdampak terhadap pertumbuhan dan
produksi tanaman, terutama karena kurangnya intensitas cahaya yang diterima
tanaman tersebut <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari hasil percobaan diketahui bahwa
panjang akar tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan V2N0 sebesar 26,40 dengan rataan 15,48 dan
terendah pada perlakuan V2N1 sebesar 5,50 dengan rataan 8,23 hal ini menunjukan
bahwa tanaman yang ternaungi memiliki akar yang lebih panjang dibanding tanaman
yang tidak ternaungi. Hal ini sesuai dengan literatur</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> widiarsih (2010)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">yang menyatakan bahwa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">pemberian perlakuan
naungan pada berbagai stadi pertumbuhan berpengaruh nyata terhadap</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">panjang akar </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> jumlah bunga per tanaman, jumlah polong per
tanaman, berat biji, dan produksi biji kering pada berbagai macam variaetas
kedelai</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemberian naungan 20% akan memberikan
hasil yang lebih baik apabila diaplikasikan pada awal pengisian polong
dibandingkan dengan awal tanam atau awal berbung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari hasil
percobaan diketahui bahwa volume akar
tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan V1N1
sebesar 9,50 dengan rataan 4,05 dan terendah pada perlakuan V1N0 sebesar
0,30 dengan rataan 2,48 hal ini menunjukan bahwa tanaman yang ternaungi
memiliki volume akar yang lebih kecil dibanding tanman yang tidak ternaungi hal
ini sesuai dengan literatur pitono (1996) yang menyatakan bahwa Pertumbuhan suatu tanaman di bawah kondisi yang
kurang optimum menunjukkan adanya penurunan kemampuan tumbuh dan berproduksi
pada tanaman tertentu. Pada kondisi tersebut perlu ditambahkan masukan yang
dapat mendukung pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman yaitu dengan pemberian pupuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari hasil
percobaan diketahui bahwa berat kering akar
tanaman tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan V1N1 sebesar 4,20 dengan rataan 2,00 dan terendah
pada perlakuan V2N1 sebesar 0,10 dengan rataan 1,50 hal ini sesuai dengan
literatur baharsyah ( 1980) yang
menyatakan bahwa Pemberian naungan pada tanaman akan berdampak terhadap proses
metabolisme dalam tubuh tanaman dan akhirnya akan berdampak terhadap
pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman, terutama karena kurangnya intensitas cahaya
yang diterima tanaman tersebut <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor-faktor
yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan tanaman di naungan adalah Faktor cahaya, suhu, CO<sub>2</sub>
,air dan zat hara hal ini sesuai dengan literatur (Wilson, 1980) yang menyatakan bahwa Faktor
cahaya, suhu, CO<sub>2</sub> ,air dan zat hara mempengaruhi laju fotosintesis tanaman dan berpengaruh pada kepadatan kanopi
,ukuran dan bentuk daun serta sudut letak daun . Apabila lingkungan subur,
airtersedia dan suhu yang sesuai ,maka radiasi merupakan faktor utama yang
mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman dan terdapat hubungan yang erat antara
radiasi dengan fotosintesis bersih.<b><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">KESIMPULAN</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> DAN SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman tertinggi
terdapat pada perlakuan V2N0 sebesar
37,5 dengan rataan 34,65 dan terendah pada perlakuan V2N1 sebesar 28 dengan
rataan 31,5<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah daun tanaman
tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan V2N0
sebesar 38 dengan rataan 24,75 dan terendah pada perlakuan V2N1 sebesar
16 dengan rataan 24,2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Panjang akar tertinggi
terdapat pada perlakuan V2N0 sebesar
26,40 dengan rataan 15,48 dan terendah pada perlakuan V2N1 sebesar 5,50 dengan
rataan 8,23<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Volume akar tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan V1N1 sebesar 9,50 dengan rataan 4,05 dan terendah
pada perlakuan V1N0 sebesar 0,30 dengan rataan 2,48<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berat kering akar tanaman tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan
V1N1 sebesar 4,20 dengan rataan 2,00 dan
terendah pada perlakuan V2N1 sebesar 0,10 dengan rataan 1,50<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi pertumbuhan tanaman di naungan adalah Faktor cahaya, suhu, CO<sub>2</sub>
,air dan zat hara<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman yang
ternaungi hendaknya di siram setiap hari agar kelembabanya tetap terjaga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A.A.K.,
1989. Kedelai. Kanisius, Yogyakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">bdi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
T., </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1994</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. Kedelai. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Andrianto
<i>dan</i> Indarto, 2004. Budidaya dan Analisis Usaha Tani
Kedelai, Kacang Hijau, Kacang Panjang. Absolut, Yogyakarta.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asadi,
Dimiarti, Arsyad. 1991. <i>Adaptasi varietas kedelai pada pertanaman </i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">tumpang
sari dan naungan buatan. </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Seminar hasil penelitian tanaman </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pangan,
Bogor .</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Baharsjah,
J.S. 1980. <i>Pengaruh Naungan pada Berbagai Tahap Perkembangan </i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dan
Populasi Tanaman terhadap Pertumbuhan</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. Bogor: Pasca Sarjana IPB</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dwijoseputro.
1990. <i>Pengantar Fisiologi Tumbuhan </i>Jakarta: Penerbit Gramadia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Faridah
E, 1996. Pengaruh Intensitas Cahaya, Mikoriza Dan Serbuk Arang Pada</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pertumbuhan Alam <i>Drybalanops Sp </i>Buletin
Penelitian Nomor 29.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fakultas
Kehutanan Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lakitan,
B. 1993. Dasar-Dasar Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Universitas Sriwijaya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Salisbury,
M. B., and C. W. Ross. 1995. Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Jilid 3. D. R. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lukman
dan Sunaryomno (Penerjemah). ITB. Bandung. 343 hal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Suhardi,
1995. Effect Of Shading, Mycorrhiza Inoculated And Organic Matter On</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Growth Of <i>Hopea Gregaria </i>Seedling
Buletin Penelitian Nomor</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">28.
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Taiz,
L. and E. Zeiger. 1991. Plant Physiology. The Benjamin/Cummings pub.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Co., Inc. California. 565p.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Widiastuti,
L., Tohari, Sulistyaningsih, E. 2004. Pengaruh Intensitas Cahaya dan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kadar
Daminosida terhadap Iklim Mikro dan Pertumbuhan Tanaman Krisan dalam Pot. <i>Jurnal
Ilmu Pertanian </i>(11)2: 35-42.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Yusron,
M., M. Januwati dan E. R. Pribadi. 2005. Standar prosedur operasional </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">budidaya
sambiloto. Sirkuler Balittro 11:37-42.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4414864719232378661.post-46117207478228118862013-07-01T09:21:00.002+07:002013-07-01T09:21:29.543+07:00ISOLASI DAN SKREENING MIKROORGANISME SELULOTIK<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>ISOLASI DAN SKREENING
MIKROORGANISME SELULOTIK</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>LAPORAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>OLEH:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>JAMSON HASINTONGAN T. / 110301040<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI IA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>KELOMPOK II<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">LABORATORIUM BIOTEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN SUB – TANAH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">MEDAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>2013</b></div>
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<b>LAPORAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>OLEH:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>JAMSON HASINTONGAN T. / 110301040<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI IA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>KELOMPOK II<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="FI">Laporan Sebagai Salah Satu Syarat Untuk Dapat
Mengikuti Praktikal Tes </span><span lang="SV">di Laboratorium Bioteknologi Pertanian Program Studi
Agroekoteknologi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> Fakultas
Pertanian</span><span lang="SV"> </span><span lang="SV">Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan</span><span lang="FI"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">Ditugaskan Oleh:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">Dosen Penanggung
Jawab Laboratorium<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">(<u>Ir. T.
Sabrina, MAgr. Sc. Ph.D.)</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">NIP: 19640620 199903
2 001<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">Diperiksa Oleh : Diperiksa Oleh :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">Asisten
Koordinator Asisten
Korektor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">(<u>Muhammad
Riza Hapiza</u>) (<u>Jul
Bahori Panggabean</u>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">NIM : 090301045 NIM :
090301065<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">LABORATORIUM BIOTEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN SUB – TANAH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">MEDAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><b>KATA PENGANTAR</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Puji dan syukur </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">marilah kita</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">
ucapkan </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">atas </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, karena </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">atas </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">berkat rahmat</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan hidayah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-Nya </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">sehingga P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">enulis dapat
menyelesaikan laporan ini tepat pada waktunya.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"> Adapun
judul dari laporan ini adalah </span><b>Isolasi
dan Skreening Mikroorganisme Selulotik</b><span lang="IN"> yang merupakan salah satu syarat untuk dapat mengikuti praktikal tes di
Laboratorium Bioteknologi Pertanian</span> Sub-Tanah Program Studi Agroekoteknologi <span lang="IN">Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> Dalam kesempatan ini penulis
mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Prof. Dr. Ir. Rosmayati, MS., </span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ir. T. Sabrina, M.agr. Sc., Ph.D.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">, </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Dr. Lisnawita, SP, M.Si.,</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Dr. Ir. Lollie Agustina, MSc., </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lutfi
Aziz Mahmud Siregar, SP, M.Sc., PhD.,</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ir. Hardi Guchi, MP., dan </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ir. Eva
Sartini Bayu, M.Si. selaku dosen mata kuliah Bioteknologi Pertanian serta
kepada abang dan kakak asisten yang telah membantu penulis dalam menyelesaikan
laporan ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="FI">Penulis menyadari bahwa laporan ini masih
jauh dari sempurna. Oleh karena itu, penulis mengharapkan saran dan kritik dari
pembaca demi kesempurnaan laporan ini. Akhir kata penulis mengucapkan terima
kasih, semoga laporan ini dapat bermanfaat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Medan, Juni 2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> Penulis</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">DAFTAR ISI</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<b><span lang="SV">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b><span lang="SV">........................................................................................... i</span><b><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">DAFTAR ISI</span></b><span lang="SV">.......................................................................................................... ii<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><b><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">Latar belakang.............................................................................................. 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FI">Tujuan Percobaan......................................................................................... 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FI">Kegunaan Penulisan..................................................................................... 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">Mikroorganisme Selulotik............................................................................ 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Isolasi........................................................................................................... 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Skreening...................................................................................................... 5</span><span lang="FI"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">BAHAN DAN METODE</span></b><b><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">Tempat dan Waktu Percobaan..................................................................... 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Bahan dan Alat............................................................................................ 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Prosedur Percobaan...................................................................................... 8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b><b><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">Hasil............................................................................................................. 9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Perhitungan.................................................................................................. 9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Pembahasan................................................................................................ 11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></b><b><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">Kesimpulan................................................................................................. 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Saran........................................................................................................... 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">DAFTAR P</span>USTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>LAMPIRAN GAMBAR<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>LAMPIRAN FLOW CHART<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b>PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Organisme yang sering digunakan sebagai penghasil enzim termostabil
adalah mikroba, seperti bakteri dan fungi. Hal ini karena biodiversitas mikroba
tinggi sehingga menyediakan sumber enzim yang dapat dieksplorasi secara terus
menerus. Mikroba dapat memproduksi enzim dengan laju yang cepat dan biaya murah
(Hartanti, 2010).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Tanah mengandung berbagai macam mikroba, meliputi berbagai spesies
bakteri dan ganggang, cendawan, dan laing – lain. Selulosa yang merupakan
maretial yang secara alamiah terdapat pada tumbuhan kayu, dapat dikomposisikan
oleh bakteri selulotik yang terdapat pada kotoran hewan, pupuk hijau, limbah
pagan dan pupuk organik (Nurmayani, 2007).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Beberapa mikroba terutama dari kelompok jamur memiliki kemampuan untuk
menghidrolisis selulosa alami melalui aktivitas selulosa yang dimilikinya.
Perolehan mikroba selulotik yang mampu menghasilkan akativitas selulosa yang
tinggi menjadi sangat penting untuk pengomposan organik (Kusnadi, dkk, 2012).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Penggunaan enzim dalam bioteknologi berkembang dnegan cepat. Molekul selulosa membentuk serta jaringan
mikroskopis yang memberikan dinding sel tumbuahn kuat dan tahan. Enzim-enzim
ekstra selular yang menghidrolisa selulosa dan lignin adalah produk-produk
khusus dari fungi dan bakteri tertentu (Dahliaty, dkk, 2012).</div>
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Mikroba didalam tanah sebahagian sebahagian besar terdiri dari bakteri
dan ada yang bersifat selulotik. Zat ini merupakan konstituen pokok tiap-tiap
dinding sel. Satu molekul selulosa dapat dibayangkan sebagai suatu pita
rangkaian paling sedikit 1000 molekul glukosa (β-D-glukosa). Hidrolisis dengan
pertolongan enzim selulosa menghasilkan disakarida selubiosa. Selulosa tidak
dapat dicerna oleh alat-alat pencernaan mamalia (termasuk juga manusia), pula
zat ini tidak larut dalam air maupun di dalam zat pelarut organik (Hasibuan,
2005).</div>
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<b>Tujuan Percobaan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Adapun tujuan dari percobaan ini adalah untuk mengetahui cara mengisolasi
mikroorganisme selulotik dan mengukur kemampuan mikroorganisme selulotik
tersebut mendekomposisi selulosa melalui uji kadar glukosa.</div>
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<b>Kegunaan Percobaan</b></div>
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Sebagai salah satu syarat untuk dapat mengikuti praktikal test di Laboratorium Bioteknologi Pertanian Sub Tanah
Program Studi Agroekoteknologi Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara,
Medan dan sebagai bahan informasi bagi pihak yang membutuhkan.</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<b>TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
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Mikroorganisme yang mampu menghidrolisis selulosa dinamakan
mikroorganisme selulotik. Peranan terpenting mikroorganisme tanah adalah
fungsinya yang melakukan perubahan kimiawi pada substansi-substansi didalam
tanah, terutama pengubahan persenyawaan organik yang mendukung karbon,
nitrogen, dan fosfor menjadi persenyawaan anorganik. Proses ini disebut
mineralisasi, didalamnya terlibat sejumlah besar perubahan kimiawi berperan
sebagai macam spesies mikroba (Nurmayani, 2007).</div>
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Beberapa jenis bakteri, jamur dan beberapa invertebrata seperti
termitidae (rayap) memiliki enzim selulase, sehingga mereka itu dapat mencerna
selulosa. Serabut kapas dapat dikatakan suatu selulosa yang murni.
Lignoselulosa (lignin =
zat kayu) merupakan bahan campuran antara lignin dan selulosa, zat ini
memperkuat sel-sel kayu (Miswadi, 2012). </div>
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Mikroorganisme yang dikultivasikan dalam suatu substrat, terjadi beberapa
tahap pertumbuhan. Mikroorganisme dalam mendekomposisi bahan organik
mengeluarkan enzim, yaitu suatu substansi protein yang bertanggung jawab
terhadap dekomposisi dengan cara mengurangi aktivitas. Energi senyawa-senyawa
tertentu yang diperlukan untuk memecah ikatan-ikatan bahan-bahan organik atau
lingkungan alami (Nurmayani, 2007).</div>
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<b>Isolasi<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Prinsip dari isolasi mikroba adalah memisahkan satu jenis mikroba dengan
mikroba lain yang berasal dari campuran bermacam-macam mikroba. Hal ini dapat
dilakukan dengan menumbuhkannya dalam media padat, karena dalam media padat
sel-sel mikroba akan membentuk suatu koloni sel yang tetap pada tempatnya. Jika
sel-sel tersebut tertangkap oleh media padat pada beberapa tempat yang
terpisah, maka setiap sel atau kumpulan sel yang hidup akan berkembang menjadi
suatu koloni yang terpisah, sehingga memudahkan pemisahan selanjutnya (Setyati
dan Subagiyo, 2012).</div>
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Bila digunakan media cair, sel-sel mikroba sulit dipisahkan secara
individu karena terlalu kecil dan tidak tetap tinggal ditempatnya. Akan tetapi
bila sel-sel tersebut dipisahkan dengan cara pengenceran, kemudian ditumbuhkan
dalam media padat dan dibiarkan membentuk koloni, maka sel-sel tersebut
selanjutnya dapat diisolasi dalam tabung-tabung reaksi atau cawan petri yang
terpisah. Isolasi mikroba dapat dilakukan dengan dua cara yaitu cara
penggoresan dan penaburan (Meryandini, 2009).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IT">Tingkat dimana selulosa
dimetabolisme diatur oleh sejumlah lingkungan dan tanah yang bervariasi dalam karakteristik fisik dan
kimia proses kapasitas selulotik sangat berbeda. Lingkungan utama, faktor yang
mempengaruhi transformasi adalah tingkat ketersediaan nitrogen, air, suhu,
aerasi, kelembaban, pH, kehadiran karbohidrat lainnya dan proporsi relatif dari
lignin dalam residu tanaman (Nur, dkk, 2008).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Teknik isolasi adalah suatu teknik yang menggunakan media yang
disterilisasikan (dihilangkan dari berbagai jenis mikroba) dan peralatan
dikenal aseptic (tidak terkontaminasi Mikroorganisme). Ada dua metode umum
untuk isolasi dan pemisahan mikroorganisme : 1. Metode penggoresan agar (<i>streak plate</i>) dan 2. Metode penuangan agar (<i>pour plate</i>). Adapun metode yang digunakan, mikroba-mikroba tersebut
dipisahkan dari yang berkelompok diatas cawan yang sudah diinkubasi. Kemudian
populasi tersebut membentuk koloni. Koloni tersebut merupakan sel tunggal yang
disebut klon (Vanadiningrum, 2008).</div>
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Berbagai kemajuan telah dicapai dalam bidang bioteknologi dengan
menggunakan teknik-teknik screening dan seleksi untuk mendapatkan organisme
yang lebih baik. Dalam system seleksi untuk mendapatkan organisme semua strein
yang langka akan hidup dan sedang strein lama tidak (Hartanti, 2010).</div>
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Setelah diinokulasi, biakan bakteri disimpan atau diinkubasi atau suatu
lingkungan yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhannya. Pertumbuhan ini berarti
pengembangan populasi sel-sel dan satu atau beberapa sel (Nur, dkk, 2008).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Aerosol dihasilkan dari Pemusingan dan pengocok bahan pemeriksaan dapat menimbulkan
aerosol. Biasanya mesin pemusing (centrifuse) dan mesin pengocok tidak
dimasukkan kedalam lemari pengaman, maka untuk mencegah timbulnya aerosol
diruang isolasi, cara memakai alat-alat tersebut harus benar-benar sesuai
prosedur dan teliti. Aerosol adalah suatu bentuk dimana partikel zat cair
tersuspensi atau terapung diudara (Vanadiningrum, 2008).</div>
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strokecolor="white [3212]"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 7;"><span style="height: 98px; left: 0px; left: 503px; position: absolute; top: -72px; width: 98px;"><img height="98" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1032" width="98" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b>BAHAN DAN METODE<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Adapun percobaan ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Bioteknologi Pertanian Sub
Tanah Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara pada ketinggian ± 25 meter
diatas permukaan laut. Percobaan ini dilakukan pada hari Sabtu, 08 Juni
2013 pukul 10.00 wib sampai dengan selesai.</div>
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<b>Bahan dan Alat<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Bahan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Sumber mikroba sebagai sumber residu organik, (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>
0,5 gr sebagai bahan membuat media percobaan, K<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub> 0,5
gr sebagai bahan membuat media percobaan, <span lang="IN">KCl 0.5 gr sebagai bahan membuat media percobaan</span>, <span lang="IN">MgSO<sub>4</sub>.7H<sub>2</sub>O</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">0,05 gr sebagai
bahan membuat media percobaan</span>, <span lang="IN">CaCl<sub>2</sub></span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">0,05 gr sebagai bahan membuat media percobaan</span>,
<span lang="IN">Yeast Extract 0,5 gr sebagai bahan
membuat media percobaan</span>, <span lang="IN">NaCl
2,5 gr sebagai bahan untuk media pertumbuhan</span>, <span lang="IN">Selulosa (kertas saring)</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">10 gr sebagai bahan membuat media
percobaan</span>, <span lang="IN">Air destilasi 1
liter sebagai bahan membuat media percobaan</span>, <span lang="IN">Asparagin 0.5 gr sebagai bahan membuat media
percobaan</span>, <span lang="IN">Label nama untuk
memberi tanda</span>, <span lang="IN">Kapas sebagai
penutup erlenmeyer</span> dan <span lang="IN">Aluminium
foil sebagai penutup botol erlenmeyer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="FI">Autoklaf digunakan untuk
sterilisasi alat atau media yang dipakai. </span><span lang="FI"> </span>Laminair Air Flow sebagai media kerja
steril. Timbangan analitik untuk
menentukan berat bahan yang digunakan atau untuk menimbang bahan. Petridish
sebagai tempat media. <span lang="SV">Gelas uk</span><span lang="IN">u</span><span lang="SV">r sebagai alat atau
tempat penakar larutan yang digunakan. </span><span lang="SV"> </span><span lang="DE">Erlenmeyer berfungsi untuk tempat atau wadah larutan.</span><span lang="DE"> </span><span lang="DE"> </span><span lang="SV">Beaker glass untuk tempat larutan. </span><span lang="SV"> </span><span lang="SV">Hot Plate-Stirer untuk memanaskan larutan. </span><span lang="SV"> </span>Spatula untuk mengambil bahan. Gabus sebagai penutup erlenmeyer. Kertas saring untuk menyaring media. Pipet
volumetri untuk mengambil larutan. <span lang="SV">Pipet
skala untuk mengambil/memindahkan larutan. </span><span lang="SV"> </span><span lang="SV">Pipet tetes untuk mengambil reagen.</span><span lang="SV"> </span><span lang="SV">Handsprayer sebagai wadah alkohol untuk
sterilisasi alat</span><span lang="SV"> </span><span lang="IN">dan bahan. </span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="DE">Baju lab untuk dipakai ketika menanam eksplan.</span><span lang="DE"> </span><span lang="DE"> </span><span lang="SV">Serbet sebagai pembersih meja penabur.</span><span lang="SV"> </span><span lang="SV"> </span>Pulpen sebagai alat tulis.</div>
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<b>Prosedur Percobaan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Prosedur Media Isolasi Mikroorganisme<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Ditimbang bahan-bahan kimia yang diperlukan untuk media
Hans</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Dimasukkan 100 mL ke dalam Erlenmeyer 250 ml</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Ditutup dengan kapas dan aluminium foil.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Diautoclavekan selama 20 menit pada 121<sup>0</sup>C.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Digantung kertas saring steril dalam erlenmeyer yang
berisi media yang telah disterilkan dengan cara sebahagian dari kertas saring
tercelup dalam media.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Diinkubasi selama seminggu, dipindahkan dengan kertas
saring dan 10 mL untuk menanam mikroba dalam larutan standar.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Koloni dapat diidentifikasi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IT">Mempersiapkan enzim untuk mengukur aktivitas enzim selulose</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT">3
jenis media dengan selulosa sebagai sumber karbon dapat digunakan untuk
mengukur kemampuan memproduksi selulosa oleh jamur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT">Ditimbang
bahan masukkan ke dalam wadah beaker, aduk hingga merata. Jika bahan masih
mengendap dilakukan pemanasan di atas hot plate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT">Sebanyak
100 ml medium dituangkan pada setiap 250 ml flasks, di autoklaf pada temperatur
120<sup>0</sup>C selama 20 menit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT">Diinokulasikan
mikroorganisme yang mau diseleksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT">Flasks
ditutup rapat dan diletakkan diatas rotary shakers (kecepatan 180 rpm) pada 30<sup>0</sup>C
+ 1<sup>0</sup>C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT">Setelah
diinkubasikan sampai periode tertentu, sebanyak 20 ml sampel dipindahkan secara
aseptikal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT">Dilakukan
sentrifusi pada 10000 rpm selama 20 menit pada temperatur ruang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT">Untuk
membersihkan supernatan menjadi kuning muda tambahkan 1 % metiolate dan harus
disimpan pada kulkas untuk menghindari kehilangan aktivitas enzim yang cukup
besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b><span lang="IT">Mengukur Aktivitas Enzim
Selulotik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT">Diambil
2,0 larutan enzim dimasukkan 18 mL dan 1 % carboxy methyl cellulose dalam
buffer citoate – phosphate mcllvanine’s.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT">Dishaker
pada rotating shaker<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT">Diinkubasi
selama 20 menit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT">Setiap
2 mL konsentrasi glukosa ditambahkan 2 mL campuran reagen copper alkalin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT">Ditambahkan
cmc 18 mL.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT">Ditambahkan
2 mL larutan arsenomolubdate pada setiap tabung. Dan ditambahkan reagen A + B.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT">Direbus
selama 20 menit dalam water bath. Lalu didinginkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT">Ditambahkan
air destilata sebanyak 25 mL tiap tabung kocok.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT">Dibaca
hasil transmitan dengan menggunakan spektrofotometri dengan panjang gelombang
600 nm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1030" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:379.65pt;margin-top:-47.4pt;width:24.75pt;height:25.5pt;z-index:5'
fillcolor="white [3212]" stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 5;"><span style="height: 34px; left: 0px; left: 506px; position: absolute; top: -63px; width: 33px;"><img height="34" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1030" width="33" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b>HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN</b><b><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Hasil<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Tabel Larutan Standar</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 8.3pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 8.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.4pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b>LARUTAN STANDAR (ML)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 8.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.95pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b>ABSORBEN (A)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.4pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
0,25</div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.95pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
0,0132</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.4pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
0,5</div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.95pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
0,0177</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.4pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
0,75</div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.95pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
0,0223</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.4pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
1,00</div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.95pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
0,0269</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.4pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
1,25</div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.95pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
0,0315</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 19.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.4pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
1,50</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 19.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.95pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
0,0458</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Tabel Larutan Hasil Percobaan</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 548px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.0pt;" width="179">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>PERLAKUAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" width="124">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>TRANSMITAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>ABSORDEN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.85pt;" width="142">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>JLH. POPULASI<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="179">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Trichoderma</i> (Metiolin)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" width="124">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
95<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
0.0223<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.85pt;" width="142">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
0.7511<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="179">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Trichoderma</i> (Kontrol)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" width="124">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
92.5<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
0.0339<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.85pt;" width="142">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
1.2547<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="179">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Aspergillus</i> (Metiolin)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" width="124">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
95.5<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
0.0200<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.85pt;" width="142">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
0.6520<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="179">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Aspergillus</i> (Kontrol)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b>Perhitungan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%;">
Rumus Umum Y = 0.023x + 0.005</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Jumlah <i>Trichoderma</i> (Metiolin)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
Y = 0.023x + 0.005</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
X =
<u>0,0223 – 0,005<o:p></o:p></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
0,023</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
X =0.7511<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Jumlah <i>Trichoderma</i>
(Kontrol)</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
Y = 0.023x + 0.005</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
X =
<u>0.0339– 0,005<o:p></o:p></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
0,023</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
X =1.2547<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Jumlah Populasi <i>Aspergillus</i> (Metiolin)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
Y = 0.023x + 0.005</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
X =
<u>0.0200– 0,005<o:p></o:p></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
0,023</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
X =0.6520<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Jumlah Populasi <i>Aspergillus</i> (Kontrol)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
Y = 0.023x + 0.005</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
X =
<u>0.0155– 0,005<o:p></o:p></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
0,023</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
X =0.4553<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b><span lang="IT">Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IT">Dari hasil percobaan yang
dilakukan diperoleh bahwa pada jamur <i>Trichoderma</i>
jumlah populasi terbanyak terdapat pada perlakuan <i>Trichoderma</i> (kontrol) yakni sebesar 1,2547. Sedangkan pada
perlakuan <i>Trichoderma</i> (Metiolyd)
sebesar 0,7511. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa mikroorganisme selulotik dalam
merombak selulosa memiliki enzim selulosa dan dapat mencerna selulosa, metiolyd
pada jamur <i>Trichoderma</i> mengalami
penghambatan jumlah populasi karena mikroba ini harus menyesuaikan fase
pertumbuhannya. Hal ini sesuai dengan Nurmayani (2007) yang menyatakan bahwa
mikroorganisme yang dikultivasikan akan mengalami fase penyesuaian diri dalam
pertumbuhannya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IT">Dari hasil percobaan diperoleh
bahwa <i>Aspergillus</i> (metiolyd) memiliki
jumlah populasi tertinggi takni 0,6520 sedangkan ada <i>Aspergillus</i> (kontrol)
sebesar 0,4553. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa metiolydpada jamur <i>Aspergillus</i> memiliki enzim selulosa yang
berkarakteristik atau bervariasi. Hal ini sesuai dengan Nur, dkk, (2008) yang
menyatakan bahwa tingkat dimana selulosa dimetabolisme diatur dalam sejumlah
lingkungan dan tanah yang bervariasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IT">Dari empat perlakuan diperoleh
bahwa <i>Trichoderma</i> (Kontrol) memiliki
jumlah populasi tertinggi yaitu 1,257 dan populasi terendah terdapat pada
perlakuan <i>Aspergillus</i> (Kontrol) yakni
0,4533. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tinggi rendahnya nila absorben dan jumlah
populasi mikroorganisme enzim selulotik dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan dan tanah
yang bervariasi. Hal ini sesuai dengan Nur, dkk, (2008) yang menyatakan bahwa tingkat
dimana selulosa dimetabolisme diatur dalam lingkungan utama dan tanah yang
bervariasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Prinsip kerja pada praktikum ini adalah mengisolasi mikroorganisme selulotik
dan mengukur kemampuan mikroorganisme selulotik tersebut mendekomposisi
selulosa melalui uji kadar gula. Isolasi merupakan pengambilan mikroorganisme
kemudian ditumbuhkan pada lingkungan yang sesuai. Hal ini sesuai dengan
literatur Setyati dan Subagiyo (2012) yang menyatakan bahwa isolasi
mikroorganisme mengandung arti proses pengambilan mikroorganisme dari
lingkungannya untuk kemudian ditumbuhkan dalam suatu medium di laboratorium.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i>Trichoderma</i> <i>harzianum</i> dan <i>Aspergillus</i> <i>niger</i> merupakan
satu jenis mikroorganisme yang mampu mendekomposisi selulosa. <i>Trichoderma</i> dapat menginfeksi dengan
menggunakan pasak kecil yang tumbuh paada hifaa pelilit. Sesuai dengan
Nurmayani (2007) yang menyatakan bahwa <i>Trichoderma</i>
menginfeksi melalui dua mekanisme yaitu melalui : Pasak kecil yang tumbuh pada hifa pelilit
atau yang berdekatan dengan misellium inangnya (<i>Penicillium vermiculatum</i>), Produksi enzim pelisis yang dapat
mencerna sebagian dinding selulosa.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi isolasi mikroorganisme adalah aerosol
pada alat centrifuse, substrat, suhu, variasi tanah, lingkungan utama. Hal ini
sesuai dengan Nur, dkk, (2008) yang menyatakan bahwa lingkungan utama dan
aerosol mempengaruhi populasi mikroorganisme selulotik.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1033" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:369.6pt;margin-top:-56.4pt;width:1in;height:1in;z-index:8'
strokecolor="white [3212]"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 8;"><span style="height: 98px; left: 0px; left: 492px; position: absolute; top: -76px; width: 98px;"><img height="98" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1033" width="98" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IT">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1028" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:369.6pt;margin-top:-107.25pt;width:28.5pt;height:23.25pt;
z-index:3' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 3;"><span style="height: 31px; left: 0px; left: 493px; position: absolute; top: -143px; width: 38px;"></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IT">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Pada
Perlakuan Jamur <i>Trichoderma harzianum </i>kontrol
memiliki data tertinggi untuk jumlah populasi yakni 1,2547 dan pada <i>Trichoderma harzianum </i>ditambah methyolid
sebesar 0,7511. Sedangkan pada <i>Aspergillus
niger </i>ditambah methyolid sebesar 0,6520 dan pada <i>Aspergillus niger </i>(kontrol)<i> </i>sebesar
0,4553.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Dari
hasil percobaan jumlah populasi mikroorganisme selulotik tertinggi adalah pada <i>Trichoderma harzianum </i>yakni 1,2547
sedangkan terendah terdapat pada <i>Aspergillus
niger </i>yakni 0,4553.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Faktor
– faktor yang mempengaruhi isolasi mikroorganisme selulotik adalah aerosol dari
centrifuse, substrat yang tersedia, lingkungan utama, dan variasi tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Prinsip
percobaan isolasi mikroorganisme selulotik adalah dengan memisahkan mikroba
yang satu dengan mikroba yang lain diharapkan mampu ditemukan mikroba selulotik
yang spesifik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Trichoderma harzianum </span></i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">dan <i>Aspergillus niger
</i> merupakan mikroorganisme selulotik
yang mampu mendekomposisi selulosa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IT">Saran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IT">Diharapkan praktikan harus
benar-benar konsentrasi dalam pembuatan larutan standar guna untuk diperoleh
hasil yang optimum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" />
</span>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IT">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1034" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:369.5pt;margin-top:-102.55pt;width:1in;
height:1in;z-index:10' strokecolor="white [3212]"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 10;"><span style="height: 98px; left: 0px; left: 492px; position: absolute; top: -138px; width: 98px;"></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT">Dahliaty, A., R. Susanti, dan Y. Haryani. 2012. Skrining Bakteri Lipotilik
dari Air Sungai Siak di Daerah Pelita Pantai Kota Pekanbaru. J. Indonesia. Che.
Acta Vol. 3 No. 1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="IT">Hartanti. 2010. Isolasi
dan Seleksi Bakteri Selulotik Termofilik dari Kawah Air Panah Gunung Pancar,
Bogor. [Skripsi] Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="IT">Hasibuan, H. 2005. Isolasi
dan Uji Potensi Mikroorganisme Selulotilik dalam Mendegradasi Limbah Tandan
Kosong Sawit. [Thesis] Institu Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="IT">Kusnadi, Saefudin, dan A.
Efrianti. 2010. Keanekaragaman Jamur Selulotilik dan Amilotilik Pengurai Sampah
Organik dari berbagai Substrat. [Jurnal] Universitas Pendidikan Bandung,
Bandung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="IT">Meryandini, A., W.
Widosari, B. Maranatha, T. C. Sunarti, N Rachmania, dan H. Satria. 2009. Isolasi Bakteri
Selulotilik dan Karakterisasi Enzimnya. Makara Sains Vol. 13 No. 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="IT">Miswadi. 2012. Peran
Mikroorganisme dalam Penguraian Bahan Organik Pakan Ternak. [Paper] Universitas
Lampung, Bandar Lampung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="IT">Nur, H. S., A. Meryandini,
dan Hamim. 2008. Pemanfaatan Bakteri Selulotilik dan Xilalotilik yang Polinase
untuk Dekomposisi Jerami Padi. J. Tanah Tropis Vol. 14 No. 1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IT">Nurmayani, D. 2007.
Isolasi dan Uji Potensi Mikroorganisme Selulotilik Asal Tanah Gambut dan Kayu
sedang Melapuk dalam Mendekomposisi Kayu. [Skripsi] Universitas Sumatera Utara,
Medan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="IT">Setyati, W. A. Dan
Subagiyo. 2012. Isolasi dan Seleksi Bakteri Penghasil Enzim Ekstraseluler yang
Berasal dari Sedimen Kawasan Manggrove. Ilmu Kelautan Vol. 17 No. 3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="IT">Vanadianingrum, E. S.
2008. Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Bakteri Penghasil Enzim Xilanase dari Cairan
Rumen Kambing dan Domba sebagai Sumber Panas di Cipanas. [Skripsi] Institut
Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4414864719232378661.post-17613500216829946562013-07-01T09:04:00.000+07:002013-07-01T09:04:06.422+07:00NITRIFIKASI DAN DENITRIFIKASI<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>NITRIFIKASI DAN
DENITRIFIKASI</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>LAPORAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>OLEH:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>JAMSON HASINTONGAN T. / 110301040<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI 1A<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>II<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">LABORATORIUM BIOTEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN SUB-TANAH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">MEDAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>2013</b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</b><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1027" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:384.6pt;margin-top:-72.3pt;width:30.75pt;
height:39.75pt;z-index:251655680' strokecolor="white"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251655680;"><span style="height: 55px; left: 0px; left: 512px; position: absolute; top: -97px; width: 43px;"><img height="55" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="43" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b> NITRIFIKASI DAN DENITRIFIKASI</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>LAPORAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>OLEH:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>JAMSON HASINTONGAN T. / 110301040<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI 1A<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>II<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="FI">Laporan Sebagai Salah Satu Syarat Untuk Dapat
Mengikuti Praktikal Tes </span><span lang="SV">di Laboratorium Bioteknologi Pertanian Program Studi
Agroekoteknologi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> Fakultas
Pertanian</span><span lang="SV"> </span><span lang="SV">Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan</span><span lang="FI"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">Ditugaskan Oleh:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">Dosen Penanggung
Jawab Laboratorium<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">(<u>Ir. T.
Sabrina, MAgr. Sc. Ph.D.)</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">NIP: 19640620 199903
2 001<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">Diperiksa Oleh : Diperiksa
Oleh :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">Asisten
Koordinator Asisten
Korektor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">(<u>Muhammad
Riza Hapiza</u>) (<u>Muhammad
Riza Hapiza</u>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">NIM : 090301045 NIM :
090301045<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">LABORATORIUM BIOTEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN SUB-TANAH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">MEDAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><b>KATA PENGANTAR</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Puji dan syukur </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">marilah kita</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">
ucapkan </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">atas </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, karena </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">atas </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">berkat rahmat</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan hidayah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-Nya </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">sehingga P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">enulis dapat
menyelesaikan laporan ini tepat pada waktunya.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"> Adapun
judul dari laporan ini adalah </span><b>Nitrifikasi
dan Denitrifikasi</b><span lang="IN"> yang merupakan
salah satu syarat untuk dapat mengikuti praktikal tes di Laboratorium
Bioteknologi Pertanian</span> Sub-Tanah Program
Studi Agroekoteknologi <span lang="IN">Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera
Utara, Medan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">Dalam kesempatan ini penulis
mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Prof. Dr. Ir. Rosmayati, MS., </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">Ir. T. Sabrina, M.agr. Sc., Ph.D.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">, </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">Dr. Lisnawita, SP, M.Si.,</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">Dr. Ir. Lollie Agustina, MSc., </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">Lutfi
Aziz Mahmud Siregar, SP, M.Sc., PhD.,</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">Ir. Hardi Guchi, MP., dan Ir. Eva
Sartini Bayu, M.Si. selaku dosen mata kuliah Bioteknologi Pertanian serta
kepada abang dan kakak asisten yang telah membantu penulis dalam menyelesaikan
laporan ini.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="FI">Penulis menyadari bahwa laporan ini masih
jauh dari sempurna. Oleh karena itu, penulis mengharapkan saran dan kritik dari
pembaca demi kesempurnaan laporan ini. </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">Akhir
kata penulis mengucapkan terima kasih, semoga laporan ini dapat bermanfaat.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Medan, Juni 2013</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> Penulis</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">DAFTAR ISI</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<b><span lang="SV">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b><span lang="SV">........................................................................................... i</span><b><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">DAFTAR ISI</span></b><span lang="SV">.......................................................................................................... ii<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><b><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">Latar belakang.............................................................................................. 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FI">Tujuan Percobaan......................................................................................... 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FI">Kegunaan Penulisan..................................................................................... 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">Nitrifikasi..................................................................................................... 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FI">Denitrifikasi.................................................................................................. 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">BAHAN DAN METODE</span></b><b><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">Tempat dan Waktu Percobaan..................................................................... 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Bahan dan Alat............................................................................................ 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Prosedur Percobaan...................................................................................... 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b><b><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">Hasil........................................................................................................... 11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Pembahasan................................................................................................ 12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></b><b><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">Kesimpulan................................................................................................. 16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Saran........................................................................................................... 16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">DAFTAR P</span>USTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>LAMPIRAN GAMBAR<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>LAMPIRAN FLOW CHART<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nitrogen merupakan yang paling banyak mendapat perhatian. Hal ini
disebabkan jumlah nitrogen yang terdapat di dalam tanah sedikit sedangkan yang
diangkut tanaman dalam bentuk panenan setiap musim cukup banyak. Disamping itu
senyawa nitrogen anorganik sangat larut dan mudah hilang dalam air drainase,
tercuci dan menguap ke atmosfir. Dalam tanah, kadar nitrogen sangat bervariasi,
tergantung pada pengelolaan dan penggunaan tanah tersebut (Rosmarkam
dan Yuwono, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penggunaan Nitrogen yang diberikan melalui pemupukan usaha tani
hingga kini efisiensinya masih rendah. Persediaan Nitrogen yang utama di alam
ini adalah Nitrogen yang ada di atmosfir, dimana kira-kira 80 % lebih unsure
nitrogen menyusun atmosfir tersebut melalui proses fiksasi biologi. Nitrogen
masuk dalam siklus. Kadang-kadang nitrogen dalam jumlah kecil dalam biosfer ada
dalam bentuk Nitrogen yang teroksidasi melalui sinar kosmis, kilat atau
aktivitas manusia. Ammonium adalah sumber utama nitrogen untuk mikroorganismee
dan fungi. Sebagian besar tanaman tidak mampu untuk mengasimilasikannya. (Prajitno,
dkk, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses nitrifikasi bakteri berkembang lambat dengan syarat waktu
tinggal lumpur lam dan konsentrasi pembentukan oksigen tinggi. Nitrat yang
tersedia di dalam tanah terbentuknya melalui proses pengolahan ammonia-nitrogen
menjadi bentuk nitrat nitrogen, proses tersebut dinamakan nitrifikasi, dimana
dalam perubahan ammonia-nitrogen menjadi nitrat (NO3-) berbagai bakteri
autotrop terlibat dan berperan dalam proses ini, terutama dalam oksidasi
ammonia bebas ke nitrogen bebas (Salmah, 2004).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bakteri penambat N-udara yang mengubah nitrogen udara menjadi
N-organik. Pertumbuhan organisme pengikat nitrogen dalam lingkungan aerob
memiliki susunan variasi mekanisme untuk melindungi nitrogenase dari O<sub>2</sub>
sebagai contoh produksi Leghaemoglobin pada nodul akar kacang-kacangan.
Kehidupan bebas bakteri Azotobacter sp sangat cocok pada kondisi konsentrasi O<sub>2</sub>
yang rendah dengan memiliki tingkatan tertinggi respirasi dimana bisa tidak
dikombinasikan dari ATP generasi untuk mencegah produksi ATP. (Sutanto, 2005).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Analisis N total
metode kjeldhai merupakan prosedur analisis yang tertua diantara semua metode
analisis. Pertama sekali diperkenalkan oleh John Kjeldhai pada pertemuan The
Danish Chemistry Society pada 7 maret 1883 dan dipublikasikan pada Zeitshrifte
fur Analiystich pada tahun yang sama. Prinsip dasar dari metode Kjeldhal yang
pertama ini masih banyak digunakan hingga sekarang (Damanik, dkk, 2011).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan Percobaaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk mengetahui cara monitoring transpormasi yang dilakukan
mikroba terhadap senyawa nitrogen didalam tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan Penulisan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai salah satu syarat untuk dapat mengikuti Praktikal Tes di
laboratorium Bioteknologi Pertanian Sub-Tanah Program Studi Agroekoteknologi
Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan dan sebagai bahan
informasi bagi pihak yang membutuhkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nitrifikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nitrifikasi adalah suatu proses oksidasi enzimatik, yakni perubahan senyawa
ammonium menjadi senyawa nitrat yang dilakukan oleh bakteri-bakteri
tertentu.Proses ini berlangsung dalam dua tahap dan masing-masing dilakukan
oleh grup bakteri yang berbeda. Tahap pertama adalah proses oksidasi
ammonium menjadi nitrat yang dilakukan oleh bakteri Nitrosomonas dan tahap kedua adalah
proses oksidaasi enzimatik
nitrit menjadi nitrat yang
dilaksanakan oleh bakteri nitrobacter. Proses
oksidasi enzimatik perubahan ammonium menjadi nitrit dan
selanjutnya menjadi nitrat digambarkan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 95px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 80px; z-index: 251646464;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="80" /></span><!--[endif]--><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+ </sup> + 3O<sub>2</sub><sup> </sup> <sup>Nitrosomonas </sup><sub>2</sub>NO2-<sup> </sup>+ <sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>O
+ <sub>4</sub>H <sup>+</sup>+Energi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 84px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 76px; z-index: 251647488;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="76" /></span><!--[endif]--><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">NO<sub>2</sub> + O<sub>2</sub><sup> </sup> <sup>Nitrobacter </sup> <sub>2</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>+ Energi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(Damanik, <i>dkk</i>, 2011).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Penggunaan proses
nitrifikasi dan ammox secara bersamaan untuk oksidasi amonium tentu akan lebih
efektif untuk menurunkan kadar amonium dibandingkan dengan hanya satu proses.
Proses nitrifikasi dapat berlangsung apabila proses perubahan amonium menjadi
nitrat ke nitrit berlangsung. (Nindrasari, dkk, 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nitrifikasi juga ditandai oleh suhu tanah, maksimal 30-35<sup>0</sup>C
tetapi juga terjadi pada kondisi dingin, tingkat nitrifikasi juga dipengaruhi
oleh kelembaban tanah dan akan terjaga secara lemah pada tanah kering.
Menariknya nitrifikasi ditandai dengan proses oksidasi NH4<sup>+</sup> ke NO3<sup>-</sup>
(Bardgett, 2005).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kondisi tanah yang mempengaruhi proses nitrifikasi yaitu : 10
aerase yang harus pada satu tempat pada pengolahan tanah, 2) basa aktif yakni
pH <5 sangat mendukung akumulasi nitrat, 3) nisbah karbon nitrogen, 4) pupuk
yang berasal dari elemen – elemen bekas stimulasi (Wood, 1995).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Proses
nitrifikasi (perubahan ammonium menjadi nitrat) dipengaruhi oleh beberapa
faktor, yaitu aerasi, suhu, kelembaban, pH, pupuk dan nisbah karbon-nitrogen.
Pada faktor aerasi, karena bakteri nitrobakter adalah autotrop, maka proses
nitrifikasi hanya berlangsung bila ada oksigen. Proses nitrifikasi biasanya
berlangsung pada pH 5,5 hingga pH 10, dan pH optimum pada pH 8,5 (Damanik, <i>dkk</i>, 2011). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sampai
saat ini masih banyak kelemahan penggunaan baik algae mikro maupun bakteri
nitrifikasi dan denitrifikasi autotrofik, diantaranya adalah laju
pertumbuhannya lambat dan tidak tahan pada konsentrasi NH<sub>3</sub> tinggi,
sehingga perlu penelitian untuk mengembangkan algae mikro dan bakteri
nitrifikasi dan denitrifikasi yang mempunyai laju pertumbuhan yang cepat dan
tahan NH<sub>3</sub> tinggi (Wood, 1995).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam
telaah kesuburan tanah proses pengubahan nitrogen dapat dilakukan dengan
berbagai cara, yaitu mineralisasi senyawa nitrogen komplek, amonifikasi,
nitrifikasi, denitrifikasi, dan volatilisasi ammonium. Proses fiksasi
memerlukan energi yang besar dan enzim (nitrogenase) bekerja dan didukung oleh
oksigen yang cukup. Kedua faktor ini sangat penting dalam memindahkan N-bebas dan sedikit simbiosis oleh organisme
(Nindrasari, dkk, 2010)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Denitrifikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Denitrifikasi merupakan proses dimana nitrat dan nitrit direduksi
menjadi gas N<sub>2</sub>, yang pada akhirnya di lepas dari karbon cair. Proses
denitrifikasi yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
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type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
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type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:86.25pt;margin-top:7.35pt;width:23pt;height:0;z-index:251650560'
o:connectortype="straight">
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 114px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 34px; z-index: 251650560;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1030" width="34" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1031"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:33.25pt;margin-top:7.35pt;width:23pt;height:0;z-index:251651584'
o:connectortype="straight">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 43px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 34px; z-index: 251651584;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1031" width="34" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nitrat Nitrit Nitrit Oxide Nitrous Oxide
Dinitrogen Gas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi proses denitrifikasi adalah
lingkungan. Lingkungan yang tepat bagi bakteri denitrifikasi adalah lingkungan
dnegan kandungan oksigen yang rendah atau tidak ada oksigen pH 6,5 – 7,5 (Yuniasari, 2009). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Nitrat adalah
subjek untuk mereduksi di tanah, terutama pada tanah yang berdrainase buruk dan
rendah aerasinya. Proses ini dikenal sebagai denitrifikasi. Selama pereduksian
produk adalah gas nitrogen yang mana ia bisa hilang ke atmosfer. Nitrat reduksi
ditukar pertama kali dengan aktifitas mikroba walaupun beberapa senyawa kimia
tereduksi (Saraswati, dkk, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Seluruh daur nitrogen dijalankan oleh tumbuhan dan jasad renik
tanah, berarti oleh tanah beserta tumbuhan yang berasosiasi dengan tanah.
Reaksi nitrogen yang terlibat dalam daur nitrogen berlangsung dalam proses
reduksi, amonifikasi dan oksidasi biologi (Wood, 1995).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Denitrifikasi
adalah apabila tanah dalam keadaan tergenang, maka O<sub>2</sub> terdesak
keluar dan proses berlangsung dalam keadaan anaerob. Beberapa mikroorganisme
seperti Pseudomonas, Bacillus dan Thiobacillusthioparus, Micrococcus dalam
keadaan demikian dapat mereduksi nitrat dan nitrit, memanfaatkan oksigennya
(Madjid, <i>dkk</i>, 2011).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nitrat adalah subjek untuk
mereduksi di tanah, terutama pada tanah
yang berdrainase buruk dan rendah aerasinya. Proses ini dikenal sebagai
denitrifikasi. Selama pereduksian produk adalah gas nitrogen. Yang mana ia bisa
hilang ke atmosfer. Nitrat reduksi ditukar pertama kali dengan aktivitas
mikroba, walaupun beberapa senyawa kimia tereduksi (Yuniasari,
2009)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Umumnya, pembebasan nitrogen
atmosferik pada reduksi nitrat ini bergantung pada perubahan-perubahan dalam
potensi reduksi, reaksi pada media, juga nilai pH, kehadiran nitrit, dan sifat
atau dari sumber-sumber terjadinya karbon. Penting pula diperhatikan
perkembangan dari substansi-substansi tertentu yang terhambat. Penambahan KCN
pada suatu kulturasi Micrococcus afifican menghambat pembentukan nitrogen
Erlenmeyer, tingkat cair dalam proses reduksi, dalam hal ini yang diakui di
pengaruhi hiponitrit ke gas nitrogen, hiponitrit itu terpisah ke oksida dari
nitrogen (Saraswati, dkk, 2007)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1035" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:356.25pt;margin-top:-62.95pt;width:71.5pt;height:49.5pt;z-index:251655680'
strokecolor="white"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251655680;"><span style="height: 68px; left: 0px; left: 474px; position: absolute; top: -85px; width: 97px;"><img height="68" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1035" width="97" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">BAHAN DAN METODE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tempat dan Waktu Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pecobaan ini dilakukan di Laboratorium
Bioteknologi Pertanian Sub Tanah Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara
Medan pada ketinggian tempat ± 25 m di atas permukaan laut. Percobaan
dilaksanakan pada hari </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kamis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, tanggal </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">24 Mei
20113</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> pada pukul </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">08</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.00 WIB
sampai selesai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan dan Alat <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun bahan yang di gunakan dalam percobaan
ini adalah:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4 jenis tanah, sebagai bahan percobaan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kapas
digunakan sebagai penyumbat botol infus agar tanah tidak tercecer.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Air
untuk membersihkan botol infus dan botol aqua.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Cling
warp untuk mengisolasi botol infus yang digunting</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reagen
Nesstler sebagai indikator ada tidaknya nitrat pada tanah.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">KNO<sub>3</sub>
sebagai sumber nitrat pada percobaan.(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>
sebagai sumber ammonium pada proses nitrifikasi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Karet
gelang untuk mengikat plastik pembungkus pada botol infus dan aqua.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Plastik
¼ Kg untuk membungkus botol infus dan botol aqua.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Air
destilasi untuk menjenuhkan tanah pada perlakuan aerob.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Glukosa
sebagai sumber karbohidrat pada proses nitrifikasi dan denitrifikasi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tali
plastik untuk menyatukan botol-botol infus yang digantung.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Botol
infus sebagai wadah tanah untuk percobaan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Aquadeat
sebagai pelarut tanah</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Botol aqua ukuran 600 ml sebagai wadah tanah
dalam percobaan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Aqua cup sebagai wadah tanah dalam percobaan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kertas
saring Whatman 42 untuk menyaring suspensi/larutan tanah.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Label
nama untuk memberi tanda pada masing-masing perlakuan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selang
infus untuk mengalirkan suspensi tanah</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Aluminium foil untuk membungkus labu ukur
yang berisi reagen Nestller.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kertas sebagai wadah dalam menimbang tanah</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun alat yang digunakan dalam percobaan
ini a</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">d</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">alah:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Timbangan
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">analitik </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">untuk
menimbang bahan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Porselen sebagai wadah dilakukannya proses
nitrifikasi</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mangkuk timbang sebagai wadah bahan yang akan ditimbang.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Spatula/batang
pengaduk untuk mengaduk larutan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Gelas ukur untuk mengukur volume air
destilasi</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pipet volumetri untuk mengambil larutan tanah dan reagen
nesstler</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pipet
skala untuk mengukur larutan dan mengambil
larutan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Cutter
untuk memotong botol infus dan botol aqua.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Erlenmeyer
sebagai wadah untuk melakukan penyaringan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Cawan
porseling sebagai wadah untuk meneteskan larutan hasil saringan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Corong
sebagai alat bantuan untuk mempermudah proses penyaringan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pipet
tetes untuk meneteskan larutan pada cawan porselin.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selang
infus sebagai alat penghubung dalam melakukan penyaringan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Beaker
glass sebagai wadah reagen nestller</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Botol kocok sebagai wadah suspensi larutan
tanah.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Labu ukur sebagai wadah reagen Nestller. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ember sebagai tempat air untuk mencuci larutan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Botol
air sebagai tempat air yang sudah ditakar</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Botol semprot untuk menyemprot larutan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Prosedur Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Periode I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Disediakan 4 botol aqua ukuran 600ml.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dipotong botol aqua setengah bagian, diambil bagian bawah botol.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diisi masing-masing botol dengan tanah yang berbeda sebanyak 100gr.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditambahkan KNO<sub>3</sub> 1 gr kedalam setiap botol aqua yang telah
berisi tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diaduk dengan menggunakan spatula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditutup botol aqua dengan plastik yang telah dilubangi sebelumnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diikat dengan menggunakan karet gelang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diinkubasi selama 1 (satu) minggu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditambahkan aquades sampai kondisi jenuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Disaring larutan tanah dengan menggunakan kertas saring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diteteskan larutan pada cawan porselin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diteteskan reagennesttler sampai terjadi perubahan warna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Periode II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Disediakan 2 buah aqua cup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diisi masing-masing aqua cup dengan Tanah Helvetia untuk aqua cup pertama
dan Tanah Tanjung Gusta untuk aqua cup kedua, masing-masing sebanyak 25 gr
tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditutup aqua cup dengan plastik yang telah dilubangi sebelumnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diikat dengan menggunakan karet gelang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diinkubasi selama 1 minggu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditambahkan aquadest sampai kondisi jenuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Disaring larutan tanah dengan menggunakan kertas saring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diteteskan larutan pada cawan parselin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diteteskan reagen Nesttler sampai terjadi perubahan warna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Periode III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Disediakan 8 botol infus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Disayat dengan menggunakan cutter pada bagian atasnya sepertiga bagian dan
separuh lingkaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dimasukan kapas kedalam botol infus secukupnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dimasukan tanah sebanyak 10 gr kedalam setiap botol dengan ketentuan: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Botol infus 1&5 dimasukan tanah A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Botol infus 2&6 dimasukan tanah B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Botol infus 3&7 dimasukan tanah C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Botol infus 4&8 dimasukan tanah D<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditambahkan (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> sebanyak 1 gr pada
botol infus ke 1, 2, 3, dan 4. Sedangkan botol lainya tanpa perlakuan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditutup bagian botol yang terpotong dengan plastik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diikat plastik dengan menggunakan karet gelang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Disatukan botol infus dengan menggunakan tali plastik, lalu digantungkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diinkubasi selama 1 minggu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dipasang selang infus pada mulut botol infus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diteteskan larutan tanah pada cawan parselin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diteteskan reagen Nesttler sampai terjadi perubahan warna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Periode IV<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Disediakan 8 botol infus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dipotong setengah bagian botol infus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diisi botol infus bagian bawah yang berdiameter besar dengan tanah sebanyak
10 gr, dimana:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Botol infus 1 dan 5 dimasukan tanah </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Marelan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Botol infus 2 dan 6 dimasukan tanah </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Marendal</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Botol infus 3 dan 7 dimasukan tanah Kampus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Botol infus 4 dan 8 dimasukan tanah </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tembung</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada botol infus ke 1 dan 3 diberi perlakuan aerob.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada botol infus ke 2 dan 4 diberi perlakuan anaerob dengan cara
menjenuhkan tanah dengan air dan ditutup botol infus dengan plastik tanpa
dilubangi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada botol ke 5, 6, 7, dan 8 diberi perlakuan glukosa dengan menambahkan 1
gr glukosa pada masing-masing botol.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada botol ke 5 dan 7 diberi perlakuan aerob, maka tanah tidak dijenuhkan
tetapi diaduk rata antara tanah dengan glukosanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada botol infus ke 6 dan 8 diberi perlakuan anaerob.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk perlakuan anaerob + glukosa, ditambahkan air destilasi hingga kondisi
jenuh, lalu ditutup botol dengan plastik dan tanpa dilubangi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diikat plastik dengan karet gelang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diberi label pada setiap botol sesuai dengan perlakuan masing-masing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditambahkan aquadest sampai kondisi jenuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Disaring larutan tanah dengan menggunakan kertas saring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diteteskan larutan tanah pada cawan parselin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diteteskan reagen Nesttler sampai terjadi perubahan warna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<td bgcolor="white" height="80" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="151"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251654656;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
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<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1034" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:353.75pt;margin-top:-66.45pt;width:110.5pt;
height:56.35pt;z-index:251654656' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251654656;"><span style="height: 80px; left: 0px; left: 472px; position: absolute; top: -89px; width: 151px;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Dari hasil
percobaan diperoleh data sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tabel : Proses nitrifikasi dari beberapa perlakuan dari berbagai
jenis tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 556px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 30.1pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38">
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">No.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.5pt;" width="111">
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh Tanah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hasil<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Keterangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="6" style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="6" style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.5pt;" width="111">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kampus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">KNO<sub>3</sub> 1 gram<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tidak
berubah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kontrol 25 gr<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tidak
berubah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Non Urea<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tidak
berubah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Urea 1 gram (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tidak
berubah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Aerob<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tidak
berubah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Glukosa 1 gram (aerob)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">+<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kuning<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="6" style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="6" style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.5pt;" width="111">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Marendal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">KNO<sub>3</sub> 1 gram<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bening<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kontrol 25 gr<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bening<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Non Urea<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">+<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kuning<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Urea 1 gram (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">+<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kuning<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Aerob<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">+<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kuning<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Glukosa 1 gram (aerob)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">+<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kuning<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="6" style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="6" style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.5pt;" width="111">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Marelan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">KNO<sub>3</sub> 1 gram<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bening<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kontrol 25 gr<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bening<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Non Urea<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bening<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Urea 1 gram (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bening<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Aerob<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">+<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kuning<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Glukosa 1 gram (aerob)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">+<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kuning<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="6" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="6" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.5pt;" width="111">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tembung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">KNO<sub>3</sub> 1 gram<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bening<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kontrol 25 gr<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">+<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kuning<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Non Urea<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bening<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Urea 1 gram (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">+<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kuning<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Aerob<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bening<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 150.25pt;" width="200">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Glukosa 1 gram (aerob)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bening<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Dari hasil
percobaan pada perlakuan KNO<sub>3</sub> 1 gram pada semua sampel tanah tidak
terjadi proses nitrifikasi. Pada perlakuan glukosa 1 gram (aerob) hanya pada
sampel tanah tembung yang tidak terjadi proses nitrifikasi. Pada sampel tanah
marendal proses nitrifikasi tidak terjadi hanya pada dua perlakuan yakni KNO<sub>3
</sub>1 gram dan kontrol 25 gram. Pada perlakuan non urea proses nitrifikasi
hanya terjadi pada sampel tanah Marendal. Perlakuan aerob terjadi proses
nitrifikasi pada tanah marendal dan tanah marelan.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari hasil percobaan diketahui bahwa pada tanah kampus diperoleh
bahwa pada perlakuan Glukosa 1 gram (aerob) terjadi proses nitrifikasi. Hal ini
menunjukkan bahwa tanah kampus memiliki pH tanah yang netral, terlihat pada
saat ditetesi reagen nestler pada perlakukan Glukosa 1 gram (aerob) berubah
warna menjadi kuning. Sedangkan perlaukan yang lain pada sampel tanah yang sama
tidak terjadi perubahan warna. Hal ini sesuai dengan Damanik, dkk, (2011) yang
menyatakan bahwa nitrifikasi adalah proses oksidasi enzimatik perubahan senyawa
nitrat yang diberikan oleh bakteri berlangsung secara aerob.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari hasil percobaan diketahui bahwa pada tanah marendal perlakuan
Non Urea, Urea 1 gr (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, aerob, dan
glukosa 1 gr aerob terjadi proses nitrifikasi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak
adanya nitrifikasi pada percobaan yang dilakukan disebabkan oleh berbagai hal,
diantaranya dalam perubahan amonia – nitrogen menjadi nitrat (NO<sub>3</sub>)
yang dibantu oleh bakteri autotrof. Hal ini sesuai dengan Saraswati, dkk.
(2007) yang menyatakan bahwa konversi perubahan amonia menjadi nitrit merupakan
tahap penentu dalam keseluruhan proses nitrifikasi, jika tahapannya berlangsung
maka terjadi proses nitrifikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada tanah Marelan, terdapat proses nitrifikasi pada perlakuan
Aerob dan Glukosa 1 gram (aerob). Sedangkan pada perlakuan yang lainnya tidak
terjadi proses nitrifikasi. Hal ini menunjukkan bawah nitrifikasi dipengaruhi
oleh faktor – faktor seperti keadaan tanah, aerasi, suhu, rasio, C/N, dll. Hal
ini sesuai dengan Wood (1995) yang menyatakan bahwa kondisi tanah dapat
mempengaruhi proses nitrifikasi seperti suhu tanah, kondisi tanah, aerasi,
kelembaban, dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada contoh tanah Tembung proses nitrifikasi terjadi pada
perlakuan Kontrol 25 gram, Urea 1 gram (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>.
Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pada tanah tembung terjadi perubahan amonia menjadi
nitrit yang kemudian terjadinya proses nitrifikasi. Hal ini sesuai dengan
Saraswati, dkk, (2007) yang menyatakan bahwa perubahan amonia menjadi nitrit
merupakan tahapan penentu ada tidaknya nitrifikasi pada suatu tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada percobaan bakteri yang berperan dalam proses nitrifikasi
adalah nitrosomonas dan nitrobacter sedangkan bakteri yang berperan dalam
proses denitrifikasi adalah pseudomonas dan Thibacillus. Sesuai dengan
literature dari Damanik, dkk, (2011) bahwa tahap pertama nitrifikasi adalah
proses oksidasi ammonium oleh bakteri pseudomonas dan tahap kedua adalah proses
oksidasi enzimatik nitrit menjadi nitrat yang dilaksanakan oleh bakteri
nitrobacter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun prinsip percobaan nitrifikasi adalah menguji tanah dengan
menggunakan reagent nestler, diharapkan dapat mengindikasi terbentuknya nitrat
pada contoh melalui warna kuning yang ditujukan pada porselin. Perubahan warnaa
kuning disebabkan oleh proses dimana ammonium (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>)
dioksidasi menjadi nitrat (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>) dan menjadi nitrit (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>).
Sesuai dengan literature dari Damanik, dkk, (2011) yang menyatakan bahwa
nitrifikasi merupakan proses dimana ammonium (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>)
dioksidasi menjadi nitrat (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>) dan menjadi nitrat (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses nitrifikasi dapat berlangsung dengan baik jika terdapat
factor penndukungnya seperti aerasi, suhu, kelembaban dan pemupukan. Sesuai
dengan literature dari Wood (1995) bahwa kondisi tanah yang mempengaruhi proses nitrifikasi yaitu
aerasi, suhu, kelembaban, basa aktif, pupuk, dan nisbah karbon
nitrogen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bakteri pseudomonas denitrificans merupakan bakteri yang berfungsi
dalam proses denitrifikasi. Bakteri ini mengubah nitrat menjadi nitrogen. Sesuai dengan literature
dari Damanik, dkk (2011) bahwa proses
reduksi nitrat menjadi nitrogen dilakukan oleh bakeri pseudomonas
denitrificans.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari percobaan dapat diketahui bahwa reaksi nitrifikasi
berlangsung dengan dua tahap. Sesuai dengan literature dari Damanik, dkk (2011)
bahwa nitrifikasi oleh jasad renik tanah yang berlangsung dalam dua tahap,
yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1038" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:70.6pt;margin-top:10.5pt;width:60.55pt;height:0;
z-index:251658752' o:connectortype="straight">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 93px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 84px; z-index: 251658752;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1038" width="84" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+
</sup> + <sup>3</sup>/<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>2</sub><sup> </sup> <sup>Nitrosomonas </sup>NH<sub>2</sub><sup>+ </sup>+ 2H<sup>+</sup>
+ H<sub>2</sub>O + Energi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1048" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:70.35pt;margin-top:11.35pt;width:60.55pt;height:0;
z-index:251668992' o:connectortype="straight">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 93px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 84px; z-index: 251668992;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1048" width="84" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>
+ <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>2</sub><sup> </sup> <sup>Nitrobacter </sup> NO<sub>3</sub><sup>- </sup>+ Energi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Reaksi
denitrifikasi melibatkan bakteri pseudomonas denitrificans dan thibacillus
denitrificans baik heterotroph maupun autotroph. Bentuk umum dari reaksi
denitrifikasi yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1043" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:203.65pt;margin-top:4.95pt;width:29.3pt;height:0;
z-index:251663872' o:connectortype="straight">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 271px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 42px; z-index: 251663872;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1043" width="42" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1042"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:148.75pt;margin-top:5.9pt;width:29.3pt;height:0;z-index:251662848'
o:connectortype="straight">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 197px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 42px; z-index: 251662848;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1042" width="42" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1040"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:28.1pt;margin-top:5.9pt;width:29.3pt;height:0;z-index:251660800'
o:connectortype="straight">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 36px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 43px; z-index: 251660800;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1040" width="43" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1041"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:88.65pt;margin-top:6.85pt;width:29.3pt;height:0;z-index:251661824'
o:connectortype="straight">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 117px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 42px; z-index: 251661824;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1041" width="42" /></span><!--[endif]--><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> <sub>2</sub>NO<sub>2</sub><sup>- </sup> <sub>2</sub>NO N<sub>2</sub>O N<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sedangkan reaksi organisme heterotrophy yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1039" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:94.55pt;margin-top:10.7pt;width:54.2pt;height:0;
z-index:251659776' o:connectortype="straight">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 125px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 75px; z-index: 251659776;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1039" width="75" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>
+ 4NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-
Pseudomonas </sup>6CO<sub>2</sub>
+ 6H<sub>2</sub>O +2N<sub>2</sub>+ E<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hal ini sesuai dengan literature dari Brady (1984) bahwa bentuk
umum dari reaksi nitrifikasi yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1045" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:88.5pt;margin-top:6.5pt;width:29.3pt;height:0;
z-index:251665920' o:connectortype="straight">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 117px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 42px; z-index: 251665920;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1045" width="42" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1047"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:202.5pt;margin-top:6.85pt;width:29.3pt;height:0;z-index:251667968'
o:connectortype="straight">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 269px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 42px; z-index: 251667968;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1047" width="42" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1046"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:144.4pt;margin-top:6.5pt;width:29.3pt;height:0;z-index:251666944'
o:connectortype="straight">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 192px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 42px; z-index: 251666944;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1046" width="42" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1044"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:27.5pt;margin-top:6.9pt;width:29.3pt;height:0;z-index:251664896'
o:connectortype="straight">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 36px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 42px; z-index: 251664896;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1044" width="42" /></span><!--[endif]--><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> <sub>2</sub>NO<sub>2</sub><sup>- </sup> <sub>2</sub>NO N<sub>2</sub>O N<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada percobaan dengan perlakuan KNO<sub>3 </sub>1 gram tidak
terjadi proses nitrifikasi pada semua jenis contoh tanah. Hal ini terjadi
karena proses perubahan amonia menjadi nitrit terganggu oleh senyawa KNO<sub>3</sub>.
Hal ini sesui dengan Damanik, dkk, (2011) yang menyatakan bahwa proses nitrifikasi
berlangsung dengan dua tahapan yaitu oksidasi amonium jadi nitrat dan oksidasi
enzimatik nitrit menjadi nitra.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="80" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="151"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251656704;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1036">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1036" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:365.75pt;margin-top:-70.95pt;width:110.5pt;
height:56.35pt;z-index:251656704' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251656704;"><span style="height: 80px; left: 0px; left: 488px; position: absolute; top: -95px; width: 151px;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada tanah Kampus terjadi
proses nitrifikasi pada perlakuan 1 gram (aerob) dan pada Tanah Marendal terjadi
proses nitrifikasi pada perlakuan Non Urea, Urea 1 gr (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>,
aerob, dan glukosa 1 gr (aerob).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada tanah Marelan terjadi
proses nitrifikasi pada perlakuan Aerob dan Glukosa 1 gram (Aerob) dan pada
tanah Tembung terjadi proses nitrifikasi pada perlakuan Kontrol 25 gram dan
Urea 1 gr (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4.</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor – faktor yang
mempengaruhi proses nitrifikasi adalah aerase, kondisi tanah, pH tanah,
kelembaban, suhu tanah dan C/N rasio.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada perlakuan KNO<sub>3</sub>
tidak terjadi proses nitrifikasi karena KNO<sub>3</sub> merupakan sumber nitrat
sehingga menghambat perubahan amonia menjadi nitrit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Prinsip percobaan pada
proses nitrifikasi adalah dengan menambahkan reagen nestler diharapkan setiap
perlakuan pada masing – masing contoh tanah terjadi perubahan warna menjadi
kuning pada cawan porselen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Saran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Disarankan agar dalam melaksanakan praktikum dilakukan sesuai
dengan prosedur agar tidak terjadi kesalahan data yang mengakibatkan
ketidakakuratan hasil percobaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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id="_x0000_s1037" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;left:0;
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height:56.35pt;z-index:251657728' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251657728;"><span style="height: 79px; left: 0px; left: 481px; position: absolute; top: -96px; width: 151px;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bardgett, R. D. 2005. The Biology of Soil.Oxford University Press,
London.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Damanik, M.M.B., Hasibuan, B.E., Fauzi., Sarifuddin., Hanum, H.
2011. Kesuburan Tanah dan Pemupukan. USU Press, Medan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Nindrasari, G., V.I. Meitiniarti, J. C. Mangimbulude. 2010.
Pengurangan Amonium dengan Metode Nitrifikasi dan Anammox pada Air Lindi dari
Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Samah Jati Barang. [Skripsi] Universitas Kristen Satya
Wacana, Semarang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Prajitno, D., D. Shiddieg, Tohari, S. Y. Jatmiko, dan J. Pramono.
2009. Efisiensi Pemupukan Urea pada Padi Sawah Melalui Rekayasa Pemanfaatan
Nitrat Inhibitor Alami. SPKPP, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rosmarkam, A dan N. W. Yuwono. 2002. Ilmu Kesuburan Tanah. PT
Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Salmah. 2004. Proses Nitrifikasi dan Denitrifikasi dalam
Pengelolaan Limbah. <i>Electronic USU
repository</i>. Diakses dari <a href="http://repository.usu.ac.id/index%20(3"><span style="color: black;">http://repository.usu.ac.id/index (3</span></a> Juni 2013).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Saraswati, R., E. Husen, dan R. D. M. Simanungkalit. 2007. Metode
Analisis Biologi Tanah. BBLSLP, Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sutanto, R. 2005. Dasar – Dasar Ilmu Tanah. PT Penerbit Kanisius,
Yogyakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Wood, M. 1995. Environmental Soil Biology. An Imprint of Chapman
& Hall, London.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Yuniasari, D. 2009. Pengaruh Pemberian Bakteri Nitrifikasi dan
Denitrifikasi serta Molase dengan C/N Rasio Berbeda terhadap Profil Kualitas
Air, Kelangsungan Hidup, dan Pertumbuhan Udang Vaname. [Skripsi] Fakultas
Kelautan dan Perikanan Insitut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4414864719232378661.post-75203559101625194082013-06-25T09:40:00.000+07:002013-06-25T09:40:43.007+07:00BUDIDAYA TANAMAN BAYAM MERAH<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1031" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
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strokecolor="white"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251659776;"><span style="height: 98px; left: 0px; left: 475px; position: absolute; top: -102px; width: 98px;"><img height="98" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1031" width="98" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b></b></div>
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<b><b>BUDIDAYA TANAMAN BAYAM MERAH
(</b><i>Amaranthus gangeticus </i><b>L.) SECARA
ORGANIK<o:p></o:p></b></b></div>
<br />
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<b>LAPORAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>OLEH:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>JAMSON HASINTONGAN T. / 110301040<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI 1A<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>KELOMPOK 1<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>LABORATORIUM PERTANIAN
ORGANIK<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>MEDAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>2013<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b>BUDIDAYA TANAMAN BAYAM MERAH
(</b><i>Amaranthus gangeticus </i><b>L.) SECARA
ORGANIK<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>LAPORAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>JAMSON HASINTONGAN T. / 110301040<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI 1A<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>KELOMPOK 1<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Laporan
<span lang="IN">Sebagai Salah Satu </span>Syarat
Untuk Dapat Mengikuti Praktikal Tes di Laboratorium Pertanian Organik </div>
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Program Studi Agroekoteknologi <span lang="IN">Fakultas</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">Pertania</span>n <span lang="IN">Universitas Sumatera Utara</span>, <span lang="IN">Medan</span></div>
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<b>Ditugaskan Oleh<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Dosen Penanggung Jawab
Laboratorium<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>(<u>Ir. T. Sabrina, M.agr. Sc.,
Ph. D.</u>)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>NIP. </b><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">19640620 199803
2 001</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Diperiksa Oleh
:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Asisten
Korektor<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>(<u>Siti
Aminah Nasution</u>)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>NIM :
100301186<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>LABORATORIUM PERTANIAN
ORGANIK<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>MEDAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">
</span></div>
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<b>2013<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">KATA PENGANTAR</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Puji dan syukur
penulis panjatkan kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas rahmat dan karunia-Nya
sehingga penulis dapat
menyelesaikan laporan ini tepat pada
waktunya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> Adapun judul dari laporan ini adalah
<b>“</b><b>Budidaya Bayam Merah (</b><i>Amaranthus gangeticus </i><b>L.) Secara Organik”</b>, yang merupakan salah satu syarat untuk dapat mengikuti
praktikal test di Laboratorium Pertanian Organik Program Studi Agroekoteknologi
Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada kesempatan ini penulis
mengucapkan terima kasih kepada
Dr. Ir. Hasanuddin, MS, Ir. T. Sabrina, M.agr. Sc, Ph.D., Ir. Bintang
Sitorus, MP, Ir. Hardy Guchi, MP, </span><span lang="ES" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ir. Alida Lubis, MS, </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ir.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Eva Sartini Bayu, MP</span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">, Mariani Sembiring, SP, MP
dan Benny Hidayat, SP, MP selaku dosen mata kuliah Pertanian organik serta
kepada abang dan kakak asisten yang telah membantu penulis dalam menyelesaikan
laporan ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Penulis menyadari bahwa dalam penulisan laporan ini masih
jauh dari sempurna. Oleh karena itu,
penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran
yang bersifat membangun demi perbaikan laporan ini dimasa yang akan datang.
Akhir kata penulis mengucapkan terima kasih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> Medan,
Mei 2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> Penulis,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
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id="_x0000_s1026" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
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strokecolor="white"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251657216;"><span style="height: 38px; left: 0px; left: 505px; position: absolute; top: -73px; width: 53px;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="53" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR
ISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">KATA PENGANTAR </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">...................................................................................... </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DAFTAR ISI </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">...................................................................................................... </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">i<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DAFTAR TABEL</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.............................................................................................. iii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DAFTAR GRAFIK</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">............................................................................................ v<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Latar
Belakang ......................................................................................... 1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Tujuan
Percobaan ..................................................................................... 2 Kegunaan Percobaan 2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tbody>
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<td height="8" width="580"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><img height="38" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="53" /></td>
</tr>
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<!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Botani Tanaman ....................................................................................... 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Syarat Tumbuh ......................................................................................... 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Iklim ................................................................................................ 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tanah ............................................................................................... 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kompos .................................................................................................... 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Biosida ..................................................................................................... 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Compost Tea............................................................................................. 8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Budidaya Tanaman
Secara Organik.......................................................... 9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">BAHAN
DAN METODE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pembuatan Kompos.................................................................................. 11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Tempat dan Waktu Percobaan ..................................................... 11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Bahan dan Alat ............................................................................ 11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Prosedur Percobaan ...................................................................... 11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Pembuatan
Biosida................................................................................... 12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Tempat dan Waktu Percobaan ..................................................... 12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Bahan dan Alat ............................................................................ 12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Prosedur Percobaan ...................................................................... 12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pembuatan Compost Tea.......................................................................... 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Tempat dan Waktu Percobaan ..................................................... 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Bahan dan Alat ............................................................................ 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Prosedur Percobaan ...................................................................... 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Budidaya Tanaman Secara Organik.......................................................... 14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Tempat dan Waktu Percobaan ..................................................... 14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Bahan dan Alat ............................................................................ 15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Prosedur Percobaan ...................................................................... 15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PELAKSANAAN
PERCOBAAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pembuatan Kompos ..................................................................... 15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pembuatan Compost
Tea ............................................................. 15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pembuatan
Biosida ...................................................................... 15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Persiapan Lahan ........................................................................... 16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Persemaian Benih
Bayam ............................................................. 16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Persiapan Media
Tanam ............................................................... 16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penanaman Bayam ...................................................................... 16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pemeliharaan
Tanaman ................................................................. 16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 72pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penyiraman ....................................................................... 16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 72pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penyiangan ....................................................................... 17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Aplikasi Kompos .......................................................................... 17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Aplikasi Compost
Tea .................................................................. 17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Aplikasi Biosida
........................................................................... 17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pemanenan Tanaman
Bayam Merah............................................. 17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">HASIL
DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hasil ......................................................................................................... 18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Pembahasan
.............................................................................................. 21<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">KESIMPULAN
DAN SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kesimpulan .............................................................................................. 26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Saran ........................................................................................................ 26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">LAMPIRAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">DAFTAR
TABEL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">No.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Judul
Tabel<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.15pt;" width="42">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tabel 1.
Temperatur, Tinggi Tumpukan Kompos, dan Warna Kompos<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">19<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tabel
2. Pengamatan Ekstraksi Compost Tea<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.15pt;" width="42">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><b style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">DAFTAR
GRAFIK</span></b></div>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">No.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 333.0pt;" width="444">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Judul
Tabel<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Grafik 1. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Temperatur
Kompos</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">19<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 333.0pt;" valign="top" width="444">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Grafik
2. Tinggi Tumpukan Kompos<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Sesuai dengan standar pertanian organik yang ditetapkan secara umum,
dalam melaksanakan pertanian organik harus mengikuti aturan berikut :
menghindari penggunaan pupuk kimia, zat pengatur tumbuh (ZPT), pestisida
sintetis, dll. Pengendalian hama dilakukan dnegan cara mekanis, biologis, dan
rotasi tanaman serta peningkatan kesuburan tanah dilakukan secara alami melalui
penambahan pupuk organik, sisa tanaman, dll. (Suwantoro, 2008).</div>
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Dalam pertanian organik tidak ada racun yang dapat membunuh petani baik
secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Hal termudah dapat dibuktikan dari bahan
dasar pembuatan pupuk organik, pestisida organik, dll. Bahan ini bisa didapat
dari alam dan lingkungan sekitar (Nuryati, 2008).</div>
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Prinsip yang dikembangkan dalam pertanian organik adalah prinsip
kesehatan yaitu pertanian organik harus melestarikan kesehatan tanah, hewan,
tumbuhan, dan manusia. Prinsip ekologi didasarkan pada sistem dan siklus
ekologi kehidupan. Prinsip keadilan pertanian organik harus membangun hubungan
yang mampu mengikat keadilan lingkungan. Prinsip perlindungan pertanian organik
harus dikelola secara hati – hati dan bertanggung jawab (IFOAM, 2011).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Revolusi hijau (<i>Green Revolution</i>)
yang dicanangkan pada tahun 1970-an telah mengubah wajah pertanian, tidak saja
di Indonesia, tetapi juga di seluruh dunia. Praktik tindak agronomi yang
bertumpu pada input kimiawi sejak dicanagkannya Revolusi Hijau memang dapat
meningkatkan produksi pangan. Akan tetapi, pada kenyataannya penerapan dalam jangka waktu panjang
sintetik) dengan dosis tinggi tidak saja berpengaruh menurunkan tingkat
kesuburan tanah, tetapi juga berakibat pada merosotnya keragaman hayati dan
meningkatnya serangan hama, penyakit, dan gulma (Setyorini dan Husnain, 2004). </div>
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Pertanian organik adalah sistem produksi pertanian yang holistik dan
terpadu, dengan cara mengoptimalkan kesehatan dan produktivitas agroekosistem
secara alami, sehingga menghasilkan pangan dan serat yang cukup berkualitas dan
berkelanjutan (Kanada dan Sukadana, 2000).</div>
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Tanaman sayuran termasuk komoditas yang mengosumsi hara tanah cukup
tinggi. Pupuk organik sangat perlu diberikan pada tanaman sayuran, terutama
sayuran yang memerlukan nitrogen. Bahan organik terutama pupuk kandang yang
diberikan pada tanaman harus sudah matang karena bahan organik yang belum
matang mengalami proses dekomposisi yang menghasilkan panas atau racun yang
berbahaya bagi tanaman (Lubis, 1994). </div>
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<b>Tujuan Percobaan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Adapun tujuan dari percobaan ini adalah untuk dapat melakukan budidaya
tanaman bayam Merah (<i>Amaranthus
gangeticus </i><b>L.</b>) dengan menggunakan
sistem organik.</div>
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<b>Kegunaan Penulisan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Sebagai salah satu syarat untuk dapat mengikuti
praktikal tes di Laboratorium Pertanian Organik Program Studi Agroekoteknologi
Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara. </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Sebagai sumber informasi bagi pihak yang
membutuhkan.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1027" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:351.95pt;margin-top:-69.65pt;width:1in;height:1in;z-index:251655680'
strokecolor="white"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251655680;"><span style="height: 98px; left: 0px; left: 468px; position: absolute; top: -94px; width: 98px;"><img height="98" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="98" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b>TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Botani Tanaman<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Menurut Fazria (2011) tanaman bayam merah diklasifikasikan sebagai
berikut : Kingdom: Plantae ; Divisio: Spermatophyta; Sub Divisio: Angiospermae;
Kelas: Dycotiledoneae; Ordo: Amaranthales; Family: Amaranthaceae; Genus:
Amaranthus; Spesies: <i>Amaranthus
gangeticus </i><b>L.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Batang bayam umumnya tegak, tetapi ada pula yang jenis bayam yang
batangnya menjalar, ada yang batangnya
bercabang ada pula yang tidak bercabang. Warna batang juga ada yang hijau,
merah, kuning atau kombinasinya (Sahat dan Hidayat, 1996).</div>
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Daun berbentuk bulat telur dengan ujung agak meruncing dan urat – urat
daun yang jelas. Warna daun bervariasi, mulai dari hijau muda, hijau tua, hijau
keputihan, dan berwarna merah (Hadisoeganda, 1996).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bunga tersusun
dalam malai yang tumbuh tegak, keluar dari ujung tanaman ataupun dari
ketiak-ketiak daun. Bentuk malai bunga memajang <br />
mirip ekor kucing, dan pembungaannya dapat berlangsung sepanjang musim atau
tahun (Ariyanto, 2008).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Biji bayam
berbelah dua, warna kulit biji hitam atau coklat tua. Dari setiap tandan
(malai) bunga dapat dihasilkan ratusan hingga ribuan biji. Ukuran biji sangat
kecil, bentuknya bulat dan berwarna coklat tua mengkilap sampai hitam kelam,
namun pada varietas maksi bijnya berwarna putih sampai krem (Sahat dan Hidayat, 1996).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sistem perakaran
tanaman bayam merah adalah akar tunggang dan menyebar. Akarnya berwarna putih
kecoklatan, dengan rambut akar yang banyak, tudung akar yang tepat posisinya
menjadi organ penyerapan hara dan air dari dalam tanah (Hadisoeganda, 1996).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>Syarat Tumbuh<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Iklim<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Keadaan angin
yang terlalu kencang dapat merusak tanaman bayam khususnya untuk bayam yang
sudah tinggi. Kencangnya angin dapat merobohkan tanaman. Tanaman bayam cocok
ditanaman didataran tinggi maka curah hujannya juga lebih dari 1500 mm / tahun
(Ariyanto, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tanaman bayam
memerlukan cahaya matahari penuh. Kebutuhan akan sinar matahari untuk tanaman
bayyam cukup besar. Pada tempat ternaungi pertumbuhan bayam menjadi kurus. Suhu
rata – rata 16-20<sup>0</sup>C (Hadisoeganda, 1996).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kelembaban udara
yang cocok untuk tanaman bayam antara 40% - 60%. Kebutuhan matahari 400 – 800
foot candless, curah hujan 1000 – 2000 mm / tahun dengan kelembaban diatas 60%
(Fazria, 2011).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tanaman bayam
dapat tumbuh optimal pada ketinggian 0 – 700 meter. Namun pada umumnya tanaman
ini lebih baik tumbuh didataran tinggi yang bersuhu rendah (Hadisoeganda,
1996).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tanaman bayam
umumnya tumbuh baik ditanah – tanah vulkanis atau ordo andisol, karena
perakaran bayam yang serabut. Namun iklim tanah ini harus dalam keadaan iklim
mikro (Ariyanto, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Tanah<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Bayam dapat tumbuh sepanjang tahun, baik di dataran rendah maupun di
dataran tinggi. pH yang baik untuk pertumbuhannya antara 6-7. Di bawah pH 6,
tanaman bayam akan merana, sedangkan di atas pH 7, tanaman akan menjadi
klorosis (warnanya putih kekuning-kuningan), terutama pada daun yang masih muda
(Ariyanto, 2008).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Tanaman bayam sangat reaktif terhadap ketersediaan air didalam tanah.
Bayam termasuk tanaman yang membutuhkan air yang cukup, kelerangan lahan untuk
budidaya tanaman bayam adalah sekitar 15<sup>0</sup> – 45<sup>0</sup>
(Hadisoeganda, 1996).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Tanaman bayam tumbuh disemua jenis tanah seperti ultisol, inceptisol,
andisol, dan entisol. Pada tanah kering suplai air dibutuhkan agar menghindari
kekeringan yang mengakibatkan tanaman immobil (Fazria, 2011).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Pemberian air yang cukup, aerase yang optimal dapat meningkatkan produksi
daun bayam. Namun struktur tanah yang keras akan menyebabkan daun tanaman layu
dan tidak produktif (Sahat dan Hidayat, 1996).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Tanaman ini dapat tumbuh pada tanah – tanah gambut. Namun perawatan tanah
tanaman harus secara intensif karena jika perawatan dilakukan secara
konvensional akan menyebabkan tanaman mengalami lalu permanen (Fazria, 2008)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Kompos<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengomposan
ditakrifkan sebagai proses biologi oleh kegiatan mikroorganisme dalam mengurai
bahan organik menjadi bahan semacam humus. Bahan yang terbentuk mempunyai berat
volume yang lebih rendah daripada bahan dasarnya, stabil, dekomposisi lambat
dan sumber pupuk organik (BPPP, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kompos alami
yang ada dialam adalah humus, humus adalah bahan organik yang tersimpan
bertumpuk – tumpuk dipermukaan tanah selama bertahun – tahun secara liar tanpa
ada campur tangan manusia. 20 – 30 cm top soil, persentase dari total seluruh
tanah sangat sedikit (Perwitsari, 2011).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Proses
pengomposan yang baik dan berjalan cepat memerlukan penghawaan yang berjalan
lancar. Membalik kompos setiap tiga minggu bertujuan memeperlancar sirkulasi
udara dan mempercepat proses perombakan bahan organik. Aktivitas mikroba
memerlukan aliran udara yang lancar. Kandungan air yang cukup selama proses
pengomposan merupakan kunci keberhasilan proses dekomposisi secara aerob.
Apabila kompos terlalu basah maka cenderung menjadi kompak dan berlendir,
sedang kalau terlalu kering maka proses dekomposisi tidak berjalan baik (BPPP,
2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kondisi
kelengasan dan bahan dasar kompos menentukan nisbah C/N dan nilai pupuk kompos.
Hasil akhir kompos harus mengandung antara 30% - 60% bahan organik. Pengujian
kimiawi termasuk pengukuran C, N dan nisbah C/N merupakan indikator kematangan
kompos. Apabila nisbah C/N kompos 20 atau lebih kecil berarti kompos tersebut
siap digunakan. Akan tetapi, nisbah C/N bahan kompos yang baik dapat berkisar
antara 5 dan 20 (Murbandono, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengukuran suhu
kompos menggunakan termometer alkohol diketahui bahwa proses dekomposisi suhu
kompos akan membentuk kurva U terbalik dengan adanya fase dekomposisi, fase
akhir dekomposisi, dan tanahapan dekomposisi. Pada umumnya fluktuasi suhu
kompos dapat naik sampai titik klimaks kemudian turun pertanda mikroorganisme
dalam kompos sudah tidak bekerja lagi. (Rukiyati, 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Biosida<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Secara umum pestisida nabati diartikan sebagai suatu pestisida yang bahan
dasarnya adalah tumbuhan. Pestisida nabati relative mudah dibuat dengan bahan
dan teknologi yang sederhana. Bahan bakunya yang alami/nabati membuat pestisida
ini mudah terurai (biodegradable) di alam sehingga tidak mencemari lingkungan.
Pestisida ini juga relative aman bagi manusia dan ternak peliharaan karena
residunya mudah hilang (Samijan, 2011).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pestisida
organik atau pestisida hayati dapat dibuat secara mudah dengan menumbuk
berbagai macam bagian dari tumbuhan yang umumnya berbau menyengat dan kemudian
memanfaatkan air perasannya untuk disemprotkan ke tanaman sebagai pelindung
dari serangan hama atau pengusir hama. Bagian daun dari tumbuhan yang biasanya
bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pestisida organik memiliki ciri-ciri penampilan
daunnya relatif mulus yang menandakan serangga tidak menyukainya, dan bila
diremas daunnya mengeluarkan bau yang menyengat (Sinaga, 2010).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Efektivitas
bahan-bahan alami tersebut tergantung pada bahan aktif atau daya racun yang
dikandungnya. Bahkan satu jenis tumbuhan yang sama tetapi berasal dari daerah
yang berbeda dapat menghasilkan pengaruh yang berbeda. Sifat bioaktif dan daya
racun suatu jenis tumbuhan tergantung pada kondisi tumbuh, umur tanaman,
varietas, dll. Di samping itu, pada saat penggunaannya, faktor lingkungan juga
banyak berpengaruh (Nadiah, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pestisida nabati
dapat menekan serangan hama ulat daun bayam, serangga kutu daun, serangga
tungau, dan serangga lalat daun yang menyebabkan daun berlubang – lubang dan
rusak (Hadisoeganda, 1996).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pestisida nabati
dapat mengendalikan serangga hama dan penyakit melalui cara kerja yang unik
yaitu melalui perpaduan berbagai cara atau secara tunggal. Cara kerjanya yaitu
merusak larva, pupa, dan menghambat reproduksi betina (BPTP, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Compost Tea<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Pupuk kompos cair merupakan hasil fermentasi bahan organik dan air dengan
bantuan bakteri EM4. Untuk 200 liter kompos cair memerlukan molase 1 liter,
pupuk kandang, dedak, air sumur secukupnya (Subandi, 2010).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Compost tea dapat mengurangi keparahan penyakit seperti embun tepung dan
embun bulu pada anggur yang disebabkan oleh <i>Uncinula
necator and Plasmopala vicola</i> dan efektif menahan penyakit rebah kecambah (<i>dumping off</i>) pada tanaman ketimun
(Nadiah, 2007).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Pupuk organik cair umumnya tidak merusak tanah dan tanaman walaupun
digunakan sesering mungkin. Selain itu pupuk ini juga memilika bahan pengikat,
sehingga larutan pupk yang di berikan kepermukaan tanah dapat langsung
digunakan haranya oleh tanaman (Sinaga, 2010).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Pembuatan kompos cair tergolong simpel yaitu degan mengumpulkan bahan
yang akan dikomposkan, lalu membuat desain alat pengomposan serta memberi ruang
udara untuk desain pengomposan. Instalasi udara pada komposter harus di
perhatikan dan harus di rnagkai dnegan baik (Gusmini, dkk., 2009).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Keuntungan menggunakan pupuk cair yaitu : 1) aplikasi lebih mudah, 2)
unsur hara pada pupuk cair mudah diserap tanaman, 3) mengandung mikroorganisme
yang banyak, dll. (Sinaga, 2010).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Ekstraksi kompos yang telah matang dengan kombinasi air agar memudahkan
pengadukan campuran bahan pembuatan pupuk organik cair. Campuran bahan pupuk
organik yang diekstraksi harus menghindari cahaya matahari langsung (Diana,
2011).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Budidaya Tanaman Secara Organik<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Budidaya tanaman secara vertikal (vertikultur) yang merupakan cara menanam
tanaman yang disusun secara vertikal dapat menjadi alternatif untuk
memanipulasi lahan sempit. Kelebihan sistem ini lahan irit dan produksi dapat
maksimal (Aminatun, 2003).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Teknologi vertikultur sangat meguntungkan bagi penduduk kota besar yang
memiliki lahan terbatas. Teknologi vertikultur bisa untuk berbagai jenis
tanaman seperti seledri, sawi, tomat, pare, kacang panjang, dan mentimun
(Guntoro, 2011).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Bila akan menggunakan wadah tanam dari bambu, kita siapkan bambu.
Persyaratan vertikultur adalah kuat mudah dipindahkan. Tanaman yang akan
ditanaman sebaiknya disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan (BPTS, 2011).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Budiaya tanaman secara organik harus memperhatikan bahan – bahan yang
digunakan yaitu : kompos yang sudah matang, aplikasi, dan waktu panen yang
tepat karena hal tersebut dapat mempengaruhi harga jual, kualitas produksi,
dll. (Mahfud, dkk., 2000).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Budidaya tanaman secara organik merupakan budidaya tanaman setelah
terjadinya residu pestisida dalam produk pertanian konvensional. Budidaya bayam
secara organik diharapkan mampu meningkatkan kualitas produk untuk menekan
residu bahan kimia berbahaya (Nuryadin dan Sumasni, 2011).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Bayam merah mengandung protein, asam folat dan glution. Bayam merah juga
dapat membersihkan darah setelah melahirkan, memperkuat akar rambut, mengobati
disentri, dan animea. (Warta Kesra, 2012).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Keunggulan nilai nutrisi bayam sayuran terutama pada kandungan vitamin A
(beta – kareotein), vitamin C, riboflavin, dan asam amino thiamine dan niacin.
Kandungan terpenting dalam bayam sayur adalah kalsium dan zat besi (Sahat dan Hidayat,
1996).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1028" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:366.1pt;margin-top:-66.45pt;width:1in;height:1in;z-index:251656704'
strokecolor="white"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251656704;"><span style="height: 98px; left: 0px; left: 487px; position: absolute; top: -90px; width: 98px;"><img height="98" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1028" width="98" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b>BAHAN DAN METODE<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Pembuatan
Kompos<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Tempat dan
Waktu Percobaan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Percobaan dilaksanakan di lahan praktikum Laboratorium Pertanian Organik
Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara dengan ketinggian tempat <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">±</span> 25 m
dpl. Percobaan ini dilakukan pada 15 Maret 2013 sampai dengan 06 April 2013.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Bahan dan Alat <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Adapun bahan yang digunakan dalam percobaan ini adalah batang keladi 60
kg sebagai bahan hijau kompos, tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) 30 kg sebagai
bahan coklat kompos, kotoran kambing 1 ember sebagai bioaktivator kompos, air
untuk menyiram kompos.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Adapun alat yang digunakan adalah parang untuk mencacah batang keladi dan
TKKS, cangkul untuk membolak balik kompos, ember sebagai tempat kotoran
kambing, gembor sebagai alat untuk menyiram kompos, timbangan untuk menimbang
berat kompos dan bahan kompos, termometer untuk mengukur suhu kompos, penggaris
untuk mengukur tinggi kompos, dan spanduk bekas untuk membalut kompos.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Prosedur
Percobaan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Dikulpulkan bahan yang akan dikomposkan</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Dihaluskan bahan yang akan dikomposkan
menggunakan parang</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Ditumpukkan bahan yang akan dikomposkan diatas
spanduk yang sudah diatur rapi, dicampur semua bahan yang akan dikomposkan
termasuk bioaktivator kompos.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Ditutup dengan spanduk untuk melembabkan bahan</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Diukur temperatur, tinggi bahan kompos setiap
hari pada minggu pertama dan 3 hari sekali pada minggu kedua.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Dihitung berat kompos yang hilang.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Pembuatan
Biosida<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Tempat dan
Waktu Percobaan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Percobaan dilaksanakan di lahan praktikum Laboratorium Pertanian Organik
Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara dengan ketinggian tempat <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">±</span> 25 m
dpl. Percobaan ini dilakukan pada tanggal 06 April 2013 pukul 10.00 wib sampai
dengan selesai.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Bahan dan Alat <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Jahe 25 g sebagai bahan biosida, daun pandan 25 g sebagai bahan biosida,
daun kemangi, daun cabe rawit, dan daun kunyit 25 g sebagai bahan pembuatan
biosida, bawang putih 25 g sebagai bahan biosida, gula aren 25 g sebagai bahan
biosida, air sebagai bahan pelarut biosida, daun tembakau 100 g sebagai bahan
biosida.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Alat yang digunakan adalah blender sebagai alat untuk menghaluskan semua
bahan biosida, botol penyimpanan sebagai tempat biosida dituangkan, saringan
sebagai alat mengekstraksi biosida, ember sebagai tempat fermentasi biosida,
gayung sebagai alat untuk menuangkan air, mortal dan alu sebagai alat penumbuk
bahan biosida.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Prosedur
Percobaan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Diblender semua bahan biosida dan ditambahkan 1
liter air suling</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Ditambahkan gula pasir 2 sendok makan</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Dimasukkan kedalam ember yang steril dan ditutup
ember tersebut</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Dilakukan fermentasi selama satu malam</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Disaring hasil fermentasi dan dimasukkan kedalam
wadah penyimpanan</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Pembuatan
Compost Tea<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Tempat dan
Waktu Percobaan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Percobaan dilaksanakan di lahan praktikum Laboratorium Pertanian Organik
Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara dengan ketinggian tempat <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">±</span> 25 m
dpl. Percobaan ini dilakukan pada tanggal 12 April 2013 pukul 10.00 wib sampai
dengan selesai.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Bahan dan Alat <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Adapun bahan yang digunakan pada percobaan ini adalah kompos matang 1 kg
sebagai bahan ekstraksi compost tea, perut ikan sebagai bahan yang akan
diekstrak, molase sebagai bioaktivator mikroorganisme, 3% H<sub>2</sub>O
sebagai perendam batu apung, air kolam sebagai pencampur bahan, batu apung
sebagai alat bantu pengamatan.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Alat yang digunakan adalah ember cat 25 kg sebagai wadah compost tea, 2
set pompa aquarium ikan dengan selang kecil sebagai pemompa, soket T sebagai
penyusun pompa,kain muslin untuk menyaring ekstraksi, adaptor pompa untu
pemompa aquarium, blender untuk menghaluskan perut ikan.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Prosedur
Percobaan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Disiapkan ember untuk tempat membuat compost tea
dengan membuat lubang pada sisi ember.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Disiapkan pompa serta batu apung. Batu apung
besar diluar dan batu apung kecil didalam.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Dimasukkan air kolam pada ember 5 liter.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Diblender isi perut ikan sampai halus, kemudian
dimasukkan dalam ember.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Diaduk merata.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Dimasukkan air kolam sampai 15 liter</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Dimasukkan kompos yang akan diekstrak</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Dimasukkan batu apung berikut selang pompa</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Direndam kantong dan dimasukkan batu apung besar</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Dipasang pompa selama 12 – 15 jam.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Diamati gelembung udara yang ada, warna bau dari
compost tea.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Diangkat kompos berisi kompos, dikeluarkan
isinya dan dicuci sampai bersih</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Diangkat batu apung, dan dibersihkan dari residu</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b>Budidaya Tanaman Bayam Merah
Secara Organik<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Tempat dan Waktu Percobaan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Percobaan dilaksanakan di lahan praktikum Laboratorium Pertanian Organik
Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara dengan ketinggian tempat <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">±</span> 25 m
dpl. Percobaan ini dilakukan pada dari bulan Maret sampai Mei 2013.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Bahan dan Alat <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Adapun bahan yang digunakan pada percobaan ini adalah benih bayam sebagai
bahan tanaman yang akan diamati, tanah top soil sebagai media tanam yang
digunakan, karung bekas sebagai wadah tanam, pupuk kandang sapi, kulit buah kakao,
dan eceng gondok sebagai bahan kompos, daun sereh dan daun pepaya sebagai bahan
biosida, dan air.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
Alat yang digunakan adalah cangkul
untuk mengolah lahan dan mengaduk/membalik kompos, gembor sebagai wadah untuk
menyiram tanaman dan kompos, meteran untuk mengukur lahan,<b> </b>pacak bambu sebagai tanda pembatas lahan, handsprayer untuk
mengaplikasikan kompos tea dan biosida, timbangan untuk menimbang berat bayam
hasil panen. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b>Prosedur Percobaan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Diukur lahan seluas 1 m x 7m.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Disiapkan bedengan untuk persemaian tanaman jika
diperlukan. Harus menggunakan tanah subur dan bukan tanah yang telah mendapat
perlakuan pupuk maupun pestisida.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Dipelihara bibit agar tumbuh baik dan sehat,
dengan memperhatikan penyiraman serta serangan hama / penyakit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Dipindahkan bibit tanaman ke lahan penanaman
setelah berumur ± 3 MST.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Dipilih bibit yang sehat untuk ditanam di wadah
yang telah dipersiapkan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Diaplikasikan pupuk dan biosida. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Dipanen tanaman setelah berumur 5 - 6 MST.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Ditimbang berat tanaman yang diproduksi.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<!--[endif]--><b>PELAKSANAAN PERCOBAAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Pembuatan Kompos<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Pembuatan kompos dilakukan selama 1 bulan, dimulai dari bulan Maret 2013
hingga April 2013. Dikumpulkan bahan yang akan dibuat menjadi kompos.
Dihaluskan bahan (kulit buah kakao dan eceng gondok) dengan menggunakan parang,
jika tersedia mesin pencincang maka dapat digunakan. Ditentukan apakah bahan
termasuk bahan hijau yang mudah melapuk atau bahan coklat yang susah melapuk.
Ditumpukkan bahan pada satu lokasi yang aman (tidak akan terkena banjir) dengan
perbandingan bahan hijau : bahan coklat = 1 : 3. Dicampurkan dengan activator
(kotoran lembu) tumpukan bahan. Dibiarkan tumpukan sampai, dilakukan pembalikan
jika temperatur kompos meningkat. Dilakukan pemanenan kompos setelah tumpukan
bahan berubah warna dan bentuk. </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Pembuatan Compost Tea<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Pembuatan compost tea dilakukan pada akhir Maret 2013. <span lang="IN">Pembuatan kompos tea dilakukan dengan mengekstrak
kompos padat sebanyak 5 kg dengan menggunakan aerator dengan pelarut air sumur
dan ditambahkan molase</span>.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Pembuatan Biosida<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Pembuatan biosida dilakukan bersamaan dengan compost tea, dan
difermentasikan selama 1 hari sebelum diambil ekstrak dari larutan biosida
tersebut. Diblender semua bahan dan ditambahkan 2 lt air suling. Dimasukkan
kedalam botol yang steril. Ditutup dan dibiarkan 1 malam agar terjadi
fermentasi. Disaring dan disimpan ekstrak dalam tempat yang sejuk. Disemprot
secara merata ke seluruh bagian tubuh tumbuhan pada saat pengaplikasian </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Persiapan Lahan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Lahan percobaan seluas 1 x 7 m dibersihkan dari gulma dengan cara
mengikis dan mencangkul tanah. Dicangkul lahan percobaan sedalam ± <st1:metricconverter productid="20 cm" w:st="on">20 cm</st1:metricconverter> kemudian tanah
dibiarkan. Dilakukan pembuatan parit pada sekeliling lahan percobaan agar lahan
percobaan terhindar dari air yang tergenang.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Persemaian Benih Bayam<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Benih bayam disemai dengan menggunakan media tanam pasir dan top soil di
dekat lahan penanaman. Persemaian benih dibuat dengan mengggunakan pelepah
kelapa sawit sebagai atapnya, agar bibit yang tumbuh nantinya tidak terkena
cahaya matahari dan hujan secara langsung.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Persiapan Wadah Tanam<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Wadah tanam terbuat dair spanduk bekas dan bambu, disiapkan 4 spanduk
bekas ukuran 1 x 6 meter dan bambu ukuran 1 meter. Spanduk bekas di jahit ke
tiang pancang yang sudah dibuat, dan bambu dibuat pada bagian atas.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Penanaman Bayam<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Penanaman bibit bayam dilakukan setelah bibit memiliki 4-5 helai daun ke
dalam media tanam yang telah dipersiapkan. Setiap wadah tanam ditanami 25
bibit.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Pemeliharaan tanaman Bayam<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Penyiraman<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Penyiraman dilakukan secara rutin setiap hari menggunakan gembor pada
sore hari.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Penyiangan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Penyiangan dilakukan seminggu sekali dengan menggunakan tangan saat gulma
mulai tumbuh di media tanam. Gulma yang tumbuh di media tanam dicabut dengan
tangan sampai lahan bersih dan bebas gulma.. </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Aplikasi Kompos<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Aplikasi kompos dilakukan setelah tanah digemburkan. Kompos ditaburkan
merata pada bagian permukaan tanah. Pengaplikasian dilakukan pada 3 MST.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Aplikasi Compost Tea <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Compost tea diaplikasikan mulai 5 MST, setiap dua hari sekali.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Aplikasi Biosida <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Biosida diaplikasikan mulai 5 MST, setiap dua hari sekali,
berselang-seling dengan kompos tea.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Pemanenan Tanaman Bayam<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Pemanenan dilakukan pada saat tanaman bayam sudah berumur 5 MST.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1029" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:360.6pt;margin-top:-66.3pt;width:1in;height:1in;z-index:251657728'
strokecolor="white"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251657728;"><span style="height: 98px; left: 0px; left: 480px; position: absolute; top: -89px; width: 98px;"><img height="98" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1029" width="98" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b>HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Hasil<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Hasil Pengomposan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
Tabel 1. Tabel
Temperatur, Tinggi Tumpukan Kompos, dan Warna Kompos</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="403" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="492" /><!--[endif]--></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
Grafik 1. Temperatur Kompos</div>
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Grafik 2. Tinggi Tumpukan
Kompos</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
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id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:341.25pt;height:204.75pt'>
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o:title="" croptop="13519f" cropbottom="12637f" cropleft="12810f"
cropright="15810f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="273" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="455" /><!--[endif]--></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Berat kompos yang hilang = Berat awal kompos – berat akhir kompos</div>
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= 95 kg – 28,7 kg</div>
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= 66,3 kg</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Biaya Pembuatan Kompos</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Transport
membawa bahan hijau : Rp.
20.000,00</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Transport
membawa bahan coklat : Rp. 5.000,00</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Spanduk
Bekas :
Rp. 0,00</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Ember,
dll. :
Rp. 0,00</div>
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Total :
Rp. 25.000,00</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Estimasi Penjualan Kompos Rp. 5000,00 / kg</div>
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<b>Hasil Ekstraksi Compost Tea<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Tabel 2.
Pengamatan Ekstraksi Compost Tea</div>
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type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:387pt;height:147.75pt'>
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o:title="" croptop="13372f" cropbottom="30564f" cropleft="14049f"
cropright="13223f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="197" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="516" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Biaya pembuatan compost tea :<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Aerator : Rp. 20.000,00</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
Selang : Rp. 4.000,00</div>
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Soket T : Rp. 1.000,00</div>
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Kain muslin : Rp. 7.000,00</div>
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Benang : Rp. 0,00</div>
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Total : Rp. 32.000,00</div>
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Estimasi
Penjualan Compost Tea = Rp. 3000,00 / liter</div>
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Hasil dari
Compost Tea = 12 liter x Rp. 3000,00 /liter = Rp. 36.000,00</div>
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<b>Biaya pembuatan biosida :<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Daun serai : Rp. 5.000,00</div>
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Transport
Daun Tembakau : Rp. 10.000,00</div>
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Total : Rp.
15.000,00</div>
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Estimasi
Biosida : Rp.
3000,00/liter</div>
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Hasil Biosida : 2 liter x Rp.
3.000,00 / liter = Rp. 6.000,00</div>
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<b>Biaya Produksi Budidaya Bayam <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Benih :Rp.
0, 00</div>
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Spanduk
(wadah tanam) : Rp. 0, 00</div>
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Bambu : Rp. 30.000,00</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
Kawat Bekas : Rp. 0,00</div>
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<b>Hasil Produksi Bayam Organik<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Berat Bayam : 4,7 kg (47 ons)</div>
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Harga per ons : Rp. 2.000,00</div>
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Total
Penjualan : Rp.
2.000,00 x 47 ons</div>
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:
Rp. 94.000,00</div>
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<b>Keuntungan dan Kerugian Produksi<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Keuntungan = Total Hasil – Modal</div>
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= (Rp. 94.000,00) – (Rp.
72.000,00)</div>
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= Rp. 22.000,00</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
Kerugian = Rp. 0,00</div>
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<b>Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Dari grafik temperatur kompos tertinggi terdapat pada pengamatan tanggal
20 Maret 2013 yakni 44<sup>0</sup>C sedangkan suhu terendah terdapat pada
pengamatan 6 April 2013 yakni 27<sup>0</sup>C. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa
peningkatan suhu kompos sejak pengomposan hingga tanggal 20 Maret 2013
menunjukkan proses dekomposisi kompos sedang berlangsung dan jumlah mikroorganisme
sangat banyak (aktif mendekomposisi) kompos tersebut. Kemudian suhu turun
hingga 27<sup>0</sup>C, menunjukkan bahwa proses dekomposisi telah selesai. Hal
ini sesuai dengan Rukiyati (2010) yang mengatakan bahwa fase pengomposan
dimulai dengan fase dekomposisi aktif hingga mencapai klimaks, kemudian turun
hingga proses dekomposisi berakhir.</div>
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Dari hasil percobaan diketahui bahwa tinggi kompos saat pengamatan terus
menurun dari 36 cm hingga 11,5 cm. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa bahan kompos
terdekomposisi oleh mikroorganisme sehingga tinggi kompos mengalami penyusutan.
Hal ini sesuai dengan Murbandono (2008) yang menyatakan bahwa dalam proses
dekomposisi kalium yang larut dalam bahan kompos antara 90% - 100% hilang
karena kalium mudah larut. Jasad – jasad renik juga mudah larut untuk menyerap
fospor yang dihasilkan bahan kompos.</div>
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Setelah 12 jam warna compost tea menjadi coklat kemerahan, beraroma bau
busuk, dan gelembung yang dihasilkan banyak. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam
compost tea terdapat mikroorganisme yang aktif dalam fermentasi, warna dari
compost tea menjadi indikator karena ciri compost tea adalah berwarna coklat
gelembung pada compost tea berarti ada mikroba aerob. Hal ini sesuai dengan
Gusmini, dkk. (2009) yang mengatakan bahwa mikroba aerob ditandai dengan adanya
kebutuhan aerase pada composter untuk mendukung proses fermentasi.</div>
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Pembuatan compost tea dilakukan dnegan memasukkan bahan kompos matang
dalam suatu wadah kemudian direndam dalam air dan aerasi disuplai oksigen dalam
jumlah yang banyak nutrisi dan mikroba. Hal ini sesuai degan Diana (2011) yang
menyatakan bahwa pupuk cair organik dibuat dari bahan kompos yang dimasukkan
kedalam wadah yang berisi air dan ada aerase.</div>
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Compost tea lebih mudah diaplikasikan daripada kompos biasa. Unsur hara
dalam kompos cair lebih tersedia daripada kompos biasa. Hal ini karena compost
tea tidak memerlukan waktu untuk dapat terurai. Sesuai dengan Sinaga (2010) yang menyatakan
bahwa kompos cair aplikasinya lebih mudah daripada kompos biasa.</div>
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Ketersediaan unsur hara dalam tanah tanaman sangat mempengaruhi hasil
produksi budidaya bayam secara organik dimana sebelum aplikasi kompos dan
compost tea mampu meningkatkankerja mikroorganisme dalam tanah terlihat dari
tanaman yang tumbuh subur pasca aplikasi. Mikroorganisme dalam tanah sebelum
aplikasi kompos terlihat tanaman tumbuh kerdil karena kekurangan unsur hara.
Hal ini sesuai dengan BPPP (2007) yang menyatakan bahwa kompos matang mampu
memperbaiki status hara tersedia, struktur tanah, dan daya jerap hara dalam
tanah.</div>
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Dari hasil usaha yang dilakukan diperoleh keuntungan sebesar Rp. 22.000,00.
Keuntungan sebesar ini diperoleh karena modal pertanian organik / menanam bayam
secara organik relatif murah. Namun, harga jualnya relatif tinggi karena produk
organik merupakan produk aman konsumsi bebasa residu pestisida sintetis dan
pupuk sintetis. Hal ini sesuai dengan Mahfud, dkk. (2000) yang menyatakan bahwa
harga produk hasil pertanian organik tergolong relatif mahal, namun masyarakat
pada umumnya memilih produk ini karena lebih sehat.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Tanaman bayam merah sebelum aplikasi kompos dan compost tea menunjukkan
tanaman tumbuh kerdil, daun bayam merah kecil, dan warnanya merah pucat. Namun,
setelah aplikasi kompos dan compost tea tanaman bayam tumbuh besar dan daunnya
menjadi merag tua. Hal ini menunjukkan respon tanaman bayam merespon compost
tea dan kompos yang diaplikasikan. Hal ini sesuai dengan Sinaga (2010) yang
menyatakan bahwa pupuk cair organik menyediakan unsur hara yang lebih tersedia,
dan hara dalam kompos dan compost tea lebih dapat diterima oleh tanaman.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Pada waktu aplikasi biosida tanaman bayam meresponnya, terbukti dari 8
plot wadah tanam hanya terdapat 1 – 2 batang tanaman bayam yang terserang hama
penggerek daun. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi biosida dapat menekan
perkembangan serangga hama penggerek daun bayam. Hal ini sesuai dengan Nadiah
(2007) yang menyatakan bahwa pestisida nabati dapat mengendalikan OPT pada
tanaman hortikultura.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Budidaya bayam merah secara organik lebih baik produksinya daripada
budidaya bayam secara konvensional. Karena pada budidaya bayam secara organik
diperoleh kualitas produk yang lebih sehat dan tidak ada tesidu pestisida dan
pupuk sintetis. Hal ini sesuai dengan dengan Sinaga (2010) yang menyatakan bahwa
hasil pertaian organik umumnya lebih sehat daripada hasil pertanian
konvensional, karena pada budidaya secara organik residu pestisida tidak ada.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Dari hasil percobaan diperoleh bahwa hasil prodksi 4,7 kg (47 ons) dengan
estimasi produksi 228 batang bayam pada lahan 1m x 7m lebih sedikit produksinya
dibandingkan dengan secara vertikultur. Jika dengan teknik vertikultur hasilnya
akan dua kali lipat dari pertanian konvensional. Hal ini sesuai dengan Aminatun
(2003) yang menyatakan bahwa pada pertanian organik dikenal dengan sistem
vertikultur yang meningkatkan produksi hasil pada lahan sempit.</div>
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Ditinjau dari segi ekonomi konsep pertanian secara organik memiliki
prosepek yang baik karena kesadaran masyarakat akan produk bahan organik yang
dapat menghindari residu bahan kimia. Jadi, kedepan produk hasil pertanian
organik akan semakin dicari masyarakat luas. Hal ini sesuai dengan IFOAM (2011) yang
menyatakan bahwa pertanian organik harus memperhatikan prinsip kesehatan baik
tumbuhan, hewan, manusia, dan lingkungan.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1026" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:385.35pt;margin-top:-50.55pt;width:28.5pt;height:25.5pt;z-index:251654656'
strokecolor="white"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251654656;"><span style="height: 36px; left: 0px; left: 513px; position: absolute; top: -68px; width: 40px;"><img height="36" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="40" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Hasil
usaha yang dilakukan pada budidaya bayam secara organik diperoleh keuntungan
sebesar Rp. 22.000,00, modal yang minim, dan konsumen mengerti akan produk
organik menyebabkan harga jual yang tinggi.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Respon
tanaman bayam setelah aplikasi compost tea terjadi perubahan lebar daun dan
warna daun yakni lebih lebar dan warna lebih merah tua.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Aplikasi
biosida menunjukkan terjadi penekanan serangga hama pada tanmaan yang
dibudidayakan. Bisosida ini efektif dalam mengendalikan hama yakni hanya 1 – 2
batang bayam dari total populasi yang terserang hama.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Respon
tanaman bayam merah setelah diaplikasikan kompos menunjukkan bahwa tanaman
bayam tumbuh lebih tinggi. Hal ini menunjukkan C/N rasio sudah sesuai untuk
suplai harga.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Prosepek
pertanian organik kedepan akan lebih baik karena kesadaran masyarakat umum
sebagai konsumen untuk menkonsumsi produk pertanian organik.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Saran<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
Diharapkan dalam melakukan percobaan
budidaya bayam merah secara organik
harus memperhatikan waktu aplikasi biosida, kompos, dan compost tea agar
diperoleh hasil yang maksimal dan untuk selanjutnya disarankan untuk melakukan
pertanian secara organik karena memiliki peluang besar dimasa depan.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1030"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:373.35pt;
margin-top:-59.55pt;width:1in;height:1in;z-index:251658752' strokecolor="white"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251658752;"><span style="height: 98px; left: 0px; left: 497px; position: absolute; top: -80px; width: 98px;"><img height="98" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1030" width="98" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b>DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
Aminatun, T., V. Henuhili, S.
Ummiyati, S. Hidayati, dan Suhartini. 2003. Pelatihan Budidaya Sayuran sebagai
Unit Usaha Sekolah bagi Guru – guru Pengampu Mata Pelajaran Biologi di
Kabupaten Sleman. [PPM], Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Sleman.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
Ariyanto. 2008. Analisis Tata
Niaga Sayuran Bayam. [Skripsi] Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Nadiah, A. 2007. The Kompos
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4414864719232378661.post-77215038095463915632013-04-22T11:07:00.001+07:002013-04-22T11:07:14.239+07:00PENGELOLAAN LAHAN RAWA<br />
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<b>PENGELOLAAN LAHAN RAWA DENGAN TEKNIK <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>KONSERVASI DAN REHABILITASI<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>TRIA
MENTARI SIREGAR<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b> 110301057<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>AET
1<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI</b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>MEDAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>2013<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN">KATA PENGANTAR</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="IN">Puji dan syukur penulis
panjatkan kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa karena
berkat rahmat dan lindungan-Nya maka penulis dapat menyelesaikan paper
ini tepat pada waktunya.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Adapun</span> <span lang="IN"> judul</span>
dari <span lang="IN">paper </span> <span lang="IN">ini
</span> <span lang="IN">adalah </span> <b>PENGELOLAAN LAHAN RAWA DENGAN TEKNIK
KONSERVASI DAN REHABILITASI </b><span lang="IN">yang merupakan </span>tugas matakuliah Pengelolaan Tanah
dan Air, Program Studi Agroekoteknologi, <span lang="IN">Fakultas Pertanian</span>,<span lang="IN">
Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Pada kesempatan ini
penulis mengucapkan terima
kasih kepada </span>Dr. Ir. Hamidah Hanum, MP yang
merupakan Dosen Pengampu Matakuliah Pengelolaan Tanah dan Air <span lang="IN">yang telah membantu penulis sehingga paper ini
dapat diselesaikan tepat pada waktunya.</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">Penulis menyadari bahwa paper ini jauh
dari kesempurnaan. Oleh karena itu, penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang
bersifat membangun demi kesempurnaan paper ini. Akhir kata, penulis mengucapkan
terima kasih</span>.</div>
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<span lang="IN">Medan, </span> Januari 2013</div>
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<span lang="IN">Penulis</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>DAFTAR
ISI<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>KATA
PENGANTAR</b>.......................................................................................... i<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>DAFTAR
ISI</b>......................................................................................................... ii<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Latar Belakang............................................................................................... 1 <o:p></o:p></div>
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Tujuan Penulisan............................................................................................ 2<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><o:p> </o:p></b><b style="line-height: 200%;">DEGRADASI
LAHAN</b></div>
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Degradasi lahan sulfat masam........................................................................ 4<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Pemasaman </i>in-situ............................................................................... 5<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Pemasaman akibat aliran air............................................................... </i>7<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p><b style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">TEKNOLOGI
KONSERVASI</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">......... </span>Kawasan non reklamasi................................................................................. 9<o:p></o:p></div>
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Kawasan reklamasi....................................................................................... 10<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><o:p> </o:p></b><b style="line-height: 200%;">REHABILITASI
LAHAN RAWA</b></div>
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Pengelolaan air............................................................................................. 12<o:p></o:p></div>
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Konsep dasar............................................................................................... 13<o:p></o:p></div>
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Strategi pengelolaan air............................................................................... 14<o:p></o:p></div>
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Pengapuran.................................................................................................. 14<o:p></o:p></div>
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Pemupukan.................................................................................................. 18<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>PENUTUP............................................................................................................... </b> 20<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</b>........................................................................................ 21<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar
Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada umumnya lahan pertanian di
Indonesia, baik lahan sawah, lahan kering maupun lahan rawa selaiu mengalami
proses degradasi dengan intensilas yang berlainan, yang disebabkan oleh perlakuan
manusia dan faktor alam. Proses yang destruktif tersebut mengakibatkan
penurunan kualitas tanah dan tingkat produktivitas lahan. Apabila dibiarkan
terus berianjut, produktivitasnya akan menurun terus, sehingga mencapai tingkat
yang sangat rendah atau tidak produktif sama sekali. Oleh karena itu, perlu
dilakukan pencegahan melalui penerapan tindakan konservasi tanah dan air, serta
rehabilitasi lahan, yang seharusnya merupakan bagian dari usaha budidaya
pertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Konservasi diartikan sebagai
tindakan pencegahan terhadap terjadinya proses degradasi lahan pertanian.
Sedangkan rehabilitasi merupakan upaya meningkatkan kembali produktivitas lahan
yang sebelumnya telah mengalami degradasi. Apabila dibandingkan dengan lahan
sawah maupun lahan kering, lahan rawa lebih memeriukan upaya konservasi, dan kehati-hatian
dalam mengelolanya. Menurut Widjaja-Adhi <i>et al. </i>(1992), lahan rawa
tergoiong ekosistem yang tidak saja marginal tetapi juga fragil, sehingga untuk
menjadikannya produktif diperlukan perencanaan yang teliti, pemanfatan dan
penerapan teknologi yang sesuai, serta pengelolaan tanah dan air yang tepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengelolaan lahan pertanian rawa
yang salah di berbagai lokasi di Kalimantan dan Sumatera, telah mengakibatkan
perubahan karakteristik tanah, dan menurunkan produktivitasnya, bahkan sebagian
menjadi tidak produktif sama sekali. Lahan yang telah mengalami degradasi
berat, biasanya sulit sekali direhabilitasi dan memeriukan biaya tinggi. Untuk
menilai apakah degradasi lahan sudah mencapai suatu batas yang merugikan, telah
ditetapkan kriteria kerusakan beberapa sifat tanah. Agar kondisi lahan tidak
lebih rendah dari batas ambangnya, maka penggunaan lahan rawa seyogyanya
mengikuti poia yang teratur. Oalam kondisi belum terganggu, pada dasamya di
antara sungai-sungai alami di kawasan rawa pasang surut dijumpai lahan dengan
gambut sangat daiam. Dari tengah ke arah sungai-sungai alami dijumpai gambut
dangkal, tanah sulfat masam potensial, dan lahan-lahan yang terpengaruh oleh
luapan sungai. Variabilitas tanah ini berimplikasi pada pola penggunaannya yang
juga bervariasi tergantung pada hidrotopografi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan
Penulisan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Untuk
mengetahui pengelolaan lahan rawa dengan teknik konservasi dan rehabilitasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">DEGRADASI LAHAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan kondisi hidrologinya,
lahan rawa dapat dibedakan menjadi lahan rawa pasang surut dan non pasang surut
yang disebut juga lahan rawa lebak. Lahan rawa pasang surut lebih sensitif
terhadap proses degradasi dibandingkan dengan lahan rawa lebak, karena pada
lahan tersebut dijumpai tanah-tanah bermasalah, yaitu tanah sulfat masam dan
tanah gambut. Kemasaman, keracunan <i>(toxicity), </i>penurunan permukaan tanah
<i>(subsidence), </i>gambut kering tak balik <i>(irreversible drying effect), </i>kualitas
air yang buruk merupakan masalah-masalah utama yang akan muncul jika salah
dalam mengelola lahan rawa pasang surut. Sedangkan pada lahan rawa lebak hampir
tidak dijumpai proses degradasi tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ada 2 prinsip dasar yang harus
dipertimbangkan di dalam pengelolaan lahan rawa, yaitu (a) apakah lahan rawa
akan direklamasi secara total <i>(total reclaimed), </i>atau (b) hanya
direklamasi sebagian <i>(minimum disturbance). </i>Kedua prinsip tersebut periu
ditetapkan sebelum memutuskan untuk mengelola lahan rawa, baik untuk pertanian,
pemukiman transmigran maupun untuk penggunaan yang lainnya. Strategi yang akan
dikembangkan di daiam mengeloia lanan rawa berbeda antara kedua prinsip
tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Widjaja-Adhi (1997) mengemukakan
beberapa faktor penyebab degradasi pada lahan rawa, antara lain (a) reklamasi
lahan dengan membangun saiuran drainase daiam dimensi besar, yang memungkinkan
drainase beriebihan (over <i>drain) </i>yang mengakibatkan pint teroksidasi dan
gambut mengering tak balik <i>(irreversible drying effect), </i>(b) penerapan
sistem pemanfaatan lahan yang tidak memperhatikan tipologi lahan dan tipe
luapan, (c) pembakaran gambut yang berakibat pada munculnya tanah sulfat masam
yang umumnya berada di bawahnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Di Indonesia, seluas 20,1 juta ha
lahan rawa pasang surut telah direklamasi untuk pertanian yang dimulai sejak
Repelita I tahun 1969. Kondisi lahan setelah reklamasi menjadi rusak karena
proses pemasaman tanah. Pembukaan lahan untuk menunjang program transmigrasi
dilaksanakan dengan membangun jaringan irigasi/drainase daiam dimensi besar.
Penggalian saiuran daiam ukuran besar tersebut mengakibatkan tereksposnya
lapisan pirit (FeSa) hingga teroksidasi, dan tanah menjadi masam.
Pengalaman-pengalaman di daiam mengkonservasi, mereklamasi, dan merehabilitasi
lahan rawa pasang surut dilakukan melalui berbagai proyek seperti P4S, P3S,
LAWOO-AARD, SWAMPS I dan II, ISDP, dan SUP serta kegiatan-kegiatan penelitian
yang dilaksanakan oleh Proyek Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Lahan Balai Penelitian
Tanah akan diuraikan dan didiskusikan. Analisis kebijakan disertakan sebagai
implikasi pengelolaan lahan rawa pasang surut dan dampaknya terhadap
lingkungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Degradasi
lahan sulfat masam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah sulfat masam berkembang dari
bahan induk besi sulfida yang kaya kandungan besi dan sulfur (FeS). Pirit
terakumulasi pada tanah tergenang yang kaya kandungan bahan organik dan
mendapat tambahan sulfur yang umumnya dari air laut (Dent, 1986). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembentukan pirit membutuhkan
sumber unsur besi (dan sedimen), unsur sulfur (umumnya dan air laut), bakteri
pereduksi (telah ada di hampir seluruh kawasan pantai), sumber energi (bahan
organik dari bakau), dan pada kondisi pasang surut (Van Mensvoort, 1996). Tanah
sulfat masam terbentuk oleh oksidasi bahan sulfidik dimana konsentrasi asam
sulfat yang dihasilkan dari oksidasi senyawa sulfur tersebut melebihi
konsentrasi basa-basa yang mempunyai kemampuan menetralisir kemasaman dan pH
menurun di bawah 4 (Rons dan van Breemen, 1982).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Degradasi pada lahan sulfat masam
umumnya didominasi oleh (a) proses pemasaman tanah dan air sebagai akibat dari
oksidasi pirit, dan (b) pencucian basa-basa sebagai dampak dari pencucian asam.
Pemasaman yang terjadi dapat dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu, (a) pemasaman <i>in-situ,
</i>dan (b) pemasaman akibat aliran air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemasaman
</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">in-situ<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada kondisi tereduksi (saat
tergenang air), pirit dapat dipertahankan stabil. Tetapi pada saat permukaan
air bawah permukaan <i>(groundwater) </i>menurun hingga melebihi kedalaman
lapisan pint, pirit akan teroksidasi dan tanah menjadi masam. Kondisi ini bisa
terjadi pada saat reklamasi dijalankan dengan menggali saluran-saluran
irigasi/drainase berdimensi besar, seperti saluran primer, sekunder, dan
tersier. Pirit teroksidasi mengnasilkan asam sulfat dengan tahapan reaksi
sebagai berikut: I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">FeS<sub>2(s)</sub>
+ 7/2 O<sub>2</sub>(aq,<sub>a)</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O -</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">»</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
Fe<sup>2+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + 2 SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup>-<sub>(aq</sub>) +
2 H<sup>+</sup> ...............(1)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fe<sup>2+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>
+ 1/4 0<sub>2(aq</sub>,<sub>g)</sub> + H<sup>+</sup> -</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">»</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
Fe<sup>3+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>+ y<sub>2</sub> H<sub>2</sub>O...........
.................... .....(2)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">FeS<sub>2(si</sub>
+ 14 Fe<sup>3+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + 8 H<sub>2</sub>O</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">»15 Fe<sup>2+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + 16 H<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>
+ <i>2SO<sub>A</sub><sup>2</sup> </i>............(3)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fe<sup>2+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>
+ 1/40<sub>2</sub>(aq,B, <sup>+</sup> 3/2H<sub>2</sub>0 -</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">» FeO.OH<sub>(s)</sub> + 2 H...................,..........(4)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Meskipun besi III oksida merupakan hasil reaksi, jarosite
umumnya terbentuk lebih awal, dengan reaksi sebagai berikut (Van Breemen, 1972)
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">FeS<sub>2</sub>+15O<sub>2</sub>+5/2H<sub>2</sub>O+%
K* -* % KFe3(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>6</sub>+4/3SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup>-+3H<sup>+</sup>......(5)
Jarosite stabil pada kondisi teroksidasi dan masam, yaitu pada nilai redoks
potensial > 400-500 mV dengan pH 2-4, Jika konsentrasi asam sulfat (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>)
yang terbentuk pada reaksi (4) melebihi kapasitas penyangga <i>(buffering
capacity) </i>tanah, pH tanah akan menurun kurang dari 4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemasaman akibat oksidasi pirit
merupakan proses degradasi yang berakibat pada penurunan produktivitas Iahan.
Pada kondisi pH kurang dari 4, aluminium akan terlarut dalam larutan tanah yang
akan mencapai konsentrasi yang meracuni tanaman (Moorman dan Van Breemen,
1978). Dent (1986) mereview beberapa penelitian sebelumnya mengenai
masalah-masalah yang akan muncul jika tanah sulfat masam dikeloia untuk tanaman
Iahan kering, yaitu kelarutan aluminium (AI<sup>3+</sup>), besi III (Fe<sup>3+</sup>),
mangan (Mn<sup>2</sup>*), dan ion hidrogen (H<sup>4</sup>) meningkat,
ketersediaan fosfat menurun akibat terbentuknya aluminium-fosfat yang tidak
larut, basa-basa tertukar menjadi menurun, dan terjadi defisiensi hara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada kondisi tergenang, misalnya
jika tanah sulfat masam dikeloia untuk padi sawah atau kolam ikan, kemasaman
bisa dikurangi, tetapi akan muncuf permasalahan baru, yaitu keracunan besi II
(Fe<sup>2+</sup>), keracunan hidrogen sulfida (H<sub>2</sub>S), dan keracunan
CO<sub>2</sub> dan asam-asam organik jika bahan organik tinggi. Keracunan besi
pada Iahan sawah berpengaruh buruk terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman padi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada musim kering, tanah-tanah di
daerah rawa pasang surut secara fisik mengalami retakan <i>(cracking) </i>tergantung
dari tipe mineral Hat tanahnya. Meskipun tidak semua tanah sulfat masam
didominasi mineral liat tipe 2:1 <i>(smectite), </i>tetapi jika proporsinya
cukup tinggi maka pada kondisi kering tanah mudah menjadi retak, dan pada
kondisi tergenang pada saat musim hujan tanah mengembang. Retakan-retakan di
permukaan <i>(top soil) </i>ini bisa mengakibatkan masuknya oksigen ke datam
lapisan tanah yang lebih dalam, dan pirit akan teroksidasi. Menurut Hanhart dan
Duong van Ni (1993), proses pemasaman dapat disebabkan oleh 3 proses, yaitu (a)
drfusi, (b) retakan <i>(cracking), </i>dan (c) pencucian <i>(leaching) </i>asam-asam
dari saluran-saluran air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemasaman
akibat aliran air</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Selain proses <i>in-situ </i>sebagaimana
dijelaskan sebelumnya, proses pemasaman di suatu tempat di kawasan lahan rawa
pasang surut bertanah sulfat masam atau gambut dapat disebabkan oleh aliran air
masam yang berasal dan tempat-tempat yang telah mengalami pemasaman. Salah satu
contoh proses pemasaman yang disebabkan oleh aliran air yang berasal dari hutan
sekunder yang telah mengalami pemasaman akibat reklamasi dan aktivitas manusia
di dalam hutan tersebut dijumpai di Unit Tatas, Kalimantan Tengah (Kselik <i>et
</i>al., 1993). Pengaruh buruk dari aliran air masam tersebut dapat
ditanggulangi dengan membangun saluran drainase intersepsi <i>(interceptor
drained) </i>antara hutan sekunder dengan lahan yang dikelola .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Saluran drainase intersepsi sangat
nyata pengaruhnya dalam memperbaiki kualitas air di lahan pertanian .
Konsentrasi sulfat (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup>) pada lahan di dekat hutan
sekunder jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan lahan yang dikelola untuk padi
sawah. Demikian juga ha! yang sama dijumpai untuk konsentrasi besi II (Fe<sup>2+</sup>).
Sebaliknya pH meningkat ke arah menjauh dari hutan sekunder. Hal ini karena
aliran air yang masam dengan konsentrasi SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup>" dan
Fe<sup>2+</sup> yang tinggi dari hutan sekunder terhalang oleh saluran drainase
intersepsi. Air dari hutan sekunder yang masuk ke saluran drainase tersebut
selanjutnya dibuang pada saat air surut. Saluran drainase intersepsi yang
diaplikasikan di Unit Tatas, Kalimantan Tengah berdimensi lebar 1 m dan dalam 1
m dengan panjang yang mengikuti lebar petakan lahan sawah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Meskipun kemasaman yang timbul bisa
dinetralisir dengan pemanfaatan kapur (Charoenchamratcheep <i>et </i>a/., 1982;
Ponnamperuma dan Solivas, 1982; Moctar Toure, 1982; Smilde, 1990), tetapi kebutuhan
kapur tergolong tinggi terutama jika kandungan pint di dalam tanah masih tinggi
(Dent, 1986).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pencucian <i>(flushing) </i>sebagai
salah satu strategi pengelolaan air tidak hanya mengurangi kemasaman, tetapi
berdampak pada tercucinya basa-basa yang diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan dan
produksi tanaman. Dari penelitiannya di Unit Tatas, Kalimantan Tengah pada
tanah sulfat masam aktual dengan tipe luapan B dengan menerapkan sistem aliran
satu arah untuk pencucian, Subagyono <i>et al. </i>(1994) menemukan bahwa
selain meneuei, asam Ca<sup>2+</sup> dan Mg<sup>2+</sup> juga ikut tercuci. Hal
ini terbukti bahwa kandungan Ca<sup>2+</sup> dan Mg<sup>2+</sup> di dalam tanah
pada lahan yang dicuci lebih rendah dari pada lahan yang digenangi (Gambar
8.4). Tanpa introduksi kapur sebagai sumber Ca<sup>2+</sup> dan Mg<sup>z+</sup>,
tanah akan mengalami defisiensi unsur hara tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Umumnya tanah gambut sangat masam,
pH 3-4,5 dan kandungan bahan organik < 5%. Fraksi organik tanah gambut
mengandung lignin, selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan protein, tannin, resin dalam
jumlah yang relatif sedikit. Kandungan abu, K<sub>2</sub>O, P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>,
dan SiO<sub>2</sub> pada tanah lapisan atas menurun setelah deforestasi, tetapi
CaO dan MgO cenderung meningkat. Kandungan nitrogen tanah gambut berkisar
antara 2.000-4.000 kg/ha pada kedalaman 0-20 cm, tetapi hanya sebagian kecil
yang tersedia bagi tanaman (Driessen dan Dudal, 1989).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">TEKNOLOGI KONSERVASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Konservasi lahan rawa mencakup
kegiatan perlindungan, pengawetan dan peningkatan fungsi dan manfaat. Oleh
karena itu, berdasarkan fungsinya lahan rawa dibedakan menjadi tiga kawasan,
yaitu (1) kawasan lindung, (2) kawasan pengawetan, dan (3) kawasan reklamasi
untuk peningkatan fungsi dan manfaat. Kawasan lindung dan pengawetan disebut
juga kawasan non-reklamasi atau non-budidya, sedangkan kawasan reklamasi
disebut juga kawasan budidaya. Pengelolaan lahan rawa menjaga keseimbangan
antara kawasan budidaya dan non-budidaya serta kelestarian sumberdaya alam rawa
(Widjaja-Adhi, 1997).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kawasan
non reklamasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kawasan non reklamasi adalah
lahan-lahan yang relatif belum terganggu oleh tindakan manusia, terdiri atas
lahan gambut sangat dalam (> 3 m) dengan vegetasi alami. Menurut
Widjaja-Adhi (1997), lahan tersebut dapat dijadikan kawasan konservasi dengan
berbagai tujuan, antara lain : (a) sebagai kawasan tampung hujan, (b) sebagai
kawasan untuk perlindungan hewan dan tanaman langka, dan (c) untuk keperluan
penelitian masa depan yang melibatkan ekosistem gambut di lahan rawa pasang
surut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kawasan tampung hujan merupakan
daerah penyangga yang berfungsi sebagai penampung dan pendistribusian air untuk
keperluan irigasi di musim kemarau untuk sawah-sawah di sekelilingnya. Hutan
suaka alam praktis bisa dikembangkan di kawasan ini, karena umumnya masih
memiliki vegetasi alami dan sebagai tempat hewan-hewan langka hidup dan
berkembang biak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Di bawah lapisan gambut umumnya
adalah tanah sulfat masam potensial, yaitu tanah sulfat masam yang belum
mengalami pemasaman karena terpeliharanya kondisi reduksi. Konservasi lahan
gambut sekaligus menghindari munculnya tanah sulfat masam di permukaan, dan
menghindari degradasi lahan akibat pemasaman tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kawasan
reklamasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lahan-lahan di kawasan ini umumnya
telah mengalami degradasi yang sebagian besar disebabkan oleh proses pemasaman.
Penyebab lain dari penurunan produktivitas lahan di kawasan ini antara lain
adalah penurunan permukaan tanah <i>(subsidence), </i>genangan (water <i>logging),
</i>polusi lingkungan perairan oleh asam-asam organik dan anorganik serta unsur
beracun seperti besi (Fe<sup>2+</sup>), dan keracunan <i>(toxicity) </i>oleh
unsur bersifat racun bagi tanaman. Untuk tidak terjadi proses degradasi yang
berkelanjutan, maka lahan-lahan di kawasan ini perlu tindakan konservasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kawasan ini dicirikan dengan telah
dibangunnya jaringan irigasi/drainase. Untuk lahan dengan tanah sulfat masam,
mempertahankan tinggi muka air di atas lapisan pint merupakan strategi yang
bisa dilakukan untuk mempertahankan tanah dalam kondisi tereduksi dan mencegah
terjadinya pemasaman akibat oksidasi pirit. Pengelolaan air sekaligus clapat
difungsikan sebagai tindakan konservasi tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk menghindari kerusakan lahan
yang berkelanjutan, sistem pengelolaan lahan harus didasarkan pada tipologi
lahan dan tipe luapan. Pada dasamya sawah merupakan alternatif yang sangat
memungkinkan untuk mempertahankan tanah dalam kondisi tergenang dan reduktif.
Namun demikian, bervariasinya tipologi lahan pada setiap kawasan dengan tipe
luapan yang berbeda berimplikasi pada pola pengelolaan yang berbeda.
Widjaja-Adhi ef <i>al. </i>(1992) mengetengahkan afternatif sistem pengelolaan
rawa pasang surut berdasarkan tipologi lahan dan tipe luapan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">REHABILITASI LAHAN RAWA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lahan rawa yang telah terdegradasi
dan menurun produktivftasnya periu direhabilitasi terlebih dahulu, agar usaha
pertanian menjadi iebih efisien dan menguntungkan. Pengalaman menunjukkan bahwa
pengelolaan air memegang peranan penting dalam kebertiasilan rehabilitasi dan
pengelolaan lahan rawa (Kselik, 1990; Sevenhuysen, 1990; Widjaja-Adhi <i>et
al., </i>1990; Ritzema <i>et al., </i>1993; Mansur <i>et al,, </i>1995; Hanhart
dan Duong van Ni, 1993; Subagyono <i>et al., </i>1997; Kselik ef a/., 1993;
Subagyono <i>et al., </i>1998). Peningkatan produktivitas lahan dan produksi
tanaman akan Iebih tinggi jika pengelolaan air ini dikombinasikan dengan
pengelolaan tanah melalui pengapuran <i>(liming), </i>pemupukan dan pemberian
bahan amelioran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengeloaan
air<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengelolaan air berperan sangat
penting di dalam rehabilitasi lahan rawa pasang surut bertanah sulfat masam dan
gambut. Selama hampir 2 dasa warsa terakhir (1985-2001), penelitian-penelitian
pengelolaan air yang dilaksanakan oleh berbagai proyek seperti Proyek SWAMPS II,
Proyek kerjasama antara Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian dan <i>Land
and Water Research Group (LAWOO) </i>Belanda, Proyek Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Pertanian Rawa Terpadu atau <i>Integrated Swamp Development
Project </i>(ISDP), Proyek Lahan gambut Sejuta Hektar (PLG) maupun Proyek Penelitian
Sumberdaya Lahan Pusat Penelitian Tanah dan Agroklimat telah menghasilkan
komponen teknologi utama pengelolaan air yang meliputi (a) sistem aliran satu
arah (oneway <i>flow system), </i>(b) sistem drainase dangkal intensif, (c)
sistem drainase intersepsi <i>(interceptor drain), </i>(d) sistem drainase
berkala <i>(intermittent drain), </i>(e) irigasi dengan air pasang dan
pencucian, dan (f) sistem tabat.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Konsep
dasar</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk meningkatkan produktivitas
iahan rawa pasang surut, pengelolaan air memegang peranan sangat penting. Pada
Iahan rawa pasang surut bertanah gambut, konservasi air merupakan upaya penting
selain upaya drainase Iahan. Pengelolaan air dilakukan dengan memperhatikan
kedaiaman gambut, tingkat pelapukan gambut, lapisan bawah gambut <i>(substratum),
</i>ada tidaknya bahan pengkayaan, dan tipe luapan pasang surut. Kawasan
konservasi sebagai kawasan tampung hujan dialokasikan di bagian hutu sungai
rawa (Widjaja-Adhi
<i>et </i>al., 1992). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sementara itu, untuk menangguiangi,
mengurangi, dan menghilangkan kemasaman serta untuk meningkatkan hasil
komoditas yang dibudidayakan di Iahan sulfat masam, pengelolaan air dtdasarkan
pada tipologi Iahan pasang surut dan tipe luapan. Tipoiogi Iahan sulfat masam
potensial dengan tipe luapan A, tipologi Iahan sulfat masam aktual dengan tipe
luapan B, C, D (Retzema ef <i>al.,
</i>1993).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan kemampuan arus pasang
mencapai daratan, maka tipe luapan pada iahan rawa pasang surut dibedakan
menjadi 4 macam tipe fuapan (Kselik, 1990; Widjaja-Adhi <i>et al., </i>1992). Tipe
A : Lahan yang selalu terfuapi air pasang, baik pada saat pasang maksimum <i>(spring
tide) </i>maupun pasang minimum <i>(neap tide).</i> Tipe B : Lahan yang
tertuapi air pasang pada saat pasang besar. Tipe C : Lahan yang tidak pemah terfuapi
air pasang, tetapi air pasang berpengaruh pada air tanah dan kedaiaman muka air
tanah kurang dari 50cm. TipeD : Lahan yang tidak pemah tertuapi air pasang,
tetapi air pasang berpengaruh pada air tanah dan kedaiaman muka air tanah lebih
dari 50cm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Strategi
pengelolaan air</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Strategi pengelolaan air didasarkan
pada tipologi lahan dan tipe luapan. Masing-masing tipologi lahan mempunyai
sifat dan karakteristik yang berbeda, sehingga strategi pengelolaan aimya perlu
dibedakan. Strategi pengelolaan air secara spesifik dibedakan menjadi 2, yaitu
(a) pengelolaan air di tingkat tersier, dan (b) pengelolaan air mikro di lahan
petani. Keduanya harus sinergis dengan sistem irigasi/drainase di tingkat makro
(primer dan sekunder) yang telah dibangun. Beberapa sistem irigasi/drainase
yang telah dibangun sejak Pelita I tahun 1969, antara lain adalah sistem garpu <i>(fork
system) </i>atau disebut juga sistem kolam <i>(kolam system), </i>sistem anjir
dan hand!) dan kombinasinya yang dijumpai di Kalimantan Selatan dan Kalimantan
Tengah. Sistem sisir tunggal <i>(single comb system) </i>dan ganda <i>(couple
comb system), </i>kombinasi sistem garpu dan sistem sisir dan sistem tangga
dijumpai di Sumatera Selatan. Sistem anjir dan handil adalah dua sistem
drainase khas penduduk Banjar yang merupakan teknologi lokal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengapuran
<i>(liming)</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Salah satu teknoiogi yang dapat
digunakan untuk rehabilitasi lahan sulfat masam aktual (SMA) di daerah rawa
pasang surut adalah kapur. Kapur sebagai bahan pembenah tanah sangat beraiasan
untuk diberikan pada tanah SMA untuk padi sawah selama penggenangan tanah beium
dapat menaikkan pH tanah di atas 4,25-4,50. Sesuai dengan tingkat sensivitas
dari beberapa tanaman pangan terhadap kemasaman tanah dari yang paling tahan
sampai sangat sensitif, maka padi sangat tahan terhadap kemasaman tanah,
kemudian diikuti jagung dan kedele. Tanaman pangan dapat tumbuh di tanah SMA
setelah tanahnya diberi kapur, sehinga pH tanah disekitar akar > 4,25-4,50
untuk padi, > pH 4,50-5,00 untuk jagung, dan > 5,00-5,50 untuk kedele.
Konsep pengapuran yang mencapai puluhan sampai ratusan ton per ha untuk tanaman
pangan hendaknya ditinggalkan, kemudian perlu diteliti lebih lanjut mengingat
keberadaan mineral liat 2:1 (smektit) yang telah rusak sebagaimana dicinkan
bentuk difraksi sinar-X Hat 2:1 yang cembung. Kebutuhan kapur (KK) tanah SMA
yang d'rtetapkan berdasarkan 100% kali niiai Al-dd KC11 <i>N </i>menghasilkan
ekuivalen takaran kapur yang berlebihan atau overestimasi. Al-Jabri (2002a)
memperoleh bahwa KK untuk padi pada tanah SMA sekitar < 3 t/ha, jika KK ditetapkan
berdasarkan Al-dd dengan KCI 0,25 <i>N. </i>Sebaliknya, jika KK tanah SMA
Belawang ditetapkan berdasarkan Al-dd dengan KC11 <i>N </i>maka takarannya
dapat mencapai 14-15 t/ha. KK yang tinggi tersebut disebabkan Al yang semula
dalam bentuk tidak dapat ditukar dalam struktur mineral liat 2:1 yang telah
rusak oleh oksidasi pint turut terekstrak oleh KCI 1 <i>N. </i>KK berdasarkan
100% nilai Al-dd KCI 1 <i>N </i>tidak akurat, sebab keberadaan liat 2:1 yang
rusak mensuplai Al tidak hanya dalam bentuk tidak dapat ditukar, tetapi juga Al
dapat ditukar (Al-Jabri ef al., 2000b).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fakta-fakta diperoleh bahwa KK
berdasarkan 100% kali nilai Al-dd 1 A/ KCI terlalu tinggi ditunjukkan oleh
hasil penelitian berikut: (1) KK optimum untuk jagung varietas Arjuna 1,50
t/ha, atau setara 24% nilai Al-dd 1 <i>N </i>KCI ( nilai Al-dd tanah SMA di Tri
Mulyo 6,36 cmol/kg) dan 2,71 t/ha, atau setara 38% nilai Al-dd 1 <i>N </i>KCI
(nilai Al-dd tanah SMA di Harapan Makmur 6.98 cmol/kg) (Al-Jabri et al.,
2000a). Takaran kapur 1,50 dan 2,71 t/na tersebut berdasarkan turunan pertama
dari persamaan kuadratiknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Takaran kapur berdasar turunan
pertama dari persamaan kuadratik temyata lebih rendah dari nilai Al-dd dengan
KCI 0.25 <i>N </i>(label 8.4). Sehubungan dengan KK ekuivalen dari 100% nilai
Al-dd KG! 0,25 <i>N </i>sedikit lebih tinggi, maka larutan garam KCI masih
perlu diencerkan dengan normalitas < 0,25 <i>N.</i> <span style="color: #292929;">Fakta
ini memperkuat hipotesis bahwa metode pengukuran KK ekuivalen 100% kali nilai
Al-dd KCI 1 <i>N </i>tidak bertafcu umum untuk semua tanah SMA, sebab garam KCI
1 <i>N </i>tertaki kuat Formulasi mode) adalah cara lain untuk menetapkan KK
yang tebii reakstik. Penetapan KK secara tidak langsung dengan formulasi model
sudah dkjunakan sejak lama, tetaoi tidak berlaku umum. Penetapan KK dengan
formulasi mode) spesifik lokasi dengan tipologi lahan SMA untuk tanaman padi
tetah oiperoteh (AkJabri, 2002b). Pada awaJnya formulasi model dibangun dengan
mengukur kemasaman tanah secara langsung terhadap respons tanaman. Kemudtan,
takaran KK diestimasi dari sifat-sifat tanah yang dianggap paling berpengaruh
tanpa hams mengukur kemasaman tanah secara langsung.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Beberapa formulasi model KK yang
pemah dikembangkan, antara iain: (1) KK = 0,11[% liat + (5 x % bahan organik)]
(Joret <i>et al., </i>1990); (2) KK = [pH 6,50-pH tanah] x % bahan organik untuk
tanah-tanah dengan Al-dd rendah (Keeny dan Corey , 1963); (3) KK = faktor.
[Al-dd - % kejenuhan Al, (KTK efektif)] untuk kedelai yang ditanam pada tanah
Ultisols di Sitiung (Sumatera Barat) yang didominasi mineral liat 1:1 (Wade ef <i>al.,
</i>1987). Formulas! model KK bersifat kondisional dapat digunakan untuk
menentukan takaran kapur, sebab aktivitas komponen-komponen kemasaman tersebut
sangat kompleks dan irrteraksinya dalam keadaan yang sebenarnya sangat sulit
dideteksi. Formulas! model dalam bentuk persamaan regresi linear, dimana
KK-inkubasi = fungsi Al-dd dengan KCI yang dimodifikasi dengan normalitas garam
KCI diencerkan < 1 <i>N. </i>Beberapa keuntungan penggunaan formulas! model,
antara lain: (1) tidak hanya menjelaskan fakta-fakta yang teramati, tetap! juga
meramal kejadian-kejadian yang pada saat itu tidak teramati, (2) mengatasi
masafah ketidak akuratan data yang terukur, (3) menjelaskan bahwa dua atau
lebih elemen pembentuk sistem saling berhubungan, sebab pada dasamya suatu
sistem terdiri atas peubah-peubah yang saling tergantung satu sama lain dan
bekerja sama dalam menjelaskan sekumpuian fakta untuk mencapai suatu tujuan
(Gaspersz, 1991).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Formulasi model dapat dikatakan
tidak mantap jika nilai dugaan dan parameter memiliki ragam yang besar maka
harus dimodifikasi, sehingga teori dapat menjawab masalah dengan lebih tepat
dan benar. Peramaian KK dari data aktual laboratorium sebaiknya divalidasi
dengan nilai aktual produksi tanaman, sebab data peubah bebas dan peubah tidak
betas bersifat kondisional. Oleh karena itu, pada waktu mengkonstruksJnya harus
dilakukan dengan cermat (Hasibuan,
1988).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Informasi yang harus diketahui
sehubungan dengan KK, maka dipastikan dahulu bahwa % kejenuhan Ca terhadap KTK
< 25% (Haby ef <i>al., </i>1990). Jika pH tanah SMA < 4,00 dengan %
kejenuhan Ca < 25% dipastikan tanaman padi perlu kapur. Meskipun % kejenuhan
Ca ditingkatkan > 25% dapat memperbaiki pertumbuhan tanaman, tetapi KK
disesuaikan dengan batas pH terendah dimana tanaman padi dapat tumbuh. Sesuai
dengan McLean <i>et al. </i>(1983), bahwa pH tanah berkorelasi lebih baik
terhadap hasil dari pada % kejenuhan basa. Jadi, jika padi akan ditanam pada
tanah SMA maka % kejenuhan Ca diatas 25% dan pH tanah terendah 4,50. Telah
dilaporkan oieh LJebhardt (1981) dan Sholeh <i>et al. </i>(2001), bahwa
kation-kation basa tidak signifikan terhadap peningkatan hasil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemupukan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman padi yang dikembangkan di
daerah pasang surut yang didominasi oleh tanah sulfat masam setelah pint
teroksidasi (pH tanah < 3,0) setelah musim tanam kedua tidak mau tumbuh.
Kemudian lahan dibiarkan terlantar dan ditumbuhi tanaman semak dan
menjadikannya sebagai lahan bongkor. Lahan bongkor tersebut bertipotogi lahan
SMA atau gambut tidak produktif. Meskipun demikian, produktivitas lahan bongkor
tersebut sangat rendah, tetapi dapat diperbaiki dengan pemberian pupuk hara
makro primer (N, P, dan K), hara sekundair (Ca) dan hara mikro (Cu dan Zn).
Jumlah pupuk yang dibenkan dapat ditentukan melalui analisis tanah secara
preskriptif. Tanaman padi varietas IR-42 yang ditanam pada tanah SMA di Karang
Agung Uiu (Sumsel) dengan perlakuan 1,50 ton kapur dan 140 kg P/ha (700 kg
TSP/ha) untuk mencapai 100% kebutuhan P ekstemal (P larutan 0,02 ppm P)
menghasilkan gabah kering giling (GKG) tertinggi sebanyak 8,67 t/ha (label
8.7). Periu diingat bahwa tanaman tidak respons terhadap pupuk P jika pH tanah
< 3,00. Oteh karena itu, pH tanah harus diketahui dahulu sebelum pupuk P
dibenkan. Jadi, jika pH tanah berkisar antara 4,25-4,50, maka kapur tidak harus
dibenkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman kedelai dapat ditanam pada
tanah SMA di Basarang (Kalteng) pada akhir musim hujan dengan perlakuan 8 ton
kapur/ha dan 100 kg P/ha (500 kg TSP/ha) menghasilkan biji tertinggi sebanyak
2,12 t/ha Kebutuhan kapur yang tinggi (8 ton kapur/ha) masih bersifat
mencari-cari, karena metode penetapannya bukan metode untuk tanah dart daerah
rawa, sehingga tidak dapat disamakan dengan tanah mineral masam berasal dan
daerah rawa pasang surut Kebutuhan pupuk P dapat ditentukan melalui pendekatan
kurva erapan P jika batas kritis P larutan untuk suatu jenis tanaman telah
diketahui (Fox dan Kamprath, 1970). Meskipun sampai saat ini hanya batas kritis
P larutan untuk padi saja yang baru diketahui pada tanah mineral masam adalah
0,015 ppm P (AJ-Jabri ef <i>al., </i>1997), tetapi untuk tanah SMA tidak jauh
berbeda. Batas kritis P larutan untuk tanaman pangan lainnya (jagung dan
kedele) yang ditanam pada lahan rawa yang didominasi tanah mineral dan gambut
belum didokumentasikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lahan gambut dangkal tebal 50-100
cm (G-1), gambut sedang tebal 100-200 cm (G-2), dan gambut dalam tebal 200-300
cm (G-3) yang berupa lahan bongkor sangat beralasan untuk direhabilitasi, dan
ditanami berbagai jenis komoditas tanaman sesuai dengan kesesuaian lahannya.
Meskipun setiap tipologi lahan gambut tersebut berbeda, tetapi pada umumnya
lahan gambut dihadapkan pada kendala-kendala sifat fisik, kimia, dan biologi
(Widjaja-Adhi, 1988). Kendala sifat fistk tanah gambut antara lain <i>subsidence
</i>jika didrainase, mengering tidak balik dan mudah tererosi, permeabilitas
horizontal tinggi. Kendala sifat kimia tanah gambut antara lain pH dan
kejenuhan basa sangat rendah, rasio C/N tinggi, status hara P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu,
Zn rendah. Kendala sifat biologi tanah gambut dicirikan oleh keterbatasan
aktivitas mikrobioiogi karena kemasaman tanahnya sangat tinggi. Produktivitas
lahan gambut dapat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><b style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengingat cukup luasnya lahan rawa
di Indonesia, yaitu lebih dari 33 juta ha, maka keberadaan dan perkembangan
lahan yang memiliki sifat tidak stabtl ini perlu terus dipantau. Pengalaman
terdahulu mengajarkan bahwa kesalahan langkah dalam mereklamasi lahan rawa
mengakibatkan kerusakan lahan itu sendiri beserta lingkungannya, seperti
terlihat pada Proyek Lahan Gambut (PLG) satu juta ha di Kalimantan Tengah. Sekali
lahan rawa mengalami kerusakan atau degradasi berat, maka proses pemulihannya
kembaii memerlukan waktu yang sangat panjang, dapat mencapai waktu ratusan
tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Selain itu, kegiatan penelitian
reklamasi, pengelolaan dan rehabilitasi lahan rawa perlu terus direncanakan dan
dilaksanakan dengan lebih baik, agar dapat ditemukan metoda yang lebih efektif
dan efisien. Teknologi dan informasi yang diperoleh perlu didiseminasikan
kepada para pengguna lahan rawa khususnya dan masyarakat luas pada umumnya.
Jaringan komunikasi antar peneliti dan peminat lahan rawa perlu dibangun, tidak
hanya di dalam negeri, tetapi juga seyogyanya meiuas ke tataran intemasional,
karena permasalahan lahan rawa merupakan permasalahan semua negara yang
memiliki lahan rawa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><b style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Jabri, M. 2002a. Penetapan kebutuhan kapur dan
pupuk fosfat untuk tanaman padi <i>(Oryza sativa L) </i>pada tanah sulfat masam
aktual Belawang-Kalimantan Selatan. Disertasi. Program Pascasarjana. UNPAD. Bandung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Jabri, M., Sulaini, dan Suwalan. 2000a. Pemupukan
kapur, fosfat, dan kalium pada tanaman jagung dan padi di tanah sulfat masam
lahan pasang surut Jambi. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Pertanian di Lahan Rawa. Cipayung, 25-27 Juli. ISDP.
Puslitbangtan. Badan Litbang. Pertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Jabri, M., Maryono, M.E. Suryadi, K. Kusumah, S.
Dwiningsih, dan DA Suriadikarta. 2000b. Pengaruh keberadaan mineral Hat smektit
terhadap pengukuran kebutuhan kapur untuk tanah sulfat masam aktual. Prosiding
Seminar Nasional Reorientasi Pendayagunaan Sumberdaya Tanah, Iklim, dan Pupuk.
Cipayung-Bogor, 31 Oktober-2 November.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">AI-Jabri, M., Sholeh, L.R. Wdowati, A.
Hamid, J.S. Adiningslh, dan I P.G. Widjaja-Adhi. 1997. Penelitian uji fosfat
tanah dan analisis tanaman sebagai dasar rekomendasi pemupukan sawah bukaan
baru. Pros. No. 13/Pen. Tanah. Puslittanak, Badan Litbang Pertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">AI-Jabri, M. dan H. Suwardjo. 1986.
Penelitian pengaruh cara pengelolaan tanah gambut terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman
padi. Pros. No. 6/Pen. Tanah. Hal: 341-355. Cipayung, Bogor, 18-20 Maret 1986.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Aribawa, I B., A. Supardi, M.
AI-Jabri, dan I P.G. Widjaja-Adhi. 1997. Rehabilitasi lahan tidur pasang surut
jenis suifat masam di Basarang, Kuala Kapuas, Kalteng. Presiding Pertemuan
Pembahasan dan Komunikasi Hasil Penelitian Tanah dan Agroklimat Bidang Kimia
dan Biologi Tanah. Cisarua, Bogor, 4-6 Maret 1997.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Auxtero, E.A. and J. Shamsuddin. 1991.
Growth of oil palm <i>(Elaeis guinensis) </i>seedlings on acid sulfate soils as
affected water regime and Al. Rant and Soil. 137:243-257.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bouman, S.A.M. and P.M. Driessen.
1985. Physical properties of peat soils affecting rice-based cropping systems,
p 71-83 <i>In </i>IRRI. Soil Physics and Rice. International Rice Research
Institute. Los Banos. Laguna. Philippines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Chairuddin, Iriansyah, O. Klepper, and
H.D. Rijksen. 1990. Environmental and socio-economic aspects of fish and
fisheries in an area of acid sulphate soils, Pulau Petak, Indonesia, p 374-392.
<i>In </i>AARD/LAWOO Paper Workshop on Acid Sulphate Soils in the Humid
Tropics. Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Charoenchamratcheep, C., B. Tantisira,
P. Chttnuson, and V. Sinaiem. 1982. Effect of liming and fertilizer application
on acid sulphate soils for improvement of rice production in Thailand, p
157-171. <i>In </i>Dost and Van Breemen <i>(Eds.). </i>Proceedings of the
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<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">De Geus and Jan G. 1973. Fertiizer
guide for the tropics and subtropics. Centre d'Etude de I'Azote, Zurich. Second
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<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Derrt, D. 1986. Acid Sulphate Soils: A
baseline for research and development. ILRI Publ. 39. International Land
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<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Driessen, P.M. and R. Dudal. 1989.
Lecture Notes on the Geography, Formation, Properties and Use of the Major
Soils of the World. Agricultural University Wageningen and Kathoiieke
Universrtert Leuven. Wageningen. Leuven. Belgium.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fox, R.L, and E.J. Kamprath. 1970.
Phosphate sorption isotherms for evaluating the phosphate requirements of
soils. Sort Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 34: 902-907.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Gaspersz , V. 1991. Metode perancangan
percobaan. Penerbit. CV. ARMICO. Bandung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Haby, V.A., M.P. Russelle, and E,O.
Skogley. 1990, Testing soils for potassium, calcium, and magnesium, pp. 181-
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<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hanhart, K., and Ouong van Ni. 1993.
Water management on rice fields at Hoa An, Mekong Delta, Vietnam. <i>In </i>Dent
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<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hartatik, W., I G.M. Subiksa, dan D.A.
Suriadikarta. 2000. Ameliorasi lahan gambut di Ai Sugihan Kin, Sumatera
Selatan. Presiding Seminar Nasional Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian di
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<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hasibuan, K.M. 1988. Pemodelan
matematik di dalam biologi populasi. PAU-IP8 bekerjasama dengan Lembaga
Sumberdaya Informasi IP6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Joret, G., H. Matterre, and M.
Cabazan. 1990. L'appreciation des besoins en chaux des sots de limon d'apres
leur etat de saturation en bases exchangeables, p: 105-126. <i>In </i>Westerman,
R. L (Ed.). Soil testing and plant analysis. Soil Science Society of America.,
Inc. Madison, Wisconsin. USA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jumakir, S. Suwalan, K Bambang, dan T.
Afihamsyah. 2000. Kajian beberapa varietas unggu! padi di lahan pasang suruL
Presiding Seminar Nasional Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian di Lahan Rawa.
Cipayung, 25-27 Juii. ISDP. Puslitbangtan. Badan Litbang. Pertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Keerty, D.R., and R.B. Corey. 1963.
Factor affecting the lime requirement of Wisconsin sois. SoB Sci. See. Am.
Proc. 27:277-280.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Konsten, C.J.M., S. Suping, I B.
Aribawa, and I P.G. WkijajaAdhi. 1990. Chemical processes in acid sulphate
soils in Pulau Petak, South and Central Kalimantan, Indonesia p 109-135. <i>In </i>AARD/LAWOO
Paper Workshop on Actd Sulphate Soils in the Humid Tropics. Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">KselHc, RAL 1990. Water Management on
Acid Sulphate Soils at Pulau Petak, Kalimantan. <i>In </i>AARD/LAWOO Paper
Workshop on Acid Sulphate Soils in the Humid Tropics. Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kselik, RAL., K.W. Smikte, H.P.
Ritzema, K. Subagyono, S. Saragih, M. Damanik, and H. Suwardjo. 1993.
Integrated research on water management soil fertility and cropping systems on
acid sulphate soils in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. <i>In </i>Dent and Van
Mensvoort (Eds.). Selected Papers of the Ho Chi Minh City Symposium on Acid
Sulphate Soils. ILRI Publ. 53. International Institute for Land Reclamation and
Improvement. Wageningen. The Netherlands. 425 pp.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Liebhardt W.C. 1981. The basic cation
saturation ratio concept of lime and potassium recommendations on Delaware's
Coastal Plain Soils . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45: 544-549.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lindsay, W.L 1979. Chemical equilibria
in soils. John Witey & Sons, New York. Chichester. Brisbane. Toronto. 449p.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mansur, D., D.A. Suriadikarta, I G.M.
Subiksa, dan I P.G. Widjaja-Adhi. 1995. Pengaruh tata air dan pencampuran
gambut terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil padi di lahan bergambut. hal. 113-120
Da/am Sunihardi, A. Musaddad, Trip Alihamsyah dan Inu G. ismail (Eds.)
Teknologi Produksi dan Pengembangan Sistem Usahatani di Lahan Rawa. Kumpulan
Hastl Penelitian. Proyek Penelitian Pengembangan Pertanian Rawa Terpadu-ISDP.
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">McLean, E.G., R.C. Hartwig, D.J.
Eckert, and G.B. TripteiL 1983. Basic cation saturation ratios as a basis for
fertilizing and frriing agronomic crops. II, Field studies. Agron. J.
75:635-639.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Moctar Toure. 1982. Improvement of
acid sulphate softs: Effects of ftne, wood ash, green manure and preflooding.
p. 223-236. <i>In </i>Dost and Van Breemen <i>(Eds.). </i>Proceedings of the
Bangkok Symposium on Acid Sulphate Soils. ILRI Publ. 31. Wageningen. The
Netherlands.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ritzema, H.P.. RAL Kseft, and K.
Subagyono. 1993. Water Management Strategies to Ameforate and Use Acid Sulphate
Soils in the Humid Tropics. ILRI. Wageningen. The Netherlands.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #212121; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sabftiam, S., T.B. Prasetyo, and S.
Dohong. 1995. Phenolic acids in Indonesian peat P. 289-292 <i>In </i>Rietey and
Page (Eds.). Biodiversity and Sustainability of Tropical Peatland Proceedings
of the International Symposium on<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Biodiversity, Environmental Importance and
Sustainability o Tropical Peats and Peatland. Palangkaraya, 4-8 September 1995.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Segeren, W.A. and H. Smith. 1980. Drainage of Newly
Reclaimed Marine Clayey Sediments, Peat Soils, and Acis Sulphate Soils. In
Drainage Principles and Applications. Vol. IV. Design and Management of Drainage
Systems. ILRI Publ. 16. Wageningen. The Nettiertands.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sevenhuysen, RJ. 1990. The water management puzzle:
A Summary of the Research, p 338-346 <i>In </i>AARD/LAWOO Paper Workshop on
Acid Sulphate Soils in the Humid Tropics. Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Shamshuddin, J., S.R. Syed Omar, and A.R. Anuar.
2003. A New Paradigm in Tropical Soil Management. Department of Land
Management, Faculty of Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43000 Serdang,
Selangor, Malaysia. Kongres Nasional VIII. Padang 21-23 Juli 2003.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sholeh, U. Sudiatna, dan Maryam. 2001. Nisbah
kejenuhan kation basa sebagai dasar pemupukan Ca, Mg, dan K untuk padi sawah.
Presiding Seminar Nasional Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Lahan dan Pupuk.
Cisarua-Bogor 30-31 Oktober2001. Puslitbangtanak. Badan Litbang Pertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Smilde, K.W. 1990. Lime and Fertilizer Application
for Crop Yield Improvement, p 224-237. <i>In </i>AARD/LAWOO Paper Workshop on
Acid Sulphate Soils in the Humid Tropics. Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sri Ratmini, N.P., I G.M. Subiksa, dan Komaruddin.
2000. Rehabilitasi lahan sulfat masam Karang Agung Ulu, Sumatera Selatan.
Presiding Seminar Nasional Peneiitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian di Lahan Rawa.
Cipayung, 25-27 Juli. ISDP. Puslitbangtan. Badan Litbang. Pertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Subagyono, K., E. Ananto, I M.O. Adnyana, and I P.G.
Widjaja-Adhi. 1998. Water management strategies for farming system development
in tidal swamp areas of South Sumatra. IARD Journal, Vol. 20 No. 4:83-90.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Subagyono, K., I P.G. Widjaja-Adhi, T. Alihamsyah,
E. Ananto, dan I G.M. Subiksa. 1997. Petunjuk Peiaksanaan Penataan Lahan dan
Air untuk Pengembangan SUP Lahan Pasang Surut Sumatera Selatan. Proyek
Pengembangan SUP Lahan Pasang Surut Sumatera Selatan. Badan Peneiitian dan
Pengembangan Pertanian. Departemen Pertanian. (Tidak dipublikasi).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Subagyono, K., H. Suwardjo, A. Abas Id., dan I P.G.
Widjaja-Adhi. 1994. Pengaruh pencucian, kapur, dan pemupukan K terhadap sifat
kimia tanah, kualitas air, dan hasil padi pada tanah sulfat masam di Unit
Tatas, Kalimantan Tengah. Pemb. Pen. Tanah dan Pupuk, No. 12: 35-47.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Subagyono, K., H. Suwardjo, dan I P.G. Widjaja-Adhi.
1992. Kontribusi Beberapa Teknik Reklamasi terhadap Perbaikan Mutu Lahan Pasang
Surut Bertanah Sulfat Masam. Makalah disampaikan pada Seminar Pengembangan</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4414864719232378661.post-61639910979640670662013-04-22T10:57:00.000+07:002013-04-22T10:57:25.555+07:00PENGELOLAAN UNSUR HARA PADA LAHAN GAMBUT<br />
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<b>PENGELOLAAN UNSUR HARA PADA LAHAN GAMBUT <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>DENGAN TEKNIK AMELIORASI<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>YOKE
BLANDINA L. S. <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b> 110301045<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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ISI</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>KATA PENGANTAR</b>.......................................................................................... i</div>
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<b>PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Latar
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<b> </b><b style="line-height: 400%;">KARAKTERISTIK TANAH GAMBUT</b></div>
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Kesuburan
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<b> </b><b style="line-height: 400%;">AMELIORASI DAN PEMUPUKAN PADA TANAH GAMBUT</b><span style="line-height: 400%;">.............. </span><span style="line-height: 400%;">11</span></div>
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<b> </b><b style="line-height: 400%;">KESIMPULAN</b><span style="line-height: 400%;">................................................................................................... </span><span style="line-height: 400%;">24</span></div>
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<b> </b><b style="line-height: 400%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</b><span style="line-height: 400%;">........................................................................................ </span><span style="line-height: 400%;">25</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Luas lahan gambut di Indonesia
diperkirakan 11 juta ha yang tersebar di Pulau Sumatera, Kalimantan, dan Irian
Jaya (Papua), hampir 1/3 luas lahan rawa di Indonesia. Tanah gambut merupakan
tanah yang tersusun dari bahan organik, baik dengan ketebalan lebih dari 45 cm
ataupun terdapat secara berlapis bersama tanah mineral pada ketebalan 80 cm
serta mempunyai tebal lapisan bahan organik lebih dari 50 cm. Tanah gambut atau
tanah organik dikenal juga sebagai Organosol atau Histosol.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan proses dan lokasi
pembentukannya, tanah gambut dipilah menjadi: (a) gambut pantai atau pasang
surut, yaitu gambut yang dominan dipengaruhi oleh pasang surut air laut; (b)
gambut pedalaman, yaitu gambut yang tidak dipengaruhi oleh pasang surut air
laut; (c) gambut peralihan (transisi), yaitu gambut yang terdapat di antara
gambut pantai dan gambut pedalaman. Widjaja Adhi (1988) menggolongkan tanah
gambut berdasarkan ketebalan bahan organik, tanah yang mempunyai ketebalan
gambut kurang dari 50 cm sebagai tanah bergambut. Selanjutnya tanah gambut
dibedakan berdasar kedalamannya, yaitu: gambut dangkal (50-100 cm), gambut
sedang (100-200 cm), gambut dalam (200-300 cm) dan gambut sangat dalam (>300
cm). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah-tanah lainnya yang tergolong
ke dalam tanah yang banyak mengandung bahan organik dan terletak di dataran
aluvium ialah tanah gley humus yaitu tanah-tanah yang memiliki ketebalan gambut
kurang dari 30 cm dengan kadar karbon antara 15 hingga 30% (Koswara, 1973).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah gambut tebal di Indonesia
umumnya mengandung kurang dari 5% fraksi inorganik dan sisanya fraksi organik
yaitu lebih dari 95%. Fraksi organik terdiri senyawa-senyawa humat sekitar 10
hingga 20%, sebagian besar terdiri atas senyawa-senyawa non humat yang meliputi
senyawa lignin, selulosa, hemiselulosa, lilin, tannin, resin, suberin, sejumlah
kecil protein, dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sedangkan senyawa-senyawa humat
terdiri atas asam humat, himatomelanat dan humin (Stevenson, 1994; Tan, 1993).
Sebagian besar gambut tropika mempunyai kemasaman yang relatif tinggi (pH 3-5)
dan umumnya mengandung kurang dari 5% fraksi inorganik (Driessen, 1978).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Polak (1975) mengemukakan bahwa
gambut yang ada di Sumatera dan Kalimantan umumnya didominasi oleh bahan
kayu-kayuan. Oleh karena itu komposisi bahan organiknya sebagian besar adalah
lignin yang umumnya melebihi 60% dari bahan kering, sedangkan kandungan
komponen lainnya seperti selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan protein umumnya tidak
melebihi 11%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Gambut di Indonesia umumnya
merupakan gambut ombrogen, terutama gambut pedalaman yang terdiri atas gambut
tebal dan miskin akan unsur hara, digolongkan ke dalam tingkat oligotrofik
(Radjagukguk, 1997). Sedangkan pada gambut pantai pada umumnya tergolong ke
dalam gambut eutrofik karena adanya pengaruh air pasang surut. Air pasang surut
mengandung bahan-bahan halus dan bahan terlarut lain yang berasal dari daratan
karena terbawa oleh aliran air sungai pada waktu banjir atau berasal dari
lautan karena naiknya air laut pada saat terjadinya pasang (Andriesse, 1974;
Leiwakabessy, 1978).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan
Penulisan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Untuk
mengetahui pengelolaan hara pada lahan rawa gambut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan
Penulisan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Sebagai
tugas Matakuliah Pengelolaan Tanah dan Air. Dan sebagai bahan informasi bagi
pihak yang membutuhkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">KARAKTERISTIK TANAH GAMBUT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kesuburan
tanah gambut<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1026"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:.05pt;
margin-top:216.5pt;width:57.5pt;height:22.8pt;z-index:1' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 30px; left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 289px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 77px; z-index: 1;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="77" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kesuburan alamiah tanah
gambut sangat beragam, tergantung pada beberapa faktor: (a) ketebalan lapisan
tanah gambut dan tingkat dekomposisi, (b) komposisi tanaman penyusunan gambut,
dan (c) tanah mineral yang berada dibawah lapisan tanah gambut (Andriesse,
1974). Polak (1949) menggolongkan gambut kedalam tiga tingkat kesuburan yang
didasarkan pada kandungan P2O5, CaO, K2O, dan kadar abunya, yaitu : (1) gambut
eutrofik dengan tingkat kesuburan yang tinggi, (2) gambut mesotrofik dengan tingkat
kesuburan yang sedang, dan (3) gambut oligotrofik dengan tingkat kesuburan yang
rendah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tingginya kandungan basa-basa
gambut eutrofik disebabkan pembentukannya dipengaruhi oleh air payau (campuran
air laut dan air sungai). Gambut mesotrofik pembentukannya dipengaruhi oleh air
sungai, sedangkan gambut oligotrofik pembentukannya dipengaruhi oleh air hujan (Leiwakabessy, 1978).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah gambut di Indonesia sebagian
besar bereaksi masam hingga sangat masam dengan pH kurang dari 4,0. Hasil penelitian
Halim (1987) dan Salampak (1999) diperoleh nilai kisaran pH H2O (1:5) yaitu
tanah gambut pedalaman Berengbengkel Kalimantan Tengah sebesar 3,25 hingga
3,75.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sedangkan pH H<sub>2</sub>O tanah
gambut dari Air Sugihan Kiri Sumatera Selatan lebih tinggi yaitu sebesar
4,1-4,3 (Hartatik <i>et al</i>., 2004). Nilai kapasitas tukar kation tanah
gambut berkisar antara 100 hingga 300 me/100 g tanah, hal ini disebabkan oleh
muatan negatif bergantung pH yang sebagian besar dari gugus karboksil dan gugus
hidroksil dari fenol (Driessen dan Soepraptohardjo, 1974).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Andriesse (1974) dan
Driessen (1978), kapasitas tukar kation (KTK) gambut ombrogen di Indonesia
sebagian besar ditentukan oleh fraksi lignin dan senyawa humat. Tanah gambut di
Indonesia, terutama tanah gambut ombrogen mempunyai komposisi vegetasi penyusun
gambut yang didominasi oleh tumbuhan yang berasal dari bahan kayukayuan. Bahan
kayu-kayuan umumnya banyak mengandung senyawa lignin yang dalam proses
degradasinya akan menghasilkan asam-asam fenolat (Stevenson, 1994).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan kation basa-basa (Ca, Mg,
K, dan Na) umumnya terdapat dalam jumlah yang rendah terutama pada gambut
tebal. Semakin tebal gambut, kandungan abu semakin rendah, kandungan Ca dan Mg
menurun dan reaksi tanah menjadi lebih masam (Driessen dan Soepraptohardjo,
1974). Kandungan basa-basa yang rendah disertai dengan nilai KTK yang tinggi,
sehingga ketersediaan basa-basa menjadi rendah. Rendahnya kandungan basa-basa
pada gambut pedalaman berhubungan erat dengan proses pembentukannya yang lebih
banyak dipengaruhi oleh air hujan (Leiwakabessy, 1978). Kejenuhan basa (KB)
tanah gambut pedalaman pada umumnya sangat rendah. Tanah gambut pedalaman
Berengbengkel Kalimantan Tengah mempunyai nilai KB kurang dari 10% (Tim
Institut Pertanian Bogor, 1974), demikian juga nilai KB tanah gambut dataran
rendah Riau (Suhardjo dan Widjaja-Adhi, 1976).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Unsur fosfor (P) pada tanah gambut
sebagian besar dijumpai dalam bentuk P organik, yang selanjutnya akan mengalami
proses mineralisasi menjadi P inorganik oleh jasad mikro. Sebagian besar
senyawa P organik berada dalam bentuk ester ortofosfat, sebagian lagi dalam
bentuk mono dan diester. Ester yang telah diidentifikasi terdiri atas inositol
fosfat, fosfolipid, asam nukleat, nukleotida, dan gula fosfat, ketiga senyawa
pertama bersifat dominan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fraksi P organik diperkirakan
mengandung 2% P sebagai asam nukleat, 1% sebagai fosfolipid, 35% inositol
fosfat, dan sisanya belum teridentifikasi. Di dalam tanah, pelepasan inositol
fosfat sangat lambat dibandingkan ester lainnya, sehingga senyawa ini banyak
terakumulasi, dan kadarnya di dalam tanah menempati lebih dari setengah P
organik atau kira-kira seperempat total P tanah. Senyawa inositol heksafosfat dapat
bereaksi dengan Fe atau Al membentuk garam yang sukar larut, demikian juga
terhadap Ca. Dalam keadaan demikian, garam ini sukar didegradasi oleh mikroba
(Stevenson, 1994). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penelitian pada tanah Histosol yang
tidak diusahakan, dan didrainase yang mengandung bahan mineral yang tinggi,
termasuk besi feri (Fe3+) dan Ca yang tinggi akan menurunkan mobilitas dan
degradasi fosfat. Dari total P fraksi terbesar yaitu fraksi P organik tidak
labil dan yang resisten. Asam fulvat berasosiasi dengan P sebesar 12% dari
total P. Fosfat residu berturut-turut sebesar 13; 29; dan 8% dari total P tanah
pada Histosol yang diusahakan, tidak diusahakan, dan yang digenangi (Ivanoff <i>et
al.</i>, 1998).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses mineralisasi P organik oleh
jasad mikro sangat dipengaruhi oleh nisbah C dan P. Bila nisbah C dan P
mencapai 300 akan terjadi immobilisasi P oleh jasad mikro, P akan digunakan
sebagai energi dan penyusun struktur sel jasad mikro. Sedangkan bila nisbah C
dan P mencapai 200, proses mineralisasi akan berjalan lebih cepat daripada
proses immobilisasi, sehingga P akan dapat lebih tersedia bagi tanaman. Menurut
Tisdale <i>et al</i>. (1985) proses mineralisasi akan lebih konstan bila nisbah
C, N, dan P mencapai nilai sebesar 100:10:1. Dengan demikian proses mineralisasi
yang terjadi pada tanah gambut berlangsung lambat, karena nisbah C dan P sangat
lebar (Miller dan Donahue, 1990).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada tanah gambut kandungan unsur
mikro umumnya terdapat dalam jumlah yang sangat rendah, dan dapat menyebabkan
gejala defisiensi bagi tanaman. Tanah yang berkadar bahan organik tinggi
seperti gambut, sebagian besar hara mikro, terutama Cu dikhelat cukup kuat oleh
bahan organik sehingga tidak tersedia bagi tanaman (Kanapathy, 1972). Grup
karboksilat dan fenolat pada tapak reaktif tanah gambut dapat membentuk senyawa
kompleks dengan unsur mikro, sehingga mengakibatkan unsur mikro menjadi tidak
tersedia bagi tanaman. Selain itu adanya kondisi reduksi yang kuat menyebabkan
unsur mikro direduksi menjadi bentuk logamnya yang tidak bermuatan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Driessen (1978) kandungan
unsur mikro tanah gambut pada lapisan bawah umumnya lebih rendah dibandingkan
lapisan atas. Namun dapat juga kandungan unsur mikro pada lapisan bawah dapat
lebih tinggi apabila terjadi pencampuran dengan bahan tanah mineral yang ada di
lapisan bawah gambut tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sifat kimia tanah gambut<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tingkat kemasaman tanah gambut
berhubungan erat dengan kandungan asam-asam organiknya, yaitu asam humat dan
asam fulvat (Andriesse,
1974; Miller dan Donahue, 1990). Bahan organik yang telah mengalami dekomposisi
mempunyai gugus reaktif seperti karboksil (–COOH) dan fenol (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>OH)
yang mendominasi kompleks pertukaran dan dapat bersifat sebagai asam lemah sehingga
dapat terdisosiasi dan menghasilkan ion H dalam jumlah banyak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Diperkirakan bahwa 85 sampai 95%
muatan pada bahan organik disebabkan karena kedua gugus karboksil dan fenol
tersebut. Dekomposisi bahan organik dalam keadaan anaerob akan menghasilkan beberapa
senyawa dan gas, antara lain adalah metan, hidrogen sulfida, etilen, asam
asetat, asam butirat, asam laktat, dan asam-asam organik lainnya seperti asam-asam
fenolat. Sebagian besar dari asam-asam
ini bersifat racun bagi tanaman (Tsutsuki dan Kondo, 1995).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah-tanah gambut di Indonesia
mempunyai kandungan lignin yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan tanah-tanah gambut
yang berada di daerah yang beriklim sedang (Driessen dan Suhardjo, 1976; Driessen,
1978). Lignin tersebut akan mengalami proses degradasi menjadi senyawa humat,
dan selama proses degradasi tersebut akan dihasilkan asam-asam fenolat
(Kononova, 1968).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Beberapa jenis asam fenolat yang
umum dijumpai dalam tanah adalah asam vanilat, <i>p</i>-kumarat, <i>p</i>-hidroksibenzoat,
salisilat, galat, sinapat, gentisat, dan asam siringat (Tsutsuki, 1984).
Asam-asam fenolat tersebut berpengaruh langsung terhadap proses biokimia dan
fisiologi tanaman, serta penyediaan hara di dalam tanah. Beberapa hasil
penelitian menunjukkan bahwa asam-asam fenolat bersifat fitotoksik bagi tanaman
dan menyebabkan pertumbuhan tanaman terhambat (Stevenson, 1994).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Konsentrasi asam fenolat sebesar
0,6-3,0 mM dapat menghambat pertumbuhan akar padi sampai 50%, sedangkan pada
konsentrasi 0,001 hingga 0,1 mM dapat mengganggu pertumbuhan beberapa tanaman (Tsutsuki,
1984). Pengaruh asam <i>p</i>-hidroksibenzoat yang diberikan terusmenerus
sampai panen dengan konsentrasi >0,1 mM menurunkan bobot kering tanaman
bagian atas dan biji pada saat panen (Tadano <i>et al</i>., 1992). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Wang <i>et al</i>. (1967)
mendapatkan pada konsentrasi asam <i>p</i>-hidroksibenzoat sebesar 7-70 mM dapat
menekan pertumbuhan tanaman jagung, gandum, dan kacang-kacangan. Sedangkan pada
konsentrasi 180 mM tidak berpengaruh terhadap tanaman tebu, tetapi pada
konsentrasi asam <i>p</i>-hidroksibenzoat 360 mM berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan
akar tanaman tebu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hartley dan Whitehead (1984)
mengemukakan bahwa asam-asam fenolat pada konsentrasi 250 μM menurunkan sangat
nyata serapan kalium oleh tanaman barley. Asam salisilat dan ferulat
menyebabkan terhambatnya serapan kalium dan fosfor oleh tanaman gandum serta
asam ferulat pada konsentrasi 500 hingga 1000 μM menurunkan serapan fosfor pada
tanaman kedelai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan-bahan fitotoksik hasil
dekomposisi bahan organik berpengaruh terhadap perubahan permeabilitas sel
tanaman, sehingga asam-asam amino dan bahan lain mengalir keluar dari sel,
nekrosis pada sel akar, menghambat dan menunda perkecambahan. Selain bahan
fitotoksik ini dapat mematikan biji, menghambat pertumbuhan akar, pertumbuhan
tanaman kerdil, mengganggu serapan hara, klorosis layu, dan akhirnya dapat
mematikan tanaman (Patrick,
1971).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">AMELIORASI DAN PEMUPUKAN PADA LAHAN
GAMBUT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rendahnya produktivitas lahan
gambut disebabkan oleh adanya berbagai faktor pembatas, diantaranya kandungan
asam-asam fenolat yang tinggi, kemasaman yang tinggi, kapasitas tukar kation
yang tinggi dengan kejenuhan basa dan ketersediaan P yang rendah. Mengusahakan
lahan gambut dengan cara disawahkan, secara tidak langsung dapat menekan
terjadinya penurunan permukaan tanah (subsident), namun permasalahan yang dihadapi
adalah munculnya asam-asam organik dalam konsentrasi yang tinggi yang meracuni tanaman,
terutama asam-asam fenolat (Salampak, 1999).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam-asam fenolat tersebut
merupakan hasil biodegradasi anaerob dari senyawa lignin dalam bahan asal
kayu-kayuan (Tsutsuki dan Kondo, 1995). Pengaruh buruk dari derivat asam-asam
fenolat dapat dikurangi dengan pemberian kation-kation polivalen seperti Al,
Fe, Cu, Zn (Saragih 1996). Penurunan asam asam fenolat disebabkan oleh adanya serapan
kation-kation polivalen oleh tapak reaktif gugus fungsional asam-asam organik
sehingga membentuk senyawa kompleks yang resisten (Stevenson, 1994). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tapak-tapak reaktif di dalam tanah
gambut berasal dari gugus fungsional asam organik yang mengandung oksigen (C=O,
–OH, dan –COOH), terutama dari gugus –OH asam fenolat. Penelitian Saragih
(1996) menunjukkan bahwa kation Fe<sup>+3</sup> lebih efektif dan stabil
berikatan dengan senyawa-senyawa organik dalam gambut dibandingkan dengan
kation Al+3, Ca+2, Cu+2, dan Fe+2. Penggunaan kation Fe sangat baik bagi pengikatan
P sehingga dapat mengkonservasi dan meningkatkan ketersediaan P (Rachim, 1995).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Upaya peningkatan produktivitas
lahan gambut melalui teknologi pencampuran dengan tanah mineral telah lama
dipraktekkan di lahan gambut. Tanah mineral yang sesuai sebagai bahan amelioran
untuk menekan aktivitas asam-asam fenolat tergantung kandungan asam-asam
fenolat dominan pada gambut. Untuk gambut dari Kalimantan Tengah yang
mengandung asam ferulat lebih tinggi, maka tanah mineral yang lebih sesuai yang
mengandung besi tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sedangkan pada gambut Sumatera
Selatan yang mengandung asam phidroksibenzoat yang lebih tinggi, maka pemberian
tanah mineral perlu dikombinasikan dengan pemberian terusi (sumber Cu). Petani
di Belanda mencampurkan tanah mineral yang ada di bawah gambut dengan gambut
yang ada diatasnya, tanah mineral diaduk merata dengan gambut hingga kedalaman
40 cm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sedangkan petani di Rusia
mencampurkan tanah mineral dengan gambut dengan cara menyebarkan tanah mineral
di atas tanah gambut sebanyak 300- 400 m3/ha atau setebal 3-4 cm, kemudian
dibajak agar tanah mineral tercampur rata dengan tanah gambut. Praktek petani
di Jerman untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tanah gambut dengan tanah mineral
berbeda dengan Belanda dan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rusia. Tanah mineral yang diangkut
dari tempat terdekat, disebar rata di atas permukaan tanah gambut setebal 10
hingga 12 cm atau 1.000 hingga 1.200 m<sup>3</sup>/ha, tetapi tidak dicampur
dengan gambut (Skoropanov, 1968). Pemberian tanah mineral setebal 6 cm atau
setara 600 t/ha pada tanah gambut Hokaido Jepang meningkatkan hasil padi 4,3
t/ha (Miyake, 1982). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Soepardi dan Surowinoto (1986) melaporkan
bahwa pemberian tanah mineral sebanyak 60 t/ha mampu meningkatkan hasil
tanaman, hanya saja upaya tersebut harus dibarengi dengan upaya pemupukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Halim (1987) melakukan pencampuran
tanah gambut Sumatera Selatan dengan tanah mineral berasal dari tanggul sungai
(<i>levee</i>) sebesar 16 ton bahan tanah dan 3 ton dolomit + 1,5 ton kalsit
serta 80 kg besi per hektar meningkatkan hasil kedelai sebesar 17,7 ku/ha.
Rachim <i>et al</i>. (1991) melaporkan takaran tanah mineral berpirit sebanyak
20% dari bobot tanah gambut meningkatkan hasil tanaman jagung dan padi. Bila
takaran campurannya ditingkatkan menjadi 40%, maka cenderung menurunkan hasil,
karena meningkatnya bobot gabah yang hampa. Pencampuran tanah mineral berpirit
perlu diwaspadai karena dapat berdampak negatif terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman,
karena meningkatnya Al-dd, H-dd, dan SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemanfaatan bahan amelioran lumpur
laut dan kapur terhadap peningkatan produksi kedelai pada gambut Kalimantan
Barat menunjukkan bahwa lumpur laut dapat memperbaiki produktivitas gambut
melalui perbaikan sifat-sifat kimia, antara lain meningkatkan pH, ketersediaan
Ca dan Mg, kejenuhan basa, kombinasi kapur 3 t/ha dan lumpur laut 7,5%
meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman kedelai (Sagiman, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ameliorasi dengan tanah mineral
berkadar besi tinggi dapat mengurangi pengaruh buruk dari asam-asam fenolat
(Hartatik, 2003). Salampak (1999) melaporkan pemberian tanah mineral berkadar
besi tinggi sampai takaran 7,5% erapan maksimum besi pada tanah gambut dari Kalimantan
Tengah mampu menurunkan konsentrasi asam-asam fenolat sekitar 30% dan
meningkatkan produksi padi dari 0,73 menjadi 3,24 t/ha. Pemberian tanah mineral
juga dapat memperkuat ikatan-ikatan kation dan anion sehingga konservasi
terhadap unsur hara yang berasal dari pupuk menjadi lebih baik. Selain itu,
ikatan dengan koloid inorganik menyebabkan degradasi bahan gambut menjadi
terhambat (Alexander, 1977)
sehingga gambut sebagai sumber daya alam dapat digunakan dalam jangka waktu
yang lama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kation besi dari amelioran tanah
mineral dapat menciptakan tapak erapan baru pada gambut sehingga ikatan fosfat
menjadi lebih kuat dan tidak mudah lepas. Kation besi berperan sebagai jembatan
pengikat fosfat pada tapak erapan reaktif gambut sehingga hara P dari tapak
reaktif gambut dapat dilepaskan secara lambat dan kebutuhan tanaman dapat
dipenuhi. Hartatik (2003) melaporkan pemberian bahan amelioran tanah mineral takaran
7,5% erapan maksimum Fe pada tanah gambut Air Sugihan Kiri Sumatera Selatan
menurunkan konsentrasi asam siringat, asam kumarat dan asam vanilat
berturut-turut 88, 67, dan 36%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Tadano <i>et al</i>. (1992)
beberapa jenis asam fenolat yang umum dijumpai dalam tanah gambut di antaranya
asam ferulat, asam vanilat, <i>p</i>-kumarat, dan <i>p</i>-hidroksibenzoat pada
konsentrasi tertentu dapat bersifat racun terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman. Asam asam
fenolat tersebut berpengaruh menekan aktivitas fisiologi akar, menghambat pertumbuhan
akar, dan mengganggu serapan hara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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o:title="" croptop="18855f" cropbottom="16422f" cropleft="15068f"
cropright="9982f"/>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penurunan asam-asam fenolat ini
disebabkan oleh adanya interaksi antara kation Fe dari bahan amelioran sebagai
jembatan kation dan asam-asam fenolat melalui proses polimerisasi. Kation Fe
bereaksi dengan ligan organik membentuk ikatan kompleks. Asam-asam organik
berperan sebagai penyumbang pasangan elektron (<i>donor</i>), sedangkan kation
Fe berperan sebagai penerima elektron (<i>aseptor</i>) (Tan, 1993).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penurunan konsentrasi asam-asam
fenolat dalam tanah gambut pada prinsipnya tidak dimaksudkan untuk menghabiskan
konsentrasi asam-asam organik tersebut, karena hampir seluruh reaksi kimia yang
terjadi di dalam tanah tersebut berada pada tapak reaktif dari berbagai gugus
fungsional asam-asam organik yang mengandung oksigen (–C=O, –OH, dan –COOH).
Oleh karena itu untuk menurunkan konsentrasi asam-asam organik yang meracun
dalam tanah gambut harus dirancang, agar tidak sampai menghilangkan fungsinya
sebagai media tumbuh tanaman, serta fungsinya sebagai pusat pertukaran kimia
(koloid). Ameliorasi gambut dari Air Sugihan Kiri Sumatera Selatan dengan tanah
mineral berpirit menunjukkan bahwa pencucian pada amelioran tanah mineral yang berkadar
pirit rendah maupun tinggi, mampu menurunkan kadar pirit terlarut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada tanah mineral yang berkadar
pirit rendah, pencucian yang dilakukan empat kali sebulan menurunkan kadar
sulfat terlarut sebesar 74% yaitu dari 320 ppm menjadi 84 ppm, bila pencucian
dilakukan dua kali sebulan mampu menurunkan kadar sulfat terlarut sebesar 69%
yaitu dari 317 ppm menjadi 98 ppm. Sedangkan pada tanah mineral berpirit tinggi
pencucian dua dan empat kali sebulan mampu menurunkan kadar sulfat terlarut
masing-masing 93 dan 91%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Demikian juga pencucian yang
dilakukan setelah tanah mineral berpirit dicampur dengan tanah gambut juga
cukup efektif menurunkan kadar sulfat terlarut dalam tanah. Ameliorasi gambut
dengan tanah mineral berpirit, disarankan melakukan pencucian untuk menurunkan
kadar sulfat sampai batas tidak menghambat pertumbuhan tanaman, sebaiknya
dilakukan percampuran gambut dengan tanah mineral dahulu sebelum dilakukan
pencucian, untuk menghindari hilangnya basa-basa dalam gambut dan meningkatkan
hasil tanaman Ameliorasi gambut dengan tanah mineral berpirit yang telah
diturunkan kadar sulfatnya melalui pencucian dua kali setelah diinkubasi selama
satu bulan menunjukkan bahwa dapat menurunkan konsentrasi asam-asam fenolat
dari tanah gambut sebesar 44% untuk <i>p</i>-hidroksi benzoat, 75% untuk asam
vanilat, 78% untuk asam <i>p</i>-kumarat, 80% untuk asam sinapat, 96% untuk
asam ferulat, dan 85% untuk asam siringat, serta meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan
hasil tanaman padi (Suastika,
2004).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mario (2002) melaporkan peningkatan
produktivitas tanah gambut pantai (Samuda), gambut transisi (Sampit) dan gambut
pedalaman (Berengbengkel) Kalimantan Tengah, dengan pemberian tanah mineral
yang mengandung besi tinggi (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> = 22,06%) dengan
takaran 5% erapan Fe maksimum yang dikombinasikan dengan terak baja (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
= 42,6%) dalam beberapa kombinasi. Kombinasi perlakuan yang dicobakan yaitu 90%
tanah mineral + 10% terak baja, 80% tanah mineral + 20% terak baja, 70% tanah
mineral + 30% terak baja, 60% tanah mineral + 40% terak baja, 50% tanah mineral
dan 50% terak baja. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengkayaan tanah mineral
dengan pemberian terak baja mampu menurunkan konsentrasi asam-asam fenolat.
Penurunan proporsi bahan tanah mineral sebagai bahan amelioran menurunkan
kemampuan amelioran tersebut dalam menurunkan konsentrasi asam-asam fenolat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Peningkatan proporsi terak baja
dari 10% hingga 50% menyebabkan menurunnya interaksi yang terjadi antara
asam-asam fenolat dengan Fe yang terkandung dalam amelioran. Pemberian amelioran
meningkatkan ketersediaan hara terutama basabasa dalam tanah gambut, meskipun
kecenderungan terjadi penurunan pH tanah, namun demikian peningkatan proporsi
terak baja cenderung meningkatkan pH tanah. Pemberian amelioran berpengaruh
nyata dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan produksi padi. Pada gambut
Berengbengkel peningkatan proporsi terak baja secara linear meningkatkan
produksi padi, sedangkan pada gambut Samuda dan Sampit tidak terjadi perbedaan
yang nyata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Peningkatan produktivitas tanah
gambut transisi dapat dicapai dengan pemberian 70% setara 4,6 t/ha bahan tanah
mineral yang diperkaya dengan 30% setara 1,5 t/ha terak baja, sedangkan untuk
gambut pantai hanya dengan pemberian bahan tanah mineral sebesar 7,9 t/ha.
Untuk gambut pedalaman penggunaan bahan tanah mineral yang diperkaya oleh terak
baja tidak mampu untuk memperbaiki produktivitas tanah gambut yang disawahkan.
Hal ini disebabkan pada gambut pedalaman mempunyai kandungan asam fenolat potensial
yang cukup tinggi, sehingga sulit memprediksi kebutuhan bahan amelioran dalam
menurunkan asam-asam fenolat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengkayaan tanah mineral insitu
oleh bahan berkadar besi tinggi (terak baja) sebagai bahan amelioran pada
gambut dari Air Sugihan Kiri untuk meningkatkan produktivitas lahan gambut yang
disawahkan menunjukkan bahwa pemberian amelioran tanah mineral insitu dengan
takaran 5% erapan maksimum Fe dengan terak baja 15% meningkatkan hasil gabah
kering sebesar 4,6 t/ha (Laporan kerjasama Lembaga Penelitian IPB dan PPTA,
2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Murnita (2001) mempelajari peranan
bahan amelioran besi (Fe) dan zeolit terhadap perilaku K dan hasil padi pada
tanah gambut pantai dan gambut peralihan Jambi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan
bahwa pemberian bahan amelioran Fe sebanyak 2,5% erapan maksimum Fe dan zeolit
0,25-3% dapat mengurangi konsentrasi asam-asam fenolat dalam tanah gambut
pantai saprik dan hemik masing-masing sebesar 9-47% dan 9-52%, serta gambut
peralihan saprik dan hemik sebesar 9-53% dan 10-62%. Pemberian Fe berperan
lebih besar dalam menekan konsentrasi asam-asam fenolat dibandingkan dengan zeolit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Suriadikarta dan Jayusman (2001),
telah mencoba menggunakan pupuk cair shimarock untuk meningkatkan produksi
tanah gambut yang disawahkan. Shimarock adalah pupuk cair yang berasal dari
Jepang yang dibuat dari ekstrak mineral vermikulit yang mengandung 22 jenis
mineral, yaitu : Ca, Mg, K, Na, Se, Si, P, Rb, Ge, Zn, W, Mn, Fe, Cu, Co, Ni,
Mo, Li, V, Ti, Al, dan Ba.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mineral-mineral tersebut sangat
penting dalam proses fotosintesis, dan merupakan komponen enzim yang penting
sebagai katalisator dalam metabolisme tanaman. Shimarock dapat membuat akar
tanaman menjadi cepat tumbuh dan banyak membentuk akar-akar halus tumbuh dan
ini menjadi penting untuk tanaman (Kondo, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan shimarock telah dicoba di
Indonesia pada tanah gambut lahan sawah di daerah Air Sugihan Kiri, Sumatera
Selatan dengan tanaman padi varietas lokal Komojoyo. Penelitian dilaksanakan
pada MH 2001, dengan dosis 1 cc/lt. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan
penggunaan shimarock pada lahan gambut dapat meningkatkan tanaman padi dua kali
lipat lebih (212,5%), yaitu dari 1,6 t/ha menjadi 3,4 t/ha GKG.. Tetapi bila
digunakan pada tanah mineral masam (Ultisols) dengan varietas unggul baru IR-64
dapat meningkatkan hasil 20,3%, yaitu dari 6,4 t/ha menjadi 7,7 t/ha GKG,
sedangkan dengan varietas hibrida Yaponica peningkatannya kecil hanya 7,3%
yaitu dari 6,8 t/ha menjadi 7,3 t/ha GKG. Peningkatan ini kecil karena varietas
Yaponica belum dapat beradaptasi dengan tanah Ultisols di Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hartatik <i>et al. </i>(2004)
melaporkan pengaruh pemberian beberapa jenis fosfat alam atau SP-36 pada tanah
gambut yang diberi bahan amelioran tanah mineral terhadap pencucian P dari
kolom tanah menunjukkan bahwa pemberian fosfat alam Maroko, Ciamis, atau SP-36
pada tanah gambut yang diberi bahan amelioran tanah mineral terjadi akumulasi P
pada lapisan atas. Dari hasil analisis kolom tanah setiap kedalaman 10 cm
menunjukkan bahwa bahan amelioran dan fosfat alam Maroko, Ciamis atau SP-36
menyebabkan P lebih banyak terakumulasi pada kedalaman 5 hingga 20 cm. Nisbah
kadar P kolom tanah antara kedalaman 0 hingga 30 cm dengan 30 hingga 60 cm
masing-masing pada takaran 50, 100, dan 200% P yaitu 1,54; 1,90; dan 2,79 untuk
fosfat alam Maroko dan 1,64; 1,76; dan 4,11 untuk fosfat alam Ciamis serta
1,31; 2,05; dan 2,79 untuk SP 36. Pemberian bahan amelioran dan pemupukan
fosfat alam Maroko dan Ciamis meningkatkan P pada lapisan atas, sehingga P yang
tercuci berkurang dibandingkan SP-36.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sedangkan perlakuan fosfat alam
Christmas, P terakumulasi pada kedalaman 30 hingga 40 cm, dengan nisbah kadar P
kolom tanah antara kedalaman 0 hingga 30 cm dengan 30 hingga 60 cm pada takaran
50, 100, dan 200% P yaitu 1,05; 1,11; dan 1,38. Diduga hal ini berkaitan dengan
rendahnya kelarutan fosfat alam tersebut dalam tanah. Adanya akumulasi P di
lapisan bawah menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada peranan Fe dalam fosfat alam terhadap
pengikatan P. Hal ini disebabkan karena besi terikat kuat dalam mineral apatit yang
sukar larut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kolom tanah tanpa perlakuan bahan
amelioran menunjukkan akumulasi P pada kedalaman 30 hingga 60 cm. Pemberian
bahan amelioran mampu meningkatkan ikatan P dalam tanah gambut, sehingga P
tidak mudah hilang tercuci dalam tanah. Diduga pemberian bahan amelioran akan
membentuk tapak-tapak reaktif baru bagi P yang dihasilkan dari interaksi asam
organik-Fe, sehingga terbentuk senyawa kompleks organik-Fe-P. Besi dari bahan
amelioran berfungsi sebagai jembatan yang menghubungkan asam-asam organik
dengan anion fosfat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adanya kemampuan pengikatan P ini,
kehilangan P dari dalam tanah dapat dikurangi, sehingga efisiensi pemupukan P
dalam tanah gambut dapat ditingkatkan. Hasil ini sesuai dengan percobaan yang
dilakukan oleh Rachim (1995), Salampak (1999), dan Wild (1990) yang
mengemukakan bahwa kation polivalen dapat menjembatani ikatan antara P dan
asam-asam organik. Diantara sumber P, perlakuan fosfat alam Maroko memberikan
kadar P dalam kolom tanah paling tinggi diikuti berturut-turut SP-36, Ciamis,
dan terendah Christmas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hartatik (2003) mempelajari
pengaruh pemberian beberapa jenis fosfat alam atau SP-36 pada tanah gambut yang
diberi bahan amelioran tanah mineral terhadap pertumbuhan dan serapan P tanaman
padi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fosfat alam Ciamis takaran 50% erapan
maksimum P memberikan bobot kering tanaman setara SP-36. Fosfat alam Ciamis meningkatkan
bobot kering tanaman sebesar 82% dibandingkan kontrol. Fosfat alam Maroko dan
Christmas umumnya memberikan bobot kering tanaman yang rendah yang tidak
berbeda nyata dengan kontrol Lebih besarnya persentase serapan P dari SP-36
sejalan dengan bobot kering tanaman dan serapan P yang lebih tinggi
dibandingkan fosfat alam Maroko, Christmas, dan Ciamis. Diantara beberapa jenis
fosfat alam yang dicoba, fosfat alam Ciamis takaran 50% memberikan persentase
serapan P yang paling tinggi yaitu sebesar 8,55 hampir menyamai SP-36 pada
takaran yang sama. Peningkatan takaran fosfat alam dan SP-36 menurunkan
persentase serapan P.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rasjid, Sisworo, dan Sisworo (1997)
melaporkan hasil yang sama bahwa peningkatan takaran fosfat alam atau SP-36
menurunkan persentase serapan P untuk tanaman padi-kedelai dan kacang hijau
yang ditanam berurutan. Lahan gambut selain memerlukan ameliorasi juga
memerlukan pemupukan NPK serta hara mikro Cu dan Zn, karena tanah gambut
mempunyai afinitas yang lemah terhadap kation maupun anion, sehingga pemberian
pupuk harus dilakukan secara bertahap sesuai dengan masa pertumbuhan tanaman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemberian 5 kg terusi (CuSO4) nyata
meningkatkan hasil dan mengurangi kehampaan gabah, sedangkan pada gambut dalam
diperlukan 15 kg terusi/ha. Pemberian hara mikro Zn dan Cu dikombinasikan
dengan pemupukan Urea 100 kg/ha, TSP 100 kg/ha, dan KCl 100 kg/ha, nyata
meningkatkan hasil padi sebesar 0,81 t/ha yaitu dari 3,3 t/ha menjadi 4,1 t/ha
pada gambut dalam Indragiri Hilir, Riau (Yusuf <i>et al</i>., 1995).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penelitian respon tanaman jagung
terhadap pemupukan P telah dilakukan di lahan gambut Sugihan Kiri, Sumatera
Selatan menggunakan beberapa sumber pupuk P yaitu fosfat alam Maroko,
Christmas, dan Christmas dikombinasikan dengan abu batubara, dengan takaran
pupuk P yaitu 0, 25, 50, dan 100 kg P/ha, dan takaran abu batubara 700 kg/ha.
Pupuk dasar yang digunakan Urea 200 kg/ha, KCl 100 kg/ha, dan 2 t/ha kapur.
Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa pemupukan P meningkatkan hasil jagung dan
fosfat alam Maroko nyata lebih baik dibandingkan fosfat alam Christmas,
sedangkan abu batubara tidak menunjukkan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap hasil
jagung (Sholeh, 1999).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemupukan P pada tanah gambut
dengan pupuk P yang mudah larut seringkali tidak memberikan respon yang nyata,
hal ini disebabkan sebagian P yang diberikan akan tercuci, dan tidak terserap
tanaman. Penelitian penggunaan fosfat alam pada gambut Kelampangan, Kalteng
menunjukkan bahwa pemupukan fosfat alam cenderung memberikan hasil yang lebih
baik dari SP-36. Walaupun hasil yang diperoleh belum maksimal, namun terdapat
kecenderungan bahwa fosfat alam Christmas yang mengandung seskuioksida tinggi
memberikan hasil yang lebih baik dari fosfat alam Ciamis dan SP-36. Adanya
seskuioksida (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> dan Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) yang
tinggi, akan meningkatkan ketersediaan hara P, sehingga dapat diserap tanaman.
Penelitian pada gambut dalam yang baru dibuka (dengan pH 4,3 dan P-Bray I 10
ppm) di Kelampangan Kalteng, menunjukkan bahwa penambahan KSP, kaptan fosfatan,
dan P-alam Ciamis memberikan hasil yang lebih baik dari SP-36 (Subiksa <i>et al</i>.,
1998).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengaruh ameliorasi dan pemupukan P
dan K terhadap kedelai pada lahan gambut Kalimantan Barat dilakukan di Siantan
Hilir menggunakan ameliorasi abu gergaji, dolomit, abu gergaji + terak baja dan
dolomit + terak baja dan kombinasi pemupukan P dan K. Hasil penelitian
menunjukkan bahwa pemberian abu gergaji dan dolomit meningkatkan pH tanah,
kation tukar Ca, Mg, dan K serta P tersedia. Amelioran abu gergaji nyata lebih
baik dari ameliorasi lainnya dengan urutan abu gergaji, abu gergaji + terak
baja > dolomit > dolomit + terak baja. Kombinasi pemupukan 40 kg P dan 50
kg K/ha dengan ameliorasi abu gergaji meningkatkan bobot biji kering kedelai
yaitu sebesar 12,38 ku/ha (Hartatik <i>et al</i>., 1995).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam mengaplikasikan teknologi
pengelolaan lahan gambut harus mempertimbangkan dan memperhatikan
karakteristiknya sebelum lahan gambut dibuka untuk lahan pertanian.
Karakteristik itu adalah di antaranya: ketebalan dan kematangan tanah gambut,
kesuburan tanah gambut, dan lapisan tanah yang berada di bawahnya. Selain itu,
ada beberapa sifat fisik yang perlu diperhatikan, yaitu berat jenis (<i>bulk
density</i>), <i>subsidence </i>(penurunan permukaan lapisan tanah gambut), dan
sifat kering tak balik (<i>irreversible drying</i>). Jika pembukaan lahan gambut
untuk pertanian tidak mengindahkan karakteristiknya maka akan mengalami
kegagalan seperti yang terjadi pada beberapa lokasi pemukiman transmigrasi di
Indonesia, yaitu Sumatera dan Kalimantan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Selain itu, yang perlu diperhatikan
dan merupakan kunci utama keberhasilan usaha pertanian di lahan gambut adalah
tata air (<i>water</i> <i>management</i>), yaitu bagaimana pengaturan air di
lahan usaha dan saluran air agar tidak terjadi kering berlebihan (<i>over drain</i>).
Tata air ini sangat erat hubungannya dengan penataan dan pemanfaatan lahan,
yaitu antara tipe luapan dan tipologi lahannya. Pola pemanfaatan dan tata air
pada gambut di lahan lebak akan berbeda dengan gambut yang berada di pasang
surut air tawar, atau di payau. Pengaturan tata air sangat penting untuk : 1)
pemanfaatan air pasang untuk pengairan, 2) mencegah akumulasi garam pada daerah
perakaran, 3) mencuci zat zat toksik bagi tanaman, 4) mengatur tinggi genangan
untuk sawah dan tinggi permukaa air, dan 5) mencegah penurunan permukaan tanah
yang terlalu cepat untuk tanah gambut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tan. 1993. Principles of Soil Chemistry. Marcel
Dekker, Inc. New York. 362pp.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tim Institut Pertanian Bogor, 1974. Laporan survai
produktivitas tanah dan pengembangan pertanian daerah Palangka Raya, Kalimantan
Tengah. Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tisdale, S.L., W.L. Nelson, and J.D. Beaton. 1985.
Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. 4 th ed. The Macmillan Publ. Co. New York.
694p.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tsutsuki, K. 1984. Volatile products and
low-molecular-weight products of the anaerobic decomposition of organik matter.
Inter. Rice Res. inst, Soil Organik Matter. Pp: 329-343<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tsutsuki, K. and F.N. Ponnamperuma. 1987. Behavior
of anaerobic decomposition products in submerged soils. Soil Sci. and Plant
Nutr. 3(1):13-33.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tsutsuki, K. and R. Kondo. 1995. Lignin-derived
phenolic compounds in different types of peat profiles in Hokkaido. Japan. Soil
Sci. and Plant Nutr. 41(3): 515-527.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Wang, T.S.C., T.T. Yang, and T.T. Chang. 1967. Soil
phenolic acids as plant growth inhibitors. Soil Sci. 103:239 –246. Widjaja-Adhi,
I P.G. 1988. Physical and chemical characteristic of peat soil of Indonesia.
IARD J. 10:59-64.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Wild, A. 1990 . The relation of thosphate by soil :
A review . J. soil sci. 1: 221 – 237.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Yusuf, A., E. Rusdi, N. Hasan, dan A. Taher. 1995.
Kajian tata air, kalium, dan hara mikro terhadap padi di lahan gambut dalam. <i>Dalam
</i>Teknologi Produksi dan Pengembangan Sistem Usahatani di Lahan Rawa.
Kumpulan Hasil Penelitian. Proyek Penelitian Pengembangan Pertanian Rawa Terpadu-ISDP.
Badan Litbang Pertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4414864719232378661.post-70352725169894683682013-04-22T10:20:00.001+07:002013-04-22T10:20:55.084+07:00PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN TANAH DAN TATA AIR<br />
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<strong><b>PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN TANAH DAN TATA AIR <o:p></o:p></b></strong></div>
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<b>PADA LAHAN SULFAT MASAM <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Oleh :<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>LIA
AGNES LUMBANGAOL<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b> 110301052<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI
1<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI</b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>MEDAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2013</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 400%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 400%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>KATA PENGANTAR</b>.......................................................................................... i</div>
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<b>DAFTAR ISI</b>......................................................................................................... ii<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Latar
Belakang............................................................................................... 1 </div>
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Tujuan
Penulisan............................................................................................ 2</div>
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<b>TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Pengertian
Lahan Kering............................................................................... 3</div>
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Tanah
Mineral Masam dan Penyebarannya.................................................... 4</div>
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Kesuburan
Tanah........................................................................................... 7</div>
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<b>PERMASALAHAN KESUBURAN TANAH</b>................................................. 10</div>
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<b>PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN TANAH<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Konsep
LEIA, LLEISA, dan HEIA........................................................... 14</div>
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Konsep
Mekanik dan Vegetatif.................................................................. 23</div>
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<b>PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Kesimpulan.................................................................................................. 29</div>
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Saran............................................................................................................ 29</div>
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<strong style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 400%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></strong></div>
<br />
<br />
PENDAHULUAN</strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lahan rawa di Indonesia cukup luas dan tersebar di tiga pulau
besar, yaitu di Sumatera, Kalimantan, dan Irian Jaya (Papua). Menurut
Widjaja-Adhi et al. (1992) luas lahan rawa Indonesia ± 33,4 juta ha, yang
terdiri atas lahan rawa pasang surut sekitar 20 juta ha dan lahan lebak 13,4
juta ha. Pembukaan lahan rawa pasang surut dilakukan berkaitan dengan program
pemukiman transmigrasi yang dimulai sejak Pelita I (orde baru) sekitar tahun
1969 melalui program Proyek Pembukaan Persawahan Pasang Surut (P4S).
Pemanfaatan lahan pasang surut untuk pertanian merupakan pilihan yang strategis
dalam mengimbangi penciutan lahan produktif di pulau Jawa yang dialihfungsikan
untuk pembangunan sektor non pertanian seperti, perumahan, jalan raya, industri
dan pembangunan lainnya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Sudiadikarta et al., (1999) sampai saat ini lahan
rawa yang telah dibuka 2,4 juta ha, 1,5 juta ha di Kalimantan dan 0,9 ha di
Sumatera. Lahan rawa di Irian Jaya (Papua) sampai saat ini masih belum dibuka
untuk pertanian. Pengembangan lahan rawa memerlukan perencanaan pengelolaan dan
pemanfaatan yang baik dan memerlukan penerapan teknologi yang sesuai, terutama
pengelolaan tanah dan air yang tepat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemanfaatan yang bijak, pengembangan yang seimbang dan
pengelolaan yang sesuai dengan karakteristik, sifat dan kelakuannya, diharapkan
dapat mengembalikan lahan rawa menjadi lahan pertanian yang berproduktivitas
tinggi, berkelanjutan dan berwawasan lingkungan (Widjaja-Adhi, 1995a dan
1995b). Sejak proyek P4S tahun tujuh puluhan dan dilanjutkan dengan proyek
penelitian Badan Litbang Pertanian Swamp I, Swamp II, dan kerjasama dengan
Belanda (LAWOO) tahun delapan puluhan, Proyek Penelitian Pengembangan Lahan
Rawa Terpadu (ISDP) dan Proyek Pertanian PLG tahun sembilan puluhan telah
banyak teknologi pengelolaan lahan rawa yang dihasilkan (Suriadikarta dan
A.Abdurachman, 1999). Teknologi itu antara lain adalah teknologi pengelolaan
tanah, tata air mikro, teknologi ameliorasi tanah dan pemupukan, penggunaan
varietas yang adaptif, teknologi mengatasi hama dan penyakit, dan model
usahatani. Namun penerapan teknologi pertanian lahan rawa umumnya tidak dapat
diterapkan secara berkelanjutan disebabkan ada beberapa kendala yaitu : modal
petani yang rendah, infrastruktur yang terbatas, kelembagaan pedesaan yang
minim, dan kurangnya perhatian pemerintah dalam pemeliharaan jaringan tata air
makro secara konsisten.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berbagai kegagalan telah didokumentasikan namun keberhasilan
juga telah dicapai sepanjang pengembangan lahan rawa. Terjadinya lahan bongkor
akibat reklamasi yang kurang tepat merupakan pengalaman kegagalan yang tidak
perlu terulang lagi dalam pengembangan lahan rawa yang masih memungkinkan untuk
pengembangan pertanian. Potensi lahan rawa yang masih besar ini sebaiknya dapat
dimanfaatkan untuk menunjang persiapan pengembangan sistem ketahanan pangan dan
agribisnis yang menjadi program utama sektor pertanian. Sebagaimana disampaikan
oleh Menteri Pertanian (1999). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lahan rawa, baik rawa pasang surut maupun bukan pasang surut
(lebak) dapat dijadikan basis pengembangan sistem ketahanan pangan, untuk
kepentingan jangka pendek, menengah maupun jangka panjang. Sehingga perhatian
berupa investasi, terutama swasta dalam pemanfaatan lahan rawa seyogyanya dapat
lebih ditingkatkan. Berdasarkan macam dan tingkat kendala dalam pengembangan
dan pengelolaan, khususnya untuk pertanian, lahan rawa dibagi menjadi lima
tipologi lahan, yaitu 1) lahan potensial, 2) lahan sulfat masam, 3) lahan
gambut, 4) lahan salin atau pantai, 5) lahan rawa lebak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan Penulisan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Adapun tujuan penulisan paper ini
adalah untuk mengetahui pengelolaan kesuburan tanah dan tata air pada lahan
sulfat masam dan sebagai tugas matakuliah Pengelolaan Tanah dan Air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">PERMASALAHAN
PADA TANAH SULFAT MASAM</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pertama kali tanah sulfat masam dikenal dengan sebutan cat
clay yang diambil dari asal kata katteklei (bahasa Belanda), yang diartikan
sebagai lempung yang berwarna seperti warna pada bulu kucing, yaitu warna
kelabu dengan bercak kuning pucat (jerami). Bercak kuning pucat ini merupakan
senyawa hasil (produk) oksidasi pirit yang sering disebut dengan jarosit.
Istilah tanah sulfat masam sendiri digunakan karena berkaitan dengan adanya
bahan sulfida (pirit) dalam tanah ini yang apabila teroksidasi menghasilkan
asam sulfat sehingga menyebabkan tanah menjadi masam sampai sangat masam (pH
2-3). Tanah sulfat masam merupakan tanah liat rawa dan seringkali memiliki
lapisan gambut tipis < 20 cm; memiliki lapisan pirit yang belum teroksidasi
(bahan sulfidik) atau sudah teroksidasi (horison sulfurik) pada kedalaman 0-50
cm. Tanah sulfat masam terbagi menjadi sulfat masam potensial dan sulfat masam
aktual. Sulfat masam potensial dapat berubah menjadi sulfat masam aktual bila
tanah mengalami drainase yang berlebihan akibat reklamasi. Pirit yang semula
stabil dan tidak berbahaya pada kondisi anaerob atau tergenang, akan
teroksidasi bila kondisi berubah menjadi aerob. Menurunnya permukaan air tanah
akibat pembuatan saluran drainase primer-sekunder-tersier menyebabkan oksigen
masuk ke dalam pori tanah dan akan mengoksidasi pirit membentuk asam sulfat,
ion hidrogen dan Fe3+. Apabila oksidasi pirit berlangsung cepat maka akan
terbentuk mineral jarosit berupa bercak-bercak karatan berwarna kuning jerami
(Dent, 1986; Langenhoff, 1986).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada kondisi tergenang, kemasaman tanah dapat dikurangi namun
disisi lain muncul masalah keracunan besi fero (Fe2+), Al, Mn, Hidrogen
sulfida, CO2, dan asam organik. Masalah fisik yang sering dijumpai adalah
terhambatnya perkembangan akar tanaman pada horison sulfurik karena tanaman
kekurangan air, pematangan tanah terhambat serta saluran drainase tertutup oleh
deposit oksida besi. Pada kondisi seperti ini, pertumbuhan dan aktivitas
mikroorganisme tanah terhambat. Jenis tanaman yang dapat tumbuh dan berkembang
akan sangat terbatas dengan hasil rendah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses Kimia pada Tanah
Sulfat Masam</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses kimia pada tanah sulfat masam dapat dikelompokkan
menjadi dua bagian penting. Pertama, proses kimia yang terjadi dalam keadaan
reduktif, antara lain pembentukan pirit, reduksi besi feri menjadi fero, serta
reduksi senyawa beracun.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="background: white;">Kedua, proses kimia pada kondisi oksidatif, yang
terpenting adalah oksidasi pirit.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses reduksi</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada kondisi aerob, sumber elektron utama bagi aktivitas
mikroorganisme</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">pendekomposisi bahan organik adalah oksigen.
Bila keadaan berubah menjadi anaerob, oksigen di dalam tanah secara perlahan
menghilang. Namun demikian, dekomposisi bahan organik oleh bakteri anaerob
tetap berlangsung dengan memanfaatkan elektron yang dilepaskan dalam proses
reduksi nitrat, oksida mangan, oksida besi, dan sulfat. Dalam proses reduksi
selalu memanfaatkan proton, sehingga pH tanah akan meningkat. Proses kimia
penting yang terjadi adalah :</span> <span style="background: white;">Pembentukan
pirit. Pirit (FeS2) adalah mineral berkristal kubus dari senyawa besi-sulfida
yang terkumpul di dalam endapan marin kaya bahan organik dan diluapi air
mengandung senyawa sulfat (SO4-) dari air laut. Bentuk kristal pirit sangat
halus bervariasi dari <> 2 mikron hingga > 100 mikron (Van Dam dan
Pons, 1972). Kandungan pirit dalam endapan marin mencapai 5%, tetapi umumnya
1-4% (Van Breemen, 1972). Pembentukan pirit memerlukan persyaratan tertentu :</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lingkungan anaerob : Reduksi sulfat hanya dapat terjadi pada
kondisi yang sangat anaerob seperti pada sedimen tergenang dan kaya bahan
organik. Dekomposisi bahan organik oleh bakteri anaerob menghasilkan
senyawa-senyawa yang bersifat masam sehingga menyebabkan lingkungan bertambah
masam (Pons et al., 1982);</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sulfat terlarut : Sumber utama sulfat adalah air laut atau
air payau pasang;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan organik : Oksidasi bahan organik menghasilkan energi
yang sangat diperlukan oleh bakteri pereduksi sulfat. Ion sulfat bertindak
sebagai sumber elektron bagi respirasi bakteri kemudian direduksi menjadi
sulfida. Jumlah sulfida yang terbentuk berkaitan langsung dengan jumlah bahan
organik yang dimetabolisme oleh bakteri;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah besi : Tanah dan sedimen mengandung besi oksida dan
hidroksida dalam jumlah yang banyak, yang akan tereduksi menjadi Fe2+, yang
sangat larut pada pH sekitar normal atau dijerap oleh senyawa organik yang
larut;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">e)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Waktu : Waktu yang diperlukan untuk pembentukan pirit pada
kondisi alami masih belum banyak diketahui. Reaksi antara padatan FeS dan S
berjalan sangat lambat, memerlukan waktu bulanan bahkan tahunan untuk
menghasilkan sejumlah pirit. Namun demikian, pada kondisi yang sesuai, Fe2+
larut dan ion polisulfida dapat membentuk pirit dalam beberapa hari (Howarth,
1979 dalam Dent, 1986). Reaksi keseluruhan pembentukan pirit dari besi oksida
(Fe2O3) sebagai sumber Fe digambarkan sebagai berikut :</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada kondisi tergenang atau anaerob, selain terbentuk ion
mono-karbonat, di dalam tanah atau sedimen juga mengandung karbonat yang
berasal dari koral atau binatang laut. Karbonat akan menetralisir kemasaman
tanah dan mempertahankan pH sekitar netral.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="background: white;">Pirit adalah zat yang hanya ditemukan di
tanah di daerah pasang surut saja. Zat ini dibentuk pada waktu lahan digenangi
oleh air laut yang masuk pada musim kemarau. Pada saat kondisi lahan basah atau
tergenang, pirit tidak berbahaya bagi tanaman. Akan tetapi, bila terkena udara
(teroksidasi), pirit berubah bentuk menjadi zat besi dan zat asam belerang yang
dapat meracuni tanaman. Pirit dapat terkena udara apabila:</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah pirit diangkat ke permukaan tanah (misalnya pada waktu
mengolah tanah, membuat saluran, atau membuat surjan).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Permukaan air tanah turun (misalnya pada musim kemarau).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reduksi Fe3+menjadi Fe2+. Pada sebagian tanah masam,
penggenangan akan mengakibatkan pH meningkat hingga 6-7 setelah beberapa
minggu. Pada kondisi seperti ini, proses terpenting adalah reduksi Fe3+ menjadi
Fe2+ (Ponnamperuma, 1972; Patrick dan Reddy, 1978). Pada tanah sulfat masam
muda, peningkatan pH dari 3,0-3,5 menjadi 5,5-6,0 berkaitan dengan tingkat
pelarutan Fe2+ yang dicapai. Pada tanah sulfat masam yang telah lanjut, pH
meningkat sangat lambat setelah penggenangan bahkan kadang-kadang tidak
mencapai 5,5-6,0. Kemungkinan hal ini disebabkan oleh : (1) lambatnya proses
reduksi dan (2) tidak adanya bahan yang akan direduksi seperti misalnya oksida
besi feri. Pada kondisi pertama, maka setelah penggenangan tidak akan terjadi
perubahan nilai Eh atau pH yang drastis. Pada kasus kedua, nilai Eh akan
menurun tanpa meningkatkan pH. Menurut Dent (1986), tanah sulfat masam yang
sudah tua mengandung besi dalam bentuk kristal goetit dan hematit yang stabil
sehingga sulit tereduksi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebaliknya tanah sulfat masam yang masih muda kaya akan
koloid besi, sehingga diperkirakan mempunyai kadar besi terlarut yang tinggi
setelah penggenangan. Reduksi oksida Fe3+ dengan bahan organik sebagai donor
elektron akan mengkonsumsi 4 proton :</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="background: white;">Konsten et al., (1990) melaporkan bahwa
tanah sulfat masam di Kalimantan ada yang tidak menunjukkan peningkatan pH
setelah penggenangan. Hal ini disebabkan tanah tersebut mempunyai kandungan
oksida Fe3+ yang rendah dibandingkan kapasitas netralisasi oleh tanah.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reduksi sulfat. Proses reduksi sulfat menjadi sulfida dapat
terjadi pada kondisi pH di atas 4 hingga 5, pada pH di bawah itu reaksi terjadi
sangat lambat dan bahkan tidak ada. Reduksi sulfat seringkali terjadi pada
tanah sulfat masam yang masih muda dan sulfat masam lanjut yang lama tergenang.
Reduksi sulfat ini sangat berkaitan dengan adanya hasil dekomposisi bahan
organik yang masih baru. H2S yang terbentuk sangat beracun bagi tanaman, pada
konsentrasi 0,1 mg l-1 H2S sudah dapat meracuni tanaman padi dalam larutan hara
(Mitsui, 1964 dalam van Breemen, 1993). </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses oksidasi</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses utama yang terjadi bila tanah sulfat masam teroksidasi
adalah oksidasi pirit. Reklamasi lahan rawa melalui pembuatan saluran drainase
mengakibatkan perubahan kimia di dalam tanah sulfat masam. Pirit yang semula
tidak berbahaya pada kondisi tergenang, secara perlahan berubah menjadi unsur
beracun dan merupakan sumber kemasaman tanah bila kondisi tanah berubah menjadi
oksidatif. Perbedaan yang besar antara pasang surutnya air laut serta musim
kemarau yang panjang menyebabkan pirit teroksidasi secara alami. Reaksi
oksidasi pirit dengan oksigen pada tanah sulfat masam berlangsung dalam
beberapa tahapan, meliputi reaksi-reaksi kimia dan biologis (Dent, 1986). </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada nilai pH kurang dari 3,5 reaksi oksidasi kimia ini
berjalan sangat lambat dengan waktu paruh 1.000 hari. Kecepatan oksidasi pirit
oleh Fe3+ sangat dipengaruhi oleh pH, karena Fe3+ hanya larut pada nilai pH di
bawah 4 dan Thiobacillus ferrooxidans tidak tumbuh pada pH yang tinggi. Besi
oksida dan pirit di dalam tanah mungkin secara fisik berada pada tempat yang
berdekatan, namun ada tidaknya reaksi di antara mereka sangat dipengaruhi oleh
kelarutan Fe3+.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kecepatan oksidasi pirit cenderung bertambah dengan
menurunnya pH tanah. Pada pH di bawah 4, proses oksidasi terhambat oleh suplai
O2. Kecepatan penurunan pH akibat oksidasi pirit tergantung pada : (1) jumlah
pirit; (2) kecepatan oksidasi; (3) kecepatan perubahan bahan hasil oksidasi;
dan (4) kapasitas netralisasi. Kalsium karbonat dan basa dapat ditukar
merupakan bahan penetralisir kemasaman dimana reaksinya dengan asam sulfat
berjalan cepat(van Breemen, 1993).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Di dalam tanah, berbagai tingkatan oksidasi yang berlangsung
tidak terjadi</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">pada titik yang sama. Pengujian secara
mikro-morfologi menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan/batas yang nyata antara lokasi
beradanya pirit dan bahan hasil oksidasinya seperti jarosit, besi oksida, dan
gipsum. Pirit biasanya terdapat di dalam inti dari ped, sedangkan jarosit, besi
oksida, dan gipsum terdapat pada permukaan ped dan ruang pori. van Breemen
(1976) menduga bahwa oksigen bereaksi dengan Fe2+ terlarut membentuk Fe3+
terlebih dahulu sebelum bertemu dengan pirit.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil oksidasi pirit</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Oksidasi pirit oleh Fe3+ menghasilkan ion (H+) yang kemudian
sebagian digunakan lagi untuk mengoksidasi Fe2+ menjadi Fe3+. Hasil akhir dari
oksidasi pirit adalah hidroksida Fe3+. Pada pH > 4, oksida dan hidroksida
Fe3+ akan mengendap, misalnya dalam bentuk goetit yang lambat laun akan berubah
menjadi hematit (Dent, 1986).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jarosit [KFe<sub>3</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>6</sub>]
merupakan endapan berwarna kuning pucat hasil oksidasi pirit pada kondisi yang
sangat masam, yaitu pada Eh diatas 400 mV dan pH kurang dari 3,7. Pada pH di atas 4, jarosit tidak stabil dan
mudah berubah menjadi goetit dan terhidrolisa menjadi oksida besi. Hasil
pengujian mikroskopi terhadap irisan tipis dan difraksi sinar X menunjukkan
bahwa bercak kuning yang merupakan karakteristik tanah sulfat masam didominasi
oleh jarosit dan goetit. Bercak merah dan coklat pada sulfat masam adalah
goetit yang kadang-kadang berasosiasi dengan jarosit dan hematit (van Breemen,
1976). Sulfat merupakan salah satu hasil oksidasi pirit yang sangat sedikit
dijerap oleh profil tanah. Sebagian besar dari sulfur terlarut hilang bersama
air drainase atau berdifusi ke lapisan di bawahnya yang kemudian akan direduksi
kembali menjadi sulfida. Sebagian kecil tertahan dalam bentuk jarosit atau
gipsum. Gipsum terbentuk pada tanah sulfat masam melalui reaksi netralisasi
kemasaman oleh kalsium karbonat :</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Ion hidrogen (proton) yang dihasilkan dari
oksidasi pirit menyebabkan kondisi tanah yang sangat masam. pH yang sangat
rendah menyebabkan penghancuran kisi-kisi mineral liat sehingga silikat dan
Al3+ terlepas. Di lapangan, nilai pH tanah sulfat masam berkisar antara 3,2
hingga 3,8 (Dent, 1986). Meningkatnya kandungan silika dan Al3+ terlarut
mempengaruhi karakteristik tanah dan air tanah. Aktivitas Al3+ terlarut
berkorelasi secara langsung dengan pH, bila pH meningkat maka aluminium akan
mengendap sebagai hidroksida atau basic sulfate (van Breemen, 1973).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Beberapa unsur mikro seperti Ni dan Co ikut terakumulasi di
dalam sedimen karena mensubstitusi Fe dalam pirit atau unsur Cu, Zn, Pb yang
menggantikan sulfida (Deer et al., 1965 dalam van Breemen, 1993). Unsur-unsur
tersebut akan terlepas kembali saat pirit teroksidasi. Satawathananont (1986
dalam van Breemen, 1993) menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi unsur Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd,
Pb, Ni, dan As terdapat dalam jumlah yang lebih tinggi pada tanah berpirit yang
aerasinya baik (pH 2,9) dibandingkan pada tanah sulfat masam yang sudah
berkembang (pH 3,9-4,5) dan tanah marin yang tidak masam (pH 4,9) di Bangkok.
Lebih lanjut ia mengamati tanah yang diinkubasi pada nilai potensial redoks dan
pH yang terkontrol dalam suasana masam yang oksidatif selama dua minggu, logam
berat yang larut air lebih tinggi pada tanah berpirit dibandingkan tanah
lanjut/tua.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sulfat Masam Potensial</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Data profil sulfat masam potensial (SMP) menunjukkan adanya
lapisan gambut permukaan yang tipis, sekitar 0-12/16 cm. Tekstur seluruh
lapisan tanah menunjukkan halus, yaitu tekstur tanah SMP dari Sumatera
mempunyai kandungan liat antara 40-75%, dengan debu 25-60%. Sementara kandungan
liat SMP dari Kalimantan, bervariasi antara 40-85%, dan debu 20-50%. Dengan
demikian, tekstur tanah lapisan atas termasuk liat berdebu, sedangkan lapisan
bawahnya liat berdebu atau liat.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi tanah di seluruh lapisan bervariasi dari masam ekstrim
(extremely acid) (pH 3,5 atau kurang) sampai sangat masam (very strongly acid)
(pH 4,5-4,8), dan cenderung makin masam di lapisan-Iapisan bawah. Reaksi tanah
lapisan atas rata-rata sangat masam sekali (pH 4,0-4,3), dan di lapisan bawah
masam ekstrim sampai sangat masam sekali (pH 3,5-3,8). Kandungan garam, dengan
data terbatas yang hanya berasal dari SMP Kalimantan, ditunjukkan oleh daya
hantar listrik yang bervariasi dari 7.000-21.000 dS/m, dengan rata-rata
termasuk sangat tinggi sekali (7.253-7.320 dS/m), baik di lapisan atas maupun
lapisan bawah.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan bahan organik, tidak termasuk lapisan gambut tipis
di permukaan tanah bervariasi sedang sampai sangat tinggi, baik pada SMP dari
Sumatera maupun SMP dari Kalimantan. Rata-rata kandungan bahan organik sangat
tinggi sampai sangat tinggi sekali (9,16-20,54%) di lapisan atas, dan sangat
tinggi (6,31-6,61%) di lapisan bawah. Kandungan N tinggi (0,59-0,70%) di
lapisan atas, dan menurun menjadi rendah sampai sedang (0,17-0,28%) di lapisan
bawah. Rasio C/N di seluruh lapisan tanah bervariasi dari tinggi sampai sangat
tinggi, dan cenderung meningkat di lapisan bawah. Rata-rata C/N tergolong
tinggi (16-24) di lapisan atas, dan sangat tinggi (30-31) di lapisan bawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan fosfat potensial (P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>-HCI)
pada SMP dari Sumatera bervariasi dari rendah sampai sangat tinggi di lapisan
atas, dan menurun menjadi rendah sampai sedang di lapisan bawah. Rata-ratanya
tinggi (58 mg/100 g tanah) di lapisan atas, dan rendah (20 mg/100 g tanah) di
lapisan bawah. Sementara kandungan P2O5 di seluruh lapisan pada SMP dari Kalimantan,
bervariasi dari rendah sampai sangat tinggi. Oleh karena itu, rata-rata
kandungan P2O5 potensial di lapisan atas termasuk sangat tinggi (115 mg/100 g
tanah), dan di lapisan bawah sedang (33 mg/100 g tanah). Kandungan K2O
tergolong sedang (32-35 mg/100 g tanah) di lapisan atas, dan sedang sampai
tinggi (29-60 mg/100 g tanah) di lapisan bawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan fosfat tersedia (P2O5 Bray-I) tergolong sedang
sampai tinggi (17,7-32,3 ppm) di lapisan atas, dan sedang (15,2-17,0 ppm) di
lapisan bawah. Jumlah basa, baik di lapisan atas maupun lapisan bawah,
tergolong tinggi (18,0-28,3 cmol(+)/kg tanah).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="background: white;">Basa dapat tukar yang
dominan di seluruh lapisan tanah adalah Mg dan Na masing-masing untuk Mg
termasuk sangat tinggi (10,89- 14,19 cmol(+)/kg tanah, pada SMP dari Sumatera,
dan termasuk tinggi (7,05-8,02 cmol(+)/kg tanah) pada SMP dari Kalimantan.
Kandungan Na tergolong sangat tinggi sampai sangat tinggi sekali, baik di
lapisan atas (2,34-6,01 cmol(+)/kg tanah) maupun di lapisan bawah (4,91-5,61
cmol(+)/kg tanah). Sebaliknya kandungan Ca-dapat tukar rendah sampai sedang,
baik di lapisan atas (5,11-7,84 cmol(+)/kg tanah), maupun lapisan bawah
(4,61-7,95 cmol(+)/kg tanah). Sementara kandungan K-dapat tukar, tergolong
sedang (0,43-0,64 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di seluruh lapisan. Kapasitar tukar kation
tanah, menunjukkan nilai tinggi sampai sangat tinggi (31,5-62,5 cmol(+)/kg
tanah) di lapisan atas, dan tinggi (28,9-32,7 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di lapisan
bawah karena pengaruh kandungan bahan organik yang sangat tinggi.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kejenuhan basa tergolong rendah sampai sedang (35-49%) di
lapisan atas, dan sedang sampai sangat tinggi (55-84%) di lapisan bawah.
Kejenuhan AI di semua lapisan umumnya sangat bervariasi dari sangat rendah
sampai sangat tinggi, dan rata-ratanya rendah (32-35%) di lapisan atas, dan
rendah sampai sedang (30-47%) di lapisan bawah. Kandungan pirit (FeS2) sangat
rendah (0,44-1,12%) di lapisan atas, dan rendah (1,35-2,31%) di lapisan bawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sulfat Masam Aktual</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Data Sulfat Masam Aktual (SMA) yang tersedia, hanya berasal
dari lahan rawa di Kalimantan. Sementara data analisis yang berasal dari
Sumatera, tidak menyebutkan adanya SMA karena data relatif berumur tua,
1974-1978. Tanah mempunyai lapisan gambut permukaan yang tipis, sekitar 0-12
cm. Seluruh lapisan tanah memiliki tekstur halus, dengan kandungan fraksi liat
35-70%, dan debu 25-60%, sehingga tekstur tanah lapisan atas tergolong liat
berdebu, dan di lapisan bawah liat. Lapisan atas berreaksi sangat masam sekali
(pH 3,6), sementara lapisan bawah antara kedalaman 20-120 cm menunjukkan pH
antara 1,8-3,5, dengan pH rata-rata 2,8, sehingga tergolong ber-reaksi masam
ekstrim.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan bahan organik di seluruh lapisan bervariasi tinggi
sampai sangat tinggi, sehingga rata-ratanya tergolong sangat tinggi
(7,51-10,93%). Kandungan N rata-rata tergolong sedang (0,22-0,49%) di seluruh
lapisan, dan cenderung menurun di lapisan-Iapisan bawah. Rasio C/N bervariasi
dari tinggi sampai sangat tinggi, dan bertambah besar di lapisan bawah. Karena
itu rasio C/N rata-rata tergolong tinggi (25) di lapisan atas, dan sangat
tinggi (39) di lapisan bawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan fosfat potensial (P2O5-HCI 25%) di lapisan atas
bervariasi dari rendah sampai sangat tinggi, dan rata-ratanya termasuk tinggi
(45 mg/100 g tanah). Kandungan P2O5 lapisan bawah, sebagian besar sangat rendah
sampai sedang, sehingga rata-ratanya rendah (17 mg/100 g tanah). Sebaliknya
kandungan K2O potensial (HCl 25%), sebagian besar tinggi sampai sangat tinggi
di semua lapisan, sehingga rata-ratanya tergolong sangat tinggi (73-81 mg/100 g
tanah).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah basa-basa di semua lapisan sampai sedalam 180 cm
sangat bervariasi dari rendah sampai sangat tinggi sekali, dan cenderung
menurun di lapisan bawah. Karena itu, rata-rata jumlah basa, baik di lapisan
atas maupun lapisan bawah tergolong tinggi (21,9-29,1 cmol(+)/kg tanah).
Seperti pada tipe- tipe lahan sebelumnya, basa dapatttukar yang dominan di
seluruh lapisan adalah Mg dan Na. Mg terdapat dalam jumlah tinggi sampai sangat
tinggi sekali, dan rata-ratanya sangat tinggi (8,30-9,25 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di
semua tapisan. Demikian juga Na terdapat dalam jumlah tinggi sampai sangat
tinggi sekali di seluruh lapisan, sehingga rata-ratanya termasuk sangat tinggi
sekali (9,70-14,87 cmol(+)/kg tanah). Sebaliknya kandungan Ca-dapat tukar
umumnya bervariasi dari sangat rendah sampai sedang, dan rata-ratanya tergolong
rendah (3,49-4,12 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di lapisan atas dan lapisan bawah.
Sedangkan K-dapat tukar tergolong tinggi (0,89 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di lapisan
atas, dan rendah (0,37 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di lapisan bawah. Kapasitas tukar
kation tanah bervariasi dari tinggi sampai sangat tinggi, dan rata-ratanya
tergolong tinggi (33,5-37,2 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di seluruh lapisan karena
kontribusi dari bahan organik.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1029" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:325.8pt;margin-top:-70.65pt;width:92.5pt;height:53.15pt;z-index:251661312'
stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251661312;"><span style="height: 71px; left: 0px; left: 434px; position: absolute; top: -94px; width: 124px;"></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 400%;">PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN PADA TANAH
SULFAT MASAM</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengelolaan
Bahan Organik</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyiapan lahan secara konvensional oleh petani petani
tradisional dengan sistem <i>tajak-puntal-hambur</i> sebagaimana
dkemukakan di atas merupakan kearifan lokal (<i>indigenous knowledge</i>) dalam
pengelolaan bahan organik yang patut dikembangkan. Proses pengomposan praktis
diserahkan kepada kebesaran alam dengan memanfaatkan mikroorganisme perombak
anaerob. Hasil analisis kompos dari purun (<i>Eleocharis</i> sp.),
bura-bura (<i>Panicum repens</i>), kerisan (<i>Rhynchospora corymbosa</i>)
menunjukkan mengandung rata-rata 31,74 % organik karbon, 1,96 % N, 0,68 % P,
dan 0,64 % K (Balittra, 2001).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Kadar bahan organik tanah di sulfat masam perlu
dipertahankan pada taraf 5 %, terutama pada tipe luapan c untuk mempertahankan
kebasahan tanah dan potensial redoks. Pada lahan sulfat masam yang lapisan
atasnya berupa gambut atau lahan-lahan gambut yang dibawahnya terdapat lapisan
pirit keberadaan lapisan piritnya perlu dipertahankan setebal antara 15-25 cm
(Noor, 2001). Lahan-lahan gambut yang mempunyai lapisan pirit di bawahnya
(seperti jenis tanah <i>Sulfihemist</i>, dan <i>Sulfohemist</i>)
merupakan lahan yang sangat berbahaya dan beresiko serta sukar penulihan
kembali apabila terdegradasi bila dibandingkan jenis lahan sulfat masam
seperti <i>Sulfaquent</i>. Produktivitas dan kesuburan tanah rawa pasang
surut berkaitan erat dengan ketebalan lapisan gambut atau kadar bahan organik
tanah (Notohadiprawiro, 1998b).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Teknologi Ameliorasi dan
Pemupukan pada Lahan Sulfat Masam</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ameliorasi
tanah sulfat masam untuk memperbaiki sifat kimia dan fisik tanah harus
dilakukan terlebih dahulu sebelum pemupukan dilaksanakan. Pemupukan tanpa
perbaikan tanah tidak akan efisien bahkan tidak respon. Produktivitas tanah
sulfat masam biasanya rendah, disebabkan oleh tingginya kemasaman (pH rendah),
kelarutan Fe, Al, dan Mn serta rendahnya ketersediaan unsur hara terutama P dan
K dan kejenuhan basa yang dapat mengganggu pertumbuhan tanaman (Dent, 1986).
Oleh karena itu tanah seperti ini memerlukan bahan pembenah tanah (amelioran)
untuk memperbaiki kesuburan tanahnya sehingga produktivitas lahannya meningkat.
Bahan amelioran yang dapat digunakan adalah kaptan dan <i>Rock Phosphate</i>.
Kaptan digunakan untuk meningkatkan pH tanah sedangkan<i>Rock Phosphate </i>untuk
memenuhi kebutuhan hara P-nya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Beberapa
faktor yang perlu dipertimbangkan dalam menetapkan kebutuhan kapur menurut (Mc
Lean, 1982, <i>dalam </i>Al-Jabri, 2002) adalah 1) derajat pelapukan
dari tipe bahan induk, 2) kandungan liat, 3) kandungan bahan organik, 4) bentuk
kemasaman, 5) pH tanah awal, 6) penggunaan metode kebutuhan kapur, dan 7)
waktu. Penetapan kebutuhan kapur untuk tanah sulfat masam dapat dilakukan
melalui beberapa metode, yaitu : 1) kebutuhan kapur berdasarkan metode
inkubasi, 2) metode titrasi, dan 3) berdasarkan Al-dd. Penetapan kebutuhan
kapur dengan metode inkubasi dilakukan dengan mencampurkan kapur dan tanah
serta air dalam beberapa dosis kapur selama beberapa waktu tertentu, biasanya
dari satu minggu sampai beberapa minggu. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lalu kebutuhan kapur ditentukan pada nilai pH tertentu.
Menurut Mc. Lean (1982 <i>dalam </i>Al-Jabri 2002), kelemahan metode
ini adalah terjadinya akumulasi garam (Ca, Mg, dan K) sehubungan dengan
aktivitas mikroba sehingga takaran kapurnya lebih tinggi. Penetapan kebutuhan
kapur berdasarkan metode titrasi dengan NaOH 0,05 N untuk mencapai pH tertentu
lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan metode inkubasi dan Al-dd KCl 1 N, tetapi
cara ini lambat tidak sesuai untuk analisis rutin (Al-Jabri, 2002). Walaupun
kebutuhan kapur dengan metode titrasi lebih rendah, tetapi sebagian besar dari
kemasaman tanah tidak dinetralisir oleh basa. Hal ini disebabkan reaksi antara
kation-kation asam yang dapat dititrasi berlangsung sangat lambat. Penetapan
kebutuhan kapur berdasarkan Al-dd KCl 1,0 N banyak dipertanyakan, sebab tingkat
keracunan Al bervariasi dengan tanaman dan tanah. Karena tingkat keracunan
untuk suatu jenis tanaman mempunyai variasi lebar dalam tanah yang berbeda maka
Al-dd tidak digunakan sebagai parameter yang menentukan keracunan tetapi
persentase kejenuhannya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil
penelitian di rumah kaca dan lapangan ternyata pemberian dosis kapur
berdasarkan titrasi dan inkubasi dapat diaplikasikan pada tanah sulfat masam
potensial bergambut di Lamunti ex. PLG Kalimantan Tengah (Suriadikarta dan
Sjamsidi, 2001), tanah sulfat masam umumnya ketersediaan hara P dan K rendah
namun bila bahan organiknya tinggi maka P dan K biasanya<br />
tinggi pula. Pada tanah sulfat masam aktual kadar P dan K dalam tanah sangat
rendah sehingga pemupukan P dan K sangat diperlukan. Pemupukan P diberikan 100
kg TSP/ha atau 125 kg SP-36/ha yang setara dengan 200 kg RP/ha (Hartatik, 1999
dan Supardi <i>et al., </i>2000).<i>Rock Phosphate </i>yang baik
mutunya untuk tanah ini adalah <i>Rock Phosphate </i>Maroko Ground
karena mempunyai kandungan Ca yang tinggi yaitu 27,65% dan kadar P2O5 total
28,8% (Suriadikarta dan Sjamsidi, 2001). Hasil penelitian di lahan rawa
menunjukkan pupuk kalium cukup diberikan 100 kg KCl/ha untuk tanaman padi
sawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah
sulfat masam di Pulau Petak sangat respon terhadap pemupukan P baik yang
berasal dari TSP maupun dari <i>Rock Phosphate</i>. Hasil penelitian
Manuelpillei <i>et al</i>. (1986) di kebun percobaan Unitatas BARIF
pemberian 135 kg P2O5/ha, 1.000 kg kaptan/ha, 50 kg K2O/ha, dan 120 kg N/ha
dapat meningkatkan hasil tanaman padi menjadi 2,45 t/ha GKG terjadi delapan
kali lipat peningkatan bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol (tanpa P dan Kaptan).
Pemberian 90 kg P2O5/ha dan kaptan 500 kg/ha menghasilkan 2,21 t/ha GKG, hasil
ini tidak berbeda nyata dengan pemberian 135 kg P2O5/ha dan kaptan 1.000 kg/ha.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemberian <i>Rock
Phosphate </i>pada tanah sulfat masam juga menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan
yang nyata dengan penggunaan TSP, hal ini disebabkan terjadinya proses
penyanggaan<i>Rock </i>Phophate dalam media yang sangat masam,
menghasilkan bentuk P yang meta-stabil seperti Dicalsium phophate yang tersedia
untuk tanaman. Subiksa <i>et al. </i>(1999), menunjukkan pemberian
dolomit 2 t/ha dan SP-36 200-300 kg/ha dapat menghasilkan rata-rata 4,0 t/ha
GKG pada tanah sulfat masam potensial di Kecamatan Telang, Kabupaten Muba,
Sumatera Selatan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam
penelitian pada tanah sulfat masam potensial di Tabung Anen Kalimantan Selatan
pemberian pupuk P + kalium + bahan organik dan kapur masing-masing sebesar 43
kg P/ha, 52 kg K/ha, kapur 1 t/ha dan pupuk kandang 5 t/ha memberikan hasil
3,24 t/ha GKG, pemberian kapur didasarkan kepada metode inkubasi untuk mencapai
pH 5 (Hartatik <i>et al.,</i>1999). Sedangkan pemupukan P berdasarkan
kepada kebutuhan P untuk mencapai 0,02 ppm P dalam larutan tanah. Di Belawang
kebutuhan kapurnya lebih tinggi yaitu sebesar 4 t/ha, respon pemupukan P dan K
tertinggi dicapai pada perlakuan P optimum (100 kg P/ha), K 78 kg/ha, dan 4 t
kapur/ha. Hasil itu dapat dipahami karena tanah sulfat masam aktual di Belawang
piritnya telah mengalami oksidasi sehingga Al-dd tinggi dan P tersedia rendah.
Hasil penelitian pemupukan P dan kapur pada tanah sulfat masam pada beberapa
lokasi penelitian disajikan pada Tabel 4.3. P-alam yang telah dicoba untuk
tanah sulfat masam dan memberikan hasil yang sama baiknya adalah P-alam
Tunisia, Ciamis, Christmas, dan Aljazair.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Di
Lamunti, ex PLG Kalimantan Tengah P-alam setara dengan 150 kg P2O5/ha rata-rata
dapat memberikan hasil 4,5 t/ha GKG, tetapi kalau diberikan 75 kg P2O5/ha hasil
yang diperoleh hanya 3,79 t/ha GKG, sedangkan di Palingkau Kalimantan Tengah
dengan dosis yang sama dapat memberikan masing-masing 3,7 t/ha dan 3,4 t/ha GKG
(Supardi <i>et al., </i>2000).</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemupukan
P-alam hingga 60% erapan maksimum P dalam tanah sulfat masam Sumber Agung dan
Sumber Rejo di Pulau Rimau, Sumatera Selatan dapat meningkatkan kadar P
tersedia, namun belum dapat menurunkan kadar unsur beracun Fe2+, Fe-Al oksida,
dan amorf serta sulfat dalam tanah. Unsur beracun diatas ditemukan dalam jumlah
yang lebih tinggi pada tanah sulfat masam potensial yang baru teroksidasi
dibandingkan tanah sulfat masam aktual (Setyorini, 2001). Oleh karena itu
diperlukan kehati-hatian dalam mereklamasi atau melakukan pencucian/drainase di
tanah sulfat masam potensial, apalagi jika kandungan liat tinggi. Lebih lanjut
ia menyatakan bahwa erapan P maksimum pada tanah sulfat masam aktual mencapai
2,000 µg P/g sedangkan pada sulfat masam potensial sedikit lebih rendah yaitu
sekitar 1,666 µg P/g. Nilai erapan maksimum yang tinggi pada sulfat masam
aktual dari pada sulfat masam potensial diakibatkan perbedaan kadar dan jenis
liat, kadar pirit, pH, Al dan Fe, serta bahan organik. Ditinjau dari distribusi
bentuk P-anorganik pada tanah sulfat masam diatas, terlihat bahwa fraksi Fe-P
dan Al-P mendominasi jumlah P anorganik pada tanah sulfat masam potensial
sedangkan fraksi Al-P dan Ca-P dominan pada sulfat masam aktual. Faktor-faktor
yang mempengaruhi ketersediaan P pada tanah sulfat masam antara lain pH, Alo,
Feo, Ald, Fed, dan pirit. Tingginya kadar Fe dan Al bentuk amorf pada tanah
sulfat masam mempengaruhi distribusi fraksi Panorganik (Setyorini, 2001).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari
hasil penelitian Konsten dan Sarwani (1990), di Pulau Petak Kalimantan Selatan,
diperoleh bahwa oksidasi pirit setelah reklamasi membuat tanah di daerah
tersebut sangat masam, dijenuhi oleh Al dan mempunyai pH antara 3 dan 4. Adanya
garam-garam besi bebas dan Al menyebabkan keracunan tanaman dan defisiensi K
dan Ca sangat sering terjadi. Kemasaman tanah aktual dari tanah sulfat masam di
Pulau Petak diduga dengan titrasi cepat pada pH 5,5, jumlah Al-dd sampai 60
mmol/g. Kemasaman tanah aktual untuk tanah pH kurang dari 4 adalah 20 mmol/100
g yang setara dengan keperluan kapur 15 t/ha. Potensi kemasaman sangat tinggi
dengan kandungan pirit mencapai 8%.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selanjutnya
Konsten dan Sarwani (1990) mengemukakan bahwa untuk mengatasi kemasaman aktual
yang tinggi dapat dilakukan dengan drainase dangkal, pencucian intensif tanah
lapisan atas, yang dikombinasikan dengan pemberian kapur dan pupuk kalium.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengelolaan Tanah dan
Air</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengelolaan
tanah dan air (<i>soil and water management</i>) merupakan kunci utama untuk
keberhasilan pengembangan pertanian di lahan rawa pasang surut, termasuk tanah
sulfat masam. Pengelolaan tanah dan air ini meliputi jaringan tata air makro
maupun mikro, penataan lahan, ameliorasi, dan pemupukan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jaringan Tata Air Makro</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengembangan
lahan rawa meliputi kegiatan reklamasi dan pengelolaan. Kegiatan reklamasi
dimulai dari perencanaan, penelitian dan pelaksanaan di lapangan. Penelitian
yang mendukung perencanaan reklamasi sangat diperlukan terutama penelitian
sumberdaya lahan meliputi tanah, air, iklim, dan hidrologi serta aspek
lingkungan. Dalam pelaksanaannya reklamasi mencakup pekerjaan penebangan hutan
dan pembakaran, konstruksi jalan, dan pembuatan saluran drainase (Widjaja-Adhi,
1995).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem
reklamasi lahan rawa di Indonesia telah dilakukan sejak proyek P4S yang dimulai
awal Pelita I di lahan rawa pasang surut pantai timur Sumatera, Kalimantan
Tengah, dan Kalimantan Selatan serta Kalimantan Barat. Menurut Subagjo dan
Widjaja-Adhi (1998) selama PJP I telah ditetapkan lima sistem jaringan tata air
makro, yaitu: 1) sistem garpu, 2) tangga, 3) sisir tunggal, 4) sisir
berpasangan, dan 5) kombinasi garpu dengan sisir.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selain
kelima sistem tersebut UGM telah mengkombinasikan dengan pembuatan kolam pada
ujung saluran primer atau sekunder (Gambar 1) yang disebut dengan sistem kolam.
Keuntungan dari sistem kolam ini adalah asamasam atau racun dapat diendapkan
dalam kolam tersebut tidak masuk ke dalam lahan pertanian dan memelihara aliran
sewaktu air surut. Sistem kolam ini telah dilaksanakan di Pulau Petak dan
Barabai Kalimantan Selatan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem
jaringan tata air tersebut sebenarnya tidak berlaku umum tetapi tergantung
kepada tipologi lahan dan tipe luapan di daerah itu. Sistem jaringan tata air
selain dibedakan menurut bentuknya dapat pula dibedakan menurut hubungan tata
air, yaitu sistem terbuka dan sistem tertutup. Sistem reklamasi jaringan
tertutup adalah cara pembukaan lahan yang jaringan tata airnya tidak
berhubungan satu sama lain (<i>zonasi</i>). Sistem ini seperti yang dilakukan
oleh petani Suku Banjar di Kalimantan Selatan dan Kalimantan Tengah dan Suku
Bugis di Pulau Sumatera. Pada sistem tertutup ini pembuatan saluran atau handil
sangat hati-hati dengan memperhatikan karakteristik tanah dan tipe luapan air
sungai. Handil itu dibuat tegak lurus sungai ke arah hutan mengikuti garis
kontur sehingga handil itu tidak selalu lurus dan panjangnya tergantung air
pasang masuk (4-10 km). Cara reklamasi seperti ini umumnya berhasil dalam
meningkatkan produktivitas lahan rawa, terutama padi, palawija, dan tanaman buah-buahan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan
hasil penelitian Badan Litbang Pertanian bahwa lahan pasang surut memiliki
prospek yang besar untuk dikembangkan menjadi lahan pertanian terutama dalam
kaitannya dalam mendukung program ketahanan pangan dan agribisnis melalui
peningkatan dan diversifikasi produksi, peningkatan pendapatan dan lapangan
kerja. Namun untuk mendukung kearah pengembangan pertanian yang berhasil dan
berkesinambungan dilahan pasang surut ada dua hal penting yang harus
diperhatikan dalam reklamasi lahan, yaitu pemanfaatan jaringan tata air berikut
salurannya dan tata ruang untuk penataan lahannya (Widjaja-Adhi dan Alihamsyah,
1998).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selanjutnya
dalam pembuatan saluran baik primer, sekunder dan tersier perlu memperhatikan
tata letak, dimensi dan cara pembuatan salurannya disesuaikan dengan fisiografi
dan kondisi lahan sehingga menunjang kelestarian dan produktivitas lahan.
Pembuatan saluran harus mengikuti atau memperhatikan garis kontur dan tipologi
lahannya. Saluran dengan mempertimbangkan garis kontur maka aliran air dapat
mengalir dengan baik, tinggi air di saluran rata.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hal
ini akan sangat berpengaruh dalam proses pencucian bahan-bahan beracun dari
lahan ke saluran dan seterusnya ke sungai berjalan lancar. Dimensi dan
kedalaman saluran perlu dipertimbangkan sehubungan dengan keadaan hidrologi di
daerah tersebut, sebab penurunan muka air yang drastis akan mengakibatkan
teroksidasi lapisan pirit, besi, Al, dan sulfat akan muncul ke permukaan dan
dengan adanya air hujan akan meningkatkan kemasaman (pH) air di saluran.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selain
itu penurunan permukaan air yang drastis juga akan menyebabkan gambut kering
tak balik (<i>irrevisible drying</i>) sehingga akan mempercepat penurunan
permukaan gambut (<i>subsidence</i>) dan atau cepat hilangnya lapisan gambut.
Pembuatan tata ruang sebelum saluran dibuat perlu memperhatikan dan
mempertimbangkan pola penggunaan lahan hipotetik yang dikemukakan oleh
Widjaja-Adhi, (1992). Menurut Harjono, (1995) sedikitnya terbuka lima peluang
fungsi dari jaringan pengairan rawa, yaitu 1) berfungsi sebagai saluran
drainase, 2) sebagai pemasukan air, 3) sebagai alat trasportasi, 4) berfungsi
sebagai konservasi sumberdaya air rawa, dan 5) sebagai pendukung bagi proses
reklamasi.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk
mencapai jaringan tata air ini hendaknya berpegang kepada pola penggunaan lahan
dan pola pemanfaatan sekaligus diharapkan dapat berfungsi sebagai saluran
drainase, pemasok air, mendukung proses reklamasi, dan konservasi sumber air.
Fungsi jaringan tata air sebagai alat transportasi perlu dipertimbangkan pada
tahapan mana ini dapat diberlakukan. Pada tahap saluran primer dan sekunder
mungkin fungsi ini dapat diberlakukan, tetapi untuk tersier sebaiknya tidak
dianjurkan. Pembuatan pintu air pada saluran primer atau sekunder seperti
dilahan ex-PLG sangat tidak efisien karena mengganggu fungsi transportasi
masyarakat sekitar sehingga akhirnya dijebol, pengaturan pintu air sebaiknya
mulai dilakukan di tingkat tersier ke bawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam
rancangan infrastruktur hidrologi, pengelolaan air di lahan pasang surut
dibedakan ke dalam : (1) Pengelolaan air makro, (2) pengelolaan air mikro, dan
(3) pengelolaan air tingkat tersier yaitu mengkaitkan antara pengelolaan air
makro dan pengelolaan air mikro (Widjaja-Adhi dan Alihamsyah, 1998).
Pengelolaan air makro yaitu penguasaan air di tingkat kawasan reklamasi yang
bertujuan mengelola berfungsinya jaringan drainase/irigasi
(navigasi-sekundertersier), kawasan <i>retarder </i>dan sepadan
sungai/laut dan saluran intersepsi bila diperlukan serta kawasan tampung hujan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kawasan <i>retarder </i>dimaksudkan
untuk mengurangi terjadinya banjir di daerah hulu sungai termasuk mengurangi
kedalaman dan lama genangan air dilahan lebak dangkal dan tengahan. Dalam hal
ini, seyogyanya lebak dalam dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai kawasan <i>retarder </i>dengan
jalan diperdalam dan alirannya diarahkan ke sungai di bagian hilirnya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Saluran
itersepsi dimaksudkan untuk menampung aliran permukaan dan sebagai tempat
memproses air yang mengandung bahan beracun agar tidak memasuki areal
pertanian. Saluran ini dibuat di daerah perbatasan lahan kering dan rawa menyerupai
waduk panjang serta diarahkan untuk menyalurkan kelebihan air ke sungai di
bagian hilirnya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kawasan
tampung hujan dimaksudkan sebagai daerah sumber air untuk irigasi. Kawasan
tampung hujan sebaiknya dialokasikan pada lahan gambut di bagian hulu sungai
karena gambut memiliki daya menahan dan melepas air tinggi, yaitu antara
300-800% bobotnya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tata Air Mikro</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem
pengelolaan tata air mikro berfungsi untuk : (1) mencukupi kebutuhan
evapotranspirasi tanaman, (2) mencegah pertumbuhan tanaman liar pada padi
sawah, (3) mencegah terjadinya bahan beracun bagi tanaman melalui
penggelontoran dan pencucian, (4) mengatur tinggi muka air, dan (5) menjaga
kualitas air di petakan lahan dan di saluran. Untuk lebih memperlancar keluar
masuknya air pada petakan lahan yang sekaligus memperlancar pencucian bahan
racun, Widjaja-Adhi (1995) menganjurkan pembuatan saluran cacing pada petakan
lahan dan di sekeliling petakan lahan. Oleh karena itu, sistem pengelolaan tata
air mikro mencakup pengaturan dan pengelolaan tata air di saluran kuarter dan
petakan lahan yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan tanaman dan sekaligus memperlancar
pencucian bahan beracun.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil
penelitian Suriadikarta <i>et al. </i>(1999), saluran kuarter
biasanya dibuat di setiap batas pemilikan lahan, sedangkan di dalam petakan
lahan dibuat saluran cacing dengan interval 3-12 m dan di sekeliling petakan
lahan tergantung pada kondisi lahannya. Semakin tinggi tingkat keracunan,
semakin rapat pula jarak antar saluran cacing tersebut. Hasil penelitian
Subagyono <i>et al. </i>(1999) pencucian bahan beracun dari petakan
lahan dilakukan dengan memasukkan air ke petakan lahan sebelum tanah dibajak,
kemudian air tersebut dikeluarkan setelah pengolahan tanah selesai. Usaha
pencucian ini akan berjalan baik apabila terdapat cukup air segar, baik dari
hujan maupun dari air pasang. Oleh karena itu, air di petakan lahan perlu
diganti setiap dua minggu pada saat pasang besar.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengelolaan
air tingkat tersier ditujukan untuk mengatur saluran tersier agar berfungsi:
(1) memasukkan air irigasi, (2) mengatur tinggi muka air di saluran dan secara
tidak langsung di petakan lahan, dan (3) mengatur kualitas air dengan membuang
bahan beracun yang terbentuk di petakan lahan serta mencegah masuknya air asin
ke petakan lahan. Sistem pengelolaan air di tingkat tersier dan mikro
tergantung kepada tipe luapan air pasang dan keracunan di petakan lahan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penataan
air di lahan petani dapat dilakukan dengan sistem aliran satu arah (<i>one-way
flow system</i>) dan sistem aliran yang sifatnya bolak-balik (<i>twoway</i> <i>flow
system</i>). Hal yang perlu mendapat perhatian khusus dalam sistem tata air
adalah sinkronisasi antara tata air makro dan mikro (Subagyono <i>et al</i>.,
1999). Misalnya, penerapan aliran sistem satu arah untuk pencucian hanya akan
berjalan efektif jika kondisi saluran tersier, sekunder, dan primer semuanya
dalam kondisi baik dan arah aliran tidak bolak-balik.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada
sistem aliran satu arah dirancang saluran irigasi dan saluran drainase secara
terpisah. Pintu klep (<i>flapgate</i>) dipasang berlawanan arah. Pada saluran
irigasi pintu klep membuka ke arah dalam sedang pada saluran drainase pintu
klep membuka ke arah luar, sehingga pencucian lahan dapat berlangsung dengan
efektif. Pencucian lahan dimaksudkan agar unsur yang bersifat racun bagi
tanaman seperti Fe<sup>2+</sup>, sulfat, dan Al<sup>3+</sup> keluar dari
lahan usaha dan pH tanah menjadi lebih baik.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tata
air pada lahan yang bertipe luapan A dan B perlu diatur dalam sistem aliran
satu arah (<i>one way flow system</i>), sedangkan untuk lahan bertipe luapan C
dan D, saluran air perlu ditabat/disekat dengan <i>stoplog </i>untuk
menjaga permukaan air tanah agar sesuai dengan kebutuhan tanaman serta
memungkinkan air hujan tertampung dalam saluran tersebut. Untuk keperluan
pengaturan tata air ini perlu dibangun pintu-pintu yang sesuai sebagai
pengendali air. Pintu air tersebut dapat berupa <i>stoplog </i>maupun
pintu ayun atau pintu engsel (<i>flapgate</i>). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil
penelitian pengelolaan tata air mikro dengan cara tersebut pada lahan sulfat
masam dengan berbagai sistem penataan lahan di Karang Agung Ulu oleh
Djayusman <i>et al</i>. (1995) menunjukkan adanya peningkatan kualitas
lahan dan hasil tanaman dari musim ke musim. Aliran satu arah dikombinasikan
dengan pengolahan tanah memakai traktor tangan dan pemberian dolomit pada lahan
sulfat masam dalam satu unit tata air saluran sekunder (50 ha) oleh Proyek ISDP
(1997), dapat secara cepat meningkatkan kualitas lahan dan memberikan hasil
yang baik bagi tanaman padi dan palawija. Nilai pH air tanah meningkat dari
rata-rata 4,2 pada saat sebelum pengolahan tanah menjadi rata-rata 4,8 pada
saat penanaman dan 5,4 pada pada saat panen (Widjaja-Adhi dan Alihamsyah,
1998). Sedangkan kandungan Fe<sup>++</sup> 160 ppm pada saat tanam dan 72
ppm pada saat panen. Hasil rata-rata ubinan padi varietas Cisadane mencapai
6,26 t/ha GKP sedangkan varietas Cisangarung dapat mencapai 9,44 t/ha GKP.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penataan Lahan</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penataan
lahan perlu dilakukan untuk membuat lahan tersebut sesuai dengan kebutuhan
tanaman yang akan dikembangkan. Dalam melakukan penataan lahan perlu
diperhatikan hubungan antara tipologi lahan, tipe luapan, dan pola
pemanfaatannya seperti pada tipologi sulfat masam potensial dengan tipe luapan
A, maka penataan lahan sebaiknya untuk sawah, karena pirit akan lebih stabil
tidak mengalami oksidasi dan tanaman padi dapat tumbuh dengan baik. Tetapi bila
tipe luapan B, maka pola pemanfaatan lahan dapat dilaksanakan dengan sistem
surjan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem
surjan dapat digunakan untuk tanaman padi, palawija, sayuran atau buah-buahan.
Untuk tanah sulfat masam potensial pengolahan tanah dan pembuatan guludan
sebaiknya dilakukan secara hati-hati dan bertahap. Guludan dibuat secara
bertahap dan tanahnya diambil dari lapisan atas. Hal ini dilakukan untuk
menghindari oksidasi pirit.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem surjan adalah salah satu contoh usaha penataan
lahan untuk melakukan diversifikasi tanaman dilahan rawa. Lebar guludan 3-5 m,
dan tinggi 0,5-0,6 m, sedangkan tabukan dibuat dengan lebar 15 m. Setiap ha
lahan dapat dibuat 6-10 guludan, dan 5-9 tabukan. Tabukan surjan ditanami padi
sawah, sedangkan guludan ditanami dengan palawija, sayuran, dan tanaman industri
(kencur, kopi, dan kelapa). </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari
Tabel diatas ditunjukkan bagaimana pola pemanfaatan lahan dalam kaitannya
tipologi lahan dan tipe luapan. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem
surjan baik dilakukan pada tipe luapan B dan C sedangkan tipe luapan D lebih
baik untuk sistem pertanian lahan kering. Untuk tanah gambut tekstur lapisan
tanah dibawahnya sangat menentukan dalam pola pemanfaatan lahannya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">KESIMPULAN</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lahan sulfat masam adalah lahan yang mempunyai kendala pH
yang masam, mempunyai kandungan pirit, dan kandungan hara yang rendah, namun
sifat fisiknya cukup baik, oleh karena itu lahan tersebut berpotensi untuk
dikembangkan sebagai lahan pertanian.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman yang dapat dikembangkan pada lahan ini adalah tanaman
padi sawah, palawija, sayuran, perkebunan, dan tanaman kehutanan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam pelaksanaan penggunaan lahan untuk pertanian perlu
mempertimbangkan dua hal yang penting, yaitu letak kedalaman pirit dan tipe
luapan air pasang surut.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kedua faktor itu merupakan penentu di dalam menerapkan
teknologi penataan lahan dan tata air, serta pemilihan komoditas yang
dikembangkan. Selanjutnya dalam peningkatan produktivitas lahan perlu didukung
teknologi ameliorasi dan pemupukan sesuai dengan komoditasnya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1027" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:360.5pt;margin-top:-60.85pt;width:92.5pt;height:53.15pt;z-index:251659264'
stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251659264;"><span style="height: 71px; left: 0px; left: 481px; position: absolute; top: -81px; width: 123px;"><img height="71" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="123" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Abdurachman, A., A. Bambang, K.
Sudarman, dan D.A. Suriadikarta. 2000. Perspektif pengembangan lahan rawa untuk
pertanian di Indonesia. Prosiding Temu Pakar dan Lokakarya Nasional Diseminasi
dan Optimasi Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Lahan Rawa, Jakarta, 23-26 November 1999.
Pusat Penelitian Tanah dan Agroklimat. Bogor. Hal. 33-54.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Jabri, M. 2002. Penentapan
Kebutuhan Kapur dan Pupuk Fosfat untuk Tanaman Padi (Oryza sativa L.) pada
Tanah Sulfat Masam Aktual Belawang, Kalimantan Selatan. Disertasi. Program
Pascasarjana. Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arkesteyn GJMW. 1980. Contribution
of microorganisms to the oxidation of pyrite. WAU disertation no. 791.
http://agralin.nl/wda/abstracts/ab791.htm. [10 September 2012].</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arulando, X. dan Kam suan Pheng.
1982. Management of acis sulphate soils in the muda irrigation scheme, Kedal.
Paninsular Malaysia. Dalam: H. Dost dan V.N. Breemen Symp. On acid sulphate
soils. ILRI Publ. 31. Wageningen. The Netherlands. P. 195-213.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Subiksa, I G.M. dan I. Basa. 1990.
Kemajuan Penelitian Sistem Usahatani pada Lahan Sulfat Masam di Karang Agung
Ulu, Sumatera Selatan. Risalah Seminar Penlitian Proyek Swamps II. Bogor, 19-21
September 1990.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Suping, S., D.A. Suriadikarta, dan W. Hartatik.
2000. Prospek P alam sebagai pengganti SP 36 di lahan sulfat masam. Dalam
Prosiding Seminar Nasional Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian di Lahan Rawa.
Cipayung 25-29 Juli 2000.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Suriadikarta, D.A. dan A.
Abdurachman. 1999. Penelitian Teknologi Reklamasi untuk Meningkatkan
Produktivitas tanah Sulfat Masam Potensial. Pro. Temu Pakar dan lokakarya
Nasional Diseminasi Optimasi Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Lahan Rawa, Jakarta 23 –
26 Nopember 1999.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Suriadikarta, D.A., H. Supriadi, H.
Malian, Z. Desmiyati, Suwarno, M. Januwati, dan H.K. Anang. 1999. Kesiapan
Teknologi dan Kendala Pengembangan Usahatani Lahan Rawa. Dalam Prosiding Temu
Pakar dan Lokakarya Nasional Desiminasi dan Optimasi Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya
Lahan Rawa. Jakarta, 23-26 Nopember 1999.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Suriadikarta, D.A. dan G. Sjamsidi.
2001. Teknologi peningkatan produktivitas tanah sulfat masam. Laporan akhir.
Proyek Sumber Daya Lahan Tanah dan Iklim.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sutanto, R., dan Purwadi, T. 2001.
Ameliorasi Tanah Sulfat Masam Potensial Untuk Budidaya Tanaman Pangan yang
Dikelola Dengan Sistem Mekanisasi. Lembaga Penelitian UGM. Yogyakarta.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sutanto. 2001. Tantangan Global
Menghadapi Kerawanan Pangan dan Peranan Pengetahuan Tradisional. Dalam; Francis
Wahono (ed) Pangan, Kearifan Lokal dan Keanekaragaman Hayati. CPRC. Yogyakarta.
Hlm. 67-84.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sutater, T., Satsiyati, A.H.
Permadi, dan D. Haryadi. 1990. Daya hasil tanah di lahan sulfat masam. Risalah
hasil penelitian. Proyek Swamps-II. Bogor 19-21 September 1989. Hal. 275-277.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tim Peneliti Puslittanak. 1997.
Survei Tanah Tinjau Mendalam Daerah Kerja A, Propinsi Kalimantan Tengah. Pusat
Penelitian Tanah dan Agroklimat, Badan Litbang Pertanian, Departemen Pertanian.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Van Breemen, N. 1976. Genesis and
solution chemisty of acid sulfate soils in Thailand. Center of Agricultural
Publishing and Documentation. Wegeningen, 1976. Ph.D. Dessertation.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Widjaja-Adhi, I P.G. 1986. Pengelolaan
lahan rawa pasang surut dan lebak.Jurnal Badan Litbang Pertanian V(1):1-9.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Widjaja-Adhi, I P.G., K. Nugroho,
D.A. Suriadikarta, dan A.S. Karama. 1992. Sumberdaya lahan rawa: Potensi,
keterbatasan dan pemanfaatan. Risalah. PERNAS Pengembangan Pertanian Di lahan
Rawa Pasang Surut Dan Lebak. Cisarua 3-4 Maret 1992 Badan Litbang Pertanian.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Widjaja-Adhi, I P.G. 1995a.
Pengelolaan tanah dan air dalam pengembangan sumberdaya lahan rawa untuk
usahatani berkelanjutan dan berwawasan lingkungan. Makalah disampaikan pada
Pelatihan Calon Pelatih untuk Pengembangan Pertanian di Daerah Pasang Surut,
26-30 Juni 1995, Karang Agung Ulu, Sumatera Selatan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Widjaja-Adhi, I P.G. 1995b. Potensi
peluang dan kendala perluasan areal pertanian lahan rawa di Kalimantan Tengah
dan Irian Jaya. Sopeng, 7-8 Nopember 1995.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Widjaja-Adhi, I P.G. dan T.
Alihamsyah. 1998. Pengembangan Lahan Pasang Surut ; Potensi, Prospek, dan
Kendala Serta Teknologi Pengelolaannya Untuk Pertanian. Prosiding Seminar
Nasional dan Pertemuan Tahunan Komda HITI, 16-17 Desember 1998.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4414864719232378661.post-12376653787119523792013-04-22T10:19:00.003+07:002013-04-22T10:19:36.150+07:00PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN TANAH DAN TATA AIR<br />
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<strong><b>PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN TANAH DAN TATA AIR <o:p></o:p></b></strong></div>
<strong>
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<b>PADA LAHAN SULFAT MASAM <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Oleh :<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>LIA
AGNES LUMBANGAOL<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b> 110301052<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI
1<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI</b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>MEDAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2013</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 400%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 400%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>KATA PENGANTAR</b>.......................................................................................... i</div>
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<b>DAFTAR ISI</b>......................................................................................................... ii<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Latar
Belakang............................................................................................... 1 </div>
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Tujuan
Penulisan............................................................................................ 2</div>
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<b>TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Pengertian
Lahan Kering............................................................................... 3</div>
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Tanah
Mineral Masam dan Penyebarannya.................................................... 4</div>
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Kesuburan
Tanah........................................................................................... 7</div>
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<b>PERMASALAHAN KESUBURAN TANAH</b>................................................. 10</div>
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<b>PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN TANAH<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Konsep
LEIA, LLEISA, dan HEIA........................................................... 14</div>
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Konsep
Mekanik dan Vegetatif.................................................................. 23</div>
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<b>PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Kesimpulan.................................................................................................. 29</div>
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Saran............................................................................................................ 29</div>
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<strong style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 400%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></strong></div>
<br />
<br />
PENDAHULUAN</strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lahan rawa di Indonesia cukup luas dan tersebar di tiga pulau
besar, yaitu di Sumatera, Kalimantan, dan Irian Jaya (Papua). Menurut
Widjaja-Adhi et al. (1992) luas lahan rawa Indonesia ± 33,4 juta ha, yang
terdiri atas lahan rawa pasang surut sekitar 20 juta ha dan lahan lebak 13,4
juta ha. Pembukaan lahan rawa pasang surut dilakukan berkaitan dengan program
pemukiman transmigrasi yang dimulai sejak Pelita I (orde baru) sekitar tahun
1969 melalui program Proyek Pembukaan Persawahan Pasang Surut (P4S).
Pemanfaatan lahan pasang surut untuk pertanian merupakan pilihan yang strategis
dalam mengimbangi penciutan lahan produktif di pulau Jawa yang dialihfungsikan
untuk pembangunan sektor non pertanian seperti, perumahan, jalan raya, industri
dan pembangunan lainnya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Sudiadikarta et al., (1999) sampai saat ini lahan
rawa yang telah dibuka 2,4 juta ha, 1,5 juta ha di Kalimantan dan 0,9 ha di
Sumatera. Lahan rawa di Irian Jaya (Papua) sampai saat ini masih belum dibuka
untuk pertanian. Pengembangan lahan rawa memerlukan perencanaan pengelolaan dan
pemanfaatan yang baik dan memerlukan penerapan teknologi yang sesuai, terutama
pengelolaan tanah dan air yang tepat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemanfaatan yang bijak, pengembangan yang seimbang dan
pengelolaan yang sesuai dengan karakteristik, sifat dan kelakuannya, diharapkan
dapat mengembalikan lahan rawa menjadi lahan pertanian yang berproduktivitas
tinggi, berkelanjutan dan berwawasan lingkungan (Widjaja-Adhi, 1995a dan
1995b). Sejak proyek P4S tahun tujuh puluhan dan dilanjutkan dengan proyek
penelitian Badan Litbang Pertanian Swamp I, Swamp II, dan kerjasama dengan
Belanda (LAWOO) tahun delapan puluhan, Proyek Penelitian Pengembangan Lahan
Rawa Terpadu (ISDP) dan Proyek Pertanian PLG tahun sembilan puluhan telah
banyak teknologi pengelolaan lahan rawa yang dihasilkan (Suriadikarta dan
A.Abdurachman, 1999). Teknologi itu antara lain adalah teknologi pengelolaan
tanah, tata air mikro, teknologi ameliorasi tanah dan pemupukan, penggunaan
varietas yang adaptif, teknologi mengatasi hama dan penyakit, dan model
usahatani. Namun penerapan teknologi pertanian lahan rawa umumnya tidak dapat
diterapkan secara berkelanjutan disebabkan ada beberapa kendala yaitu : modal
petani yang rendah, infrastruktur yang terbatas, kelembagaan pedesaan yang
minim, dan kurangnya perhatian pemerintah dalam pemeliharaan jaringan tata air
makro secara konsisten.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berbagai kegagalan telah didokumentasikan namun keberhasilan
juga telah dicapai sepanjang pengembangan lahan rawa. Terjadinya lahan bongkor
akibat reklamasi yang kurang tepat merupakan pengalaman kegagalan yang tidak
perlu terulang lagi dalam pengembangan lahan rawa yang masih memungkinkan untuk
pengembangan pertanian. Potensi lahan rawa yang masih besar ini sebaiknya dapat
dimanfaatkan untuk menunjang persiapan pengembangan sistem ketahanan pangan dan
agribisnis yang menjadi program utama sektor pertanian. Sebagaimana disampaikan
oleh Menteri Pertanian (1999). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lahan rawa, baik rawa pasang surut maupun bukan pasang surut
(lebak) dapat dijadikan basis pengembangan sistem ketahanan pangan, untuk
kepentingan jangka pendek, menengah maupun jangka panjang. Sehingga perhatian
berupa investasi, terutama swasta dalam pemanfaatan lahan rawa seyogyanya dapat
lebih ditingkatkan. Berdasarkan macam dan tingkat kendala dalam pengembangan
dan pengelolaan, khususnya untuk pertanian, lahan rawa dibagi menjadi lima
tipologi lahan, yaitu 1) lahan potensial, 2) lahan sulfat masam, 3) lahan
gambut, 4) lahan salin atau pantai, 5) lahan rawa lebak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan Penulisan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Adapun tujuan penulisan paper ini
adalah untuk mengetahui pengelolaan kesuburan tanah dan tata air pada lahan
sulfat masam dan sebagai tugas matakuliah Pengelolaan Tanah dan Air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">PERMASALAHAN
PADA TANAH SULFAT MASAM</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pertama kali tanah sulfat masam dikenal dengan sebutan cat
clay yang diambil dari asal kata katteklei (bahasa Belanda), yang diartikan
sebagai lempung yang berwarna seperti warna pada bulu kucing, yaitu warna
kelabu dengan bercak kuning pucat (jerami). Bercak kuning pucat ini merupakan
senyawa hasil (produk) oksidasi pirit yang sering disebut dengan jarosit.
Istilah tanah sulfat masam sendiri digunakan karena berkaitan dengan adanya
bahan sulfida (pirit) dalam tanah ini yang apabila teroksidasi menghasilkan
asam sulfat sehingga menyebabkan tanah menjadi masam sampai sangat masam (pH
2-3). Tanah sulfat masam merupakan tanah liat rawa dan seringkali memiliki
lapisan gambut tipis < 20 cm; memiliki lapisan pirit yang belum teroksidasi
(bahan sulfidik) atau sudah teroksidasi (horison sulfurik) pada kedalaman 0-50
cm. Tanah sulfat masam terbagi menjadi sulfat masam potensial dan sulfat masam
aktual. Sulfat masam potensial dapat berubah menjadi sulfat masam aktual bila
tanah mengalami drainase yang berlebihan akibat reklamasi. Pirit yang semula
stabil dan tidak berbahaya pada kondisi anaerob atau tergenang, akan
teroksidasi bila kondisi berubah menjadi aerob. Menurunnya permukaan air tanah
akibat pembuatan saluran drainase primer-sekunder-tersier menyebabkan oksigen
masuk ke dalam pori tanah dan akan mengoksidasi pirit membentuk asam sulfat,
ion hidrogen dan Fe3+. Apabila oksidasi pirit berlangsung cepat maka akan
terbentuk mineral jarosit berupa bercak-bercak karatan berwarna kuning jerami
(Dent, 1986; Langenhoff, 1986).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada kondisi tergenang, kemasaman tanah dapat dikurangi namun
disisi lain muncul masalah keracunan besi fero (Fe2+), Al, Mn, Hidrogen
sulfida, CO2, dan asam organik. Masalah fisik yang sering dijumpai adalah
terhambatnya perkembangan akar tanaman pada horison sulfurik karena tanaman
kekurangan air, pematangan tanah terhambat serta saluran drainase tertutup oleh
deposit oksida besi. Pada kondisi seperti ini, pertumbuhan dan aktivitas
mikroorganisme tanah terhambat. Jenis tanaman yang dapat tumbuh dan berkembang
akan sangat terbatas dengan hasil rendah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses Kimia pada Tanah
Sulfat Masam</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses kimia pada tanah sulfat masam dapat dikelompokkan
menjadi dua bagian penting. Pertama, proses kimia yang terjadi dalam keadaan
reduktif, antara lain pembentukan pirit, reduksi besi feri menjadi fero, serta
reduksi senyawa beracun.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="background: white;">Kedua, proses kimia pada kondisi oksidatif, yang
terpenting adalah oksidasi pirit.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses reduksi</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada kondisi aerob, sumber elektron utama bagi aktivitas
mikroorganisme</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">pendekomposisi bahan organik adalah oksigen.
Bila keadaan berubah menjadi anaerob, oksigen di dalam tanah secara perlahan
menghilang. Namun demikian, dekomposisi bahan organik oleh bakteri anaerob
tetap berlangsung dengan memanfaatkan elektron yang dilepaskan dalam proses
reduksi nitrat, oksida mangan, oksida besi, dan sulfat. Dalam proses reduksi
selalu memanfaatkan proton, sehingga pH tanah akan meningkat. Proses kimia
penting yang terjadi adalah :</span> <span style="background: white;">Pembentukan
pirit. Pirit (FeS2) adalah mineral berkristal kubus dari senyawa besi-sulfida
yang terkumpul di dalam endapan marin kaya bahan organik dan diluapi air
mengandung senyawa sulfat (SO4-) dari air laut. Bentuk kristal pirit sangat
halus bervariasi dari <> 2 mikron hingga > 100 mikron (Van Dam dan
Pons, 1972). Kandungan pirit dalam endapan marin mencapai 5%, tetapi umumnya
1-4% (Van Breemen, 1972). Pembentukan pirit memerlukan persyaratan tertentu :</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lingkungan anaerob : Reduksi sulfat hanya dapat terjadi pada
kondisi yang sangat anaerob seperti pada sedimen tergenang dan kaya bahan
organik. Dekomposisi bahan organik oleh bakteri anaerob menghasilkan
senyawa-senyawa yang bersifat masam sehingga menyebabkan lingkungan bertambah
masam (Pons et al., 1982);</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sulfat terlarut : Sumber utama sulfat adalah air laut atau
air payau pasang;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan organik : Oksidasi bahan organik menghasilkan energi
yang sangat diperlukan oleh bakteri pereduksi sulfat. Ion sulfat bertindak
sebagai sumber elektron bagi respirasi bakteri kemudian direduksi menjadi
sulfida. Jumlah sulfida yang terbentuk berkaitan langsung dengan jumlah bahan
organik yang dimetabolisme oleh bakteri;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah besi : Tanah dan sedimen mengandung besi oksida dan
hidroksida dalam jumlah yang banyak, yang akan tereduksi menjadi Fe2+, yang
sangat larut pada pH sekitar normal atau dijerap oleh senyawa organik yang
larut;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">e)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Waktu : Waktu yang diperlukan untuk pembentukan pirit pada
kondisi alami masih belum banyak diketahui. Reaksi antara padatan FeS dan S
berjalan sangat lambat, memerlukan waktu bulanan bahkan tahunan untuk
menghasilkan sejumlah pirit. Namun demikian, pada kondisi yang sesuai, Fe2+
larut dan ion polisulfida dapat membentuk pirit dalam beberapa hari (Howarth,
1979 dalam Dent, 1986). Reaksi keseluruhan pembentukan pirit dari besi oksida
(Fe2O3) sebagai sumber Fe digambarkan sebagai berikut :</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada kondisi tergenang atau anaerob, selain terbentuk ion
mono-karbonat, di dalam tanah atau sedimen juga mengandung karbonat yang
berasal dari koral atau binatang laut. Karbonat akan menetralisir kemasaman
tanah dan mempertahankan pH sekitar netral.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="background: white;">Pirit adalah zat yang hanya ditemukan di
tanah di daerah pasang surut saja. Zat ini dibentuk pada waktu lahan digenangi
oleh air laut yang masuk pada musim kemarau. Pada saat kondisi lahan basah atau
tergenang, pirit tidak berbahaya bagi tanaman. Akan tetapi, bila terkena udara
(teroksidasi), pirit berubah bentuk menjadi zat besi dan zat asam belerang yang
dapat meracuni tanaman. Pirit dapat terkena udara apabila:</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah pirit diangkat ke permukaan tanah (misalnya pada waktu
mengolah tanah, membuat saluran, atau membuat surjan).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Permukaan air tanah turun (misalnya pada musim kemarau).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reduksi Fe3+menjadi Fe2+. Pada sebagian tanah masam,
penggenangan akan mengakibatkan pH meningkat hingga 6-7 setelah beberapa
minggu. Pada kondisi seperti ini, proses terpenting adalah reduksi Fe3+ menjadi
Fe2+ (Ponnamperuma, 1972; Patrick dan Reddy, 1978). Pada tanah sulfat masam
muda, peningkatan pH dari 3,0-3,5 menjadi 5,5-6,0 berkaitan dengan tingkat
pelarutan Fe2+ yang dicapai. Pada tanah sulfat masam yang telah lanjut, pH
meningkat sangat lambat setelah penggenangan bahkan kadang-kadang tidak
mencapai 5,5-6,0. Kemungkinan hal ini disebabkan oleh : (1) lambatnya proses
reduksi dan (2) tidak adanya bahan yang akan direduksi seperti misalnya oksida
besi feri. Pada kondisi pertama, maka setelah penggenangan tidak akan terjadi
perubahan nilai Eh atau pH yang drastis. Pada kasus kedua, nilai Eh akan
menurun tanpa meningkatkan pH. Menurut Dent (1986), tanah sulfat masam yang
sudah tua mengandung besi dalam bentuk kristal goetit dan hematit yang stabil
sehingga sulit tereduksi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebaliknya tanah sulfat masam yang masih muda kaya akan
koloid besi, sehingga diperkirakan mempunyai kadar besi terlarut yang tinggi
setelah penggenangan. Reduksi oksida Fe3+ dengan bahan organik sebagai donor
elektron akan mengkonsumsi 4 proton :</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="background: white;">Konsten et al., (1990) melaporkan bahwa
tanah sulfat masam di Kalimantan ada yang tidak menunjukkan peningkatan pH
setelah penggenangan. Hal ini disebabkan tanah tersebut mempunyai kandungan
oksida Fe3+ yang rendah dibandingkan kapasitas netralisasi oleh tanah.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reduksi sulfat. Proses reduksi sulfat menjadi sulfida dapat
terjadi pada kondisi pH di atas 4 hingga 5, pada pH di bawah itu reaksi terjadi
sangat lambat dan bahkan tidak ada. Reduksi sulfat seringkali terjadi pada
tanah sulfat masam yang masih muda dan sulfat masam lanjut yang lama tergenang.
Reduksi sulfat ini sangat berkaitan dengan adanya hasil dekomposisi bahan
organik yang masih baru. H2S yang terbentuk sangat beracun bagi tanaman, pada
konsentrasi 0,1 mg l-1 H2S sudah dapat meracuni tanaman padi dalam larutan hara
(Mitsui, 1964 dalam van Breemen, 1993). </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses oksidasi</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses utama yang terjadi bila tanah sulfat masam teroksidasi
adalah oksidasi pirit. Reklamasi lahan rawa melalui pembuatan saluran drainase
mengakibatkan perubahan kimia di dalam tanah sulfat masam. Pirit yang semula
tidak berbahaya pada kondisi tergenang, secara perlahan berubah menjadi unsur
beracun dan merupakan sumber kemasaman tanah bila kondisi tanah berubah menjadi
oksidatif. Perbedaan yang besar antara pasang surutnya air laut serta musim
kemarau yang panjang menyebabkan pirit teroksidasi secara alami. Reaksi
oksidasi pirit dengan oksigen pada tanah sulfat masam berlangsung dalam
beberapa tahapan, meliputi reaksi-reaksi kimia dan biologis (Dent, 1986). </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada nilai pH kurang dari 3,5 reaksi oksidasi kimia ini
berjalan sangat lambat dengan waktu paruh 1.000 hari. Kecepatan oksidasi pirit
oleh Fe3+ sangat dipengaruhi oleh pH, karena Fe3+ hanya larut pada nilai pH di
bawah 4 dan Thiobacillus ferrooxidans tidak tumbuh pada pH yang tinggi. Besi
oksida dan pirit di dalam tanah mungkin secara fisik berada pada tempat yang
berdekatan, namun ada tidaknya reaksi di antara mereka sangat dipengaruhi oleh
kelarutan Fe3+.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kecepatan oksidasi pirit cenderung bertambah dengan
menurunnya pH tanah. Pada pH di bawah 4, proses oksidasi terhambat oleh suplai
O2. Kecepatan penurunan pH akibat oksidasi pirit tergantung pada : (1) jumlah
pirit; (2) kecepatan oksidasi; (3) kecepatan perubahan bahan hasil oksidasi;
dan (4) kapasitas netralisasi. Kalsium karbonat dan basa dapat ditukar
merupakan bahan penetralisir kemasaman dimana reaksinya dengan asam sulfat
berjalan cepat(van Breemen, 1993).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Di dalam tanah, berbagai tingkatan oksidasi yang berlangsung
tidak terjadi</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">pada titik yang sama. Pengujian secara
mikro-morfologi menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan/batas yang nyata antara lokasi
beradanya pirit dan bahan hasil oksidasinya seperti jarosit, besi oksida, dan
gipsum. Pirit biasanya terdapat di dalam inti dari ped, sedangkan jarosit, besi
oksida, dan gipsum terdapat pada permukaan ped dan ruang pori. van Breemen
(1976) menduga bahwa oksigen bereaksi dengan Fe2+ terlarut membentuk Fe3+
terlebih dahulu sebelum bertemu dengan pirit.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil oksidasi pirit</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Oksidasi pirit oleh Fe3+ menghasilkan ion (H+) yang kemudian
sebagian digunakan lagi untuk mengoksidasi Fe2+ menjadi Fe3+. Hasil akhir dari
oksidasi pirit adalah hidroksida Fe3+. Pada pH > 4, oksida dan hidroksida
Fe3+ akan mengendap, misalnya dalam bentuk goetit yang lambat laun akan berubah
menjadi hematit (Dent, 1986).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jarosit [KFe<sub>3</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>6</sub>]
merupakan endapan berwarna kuning pucat hasil oksidasi pirit pada kondisi yang
sangat masam, yaitu pada Eh diatas 400 mV dan pH kurang dari 3,7. Pada pH di atas 4, jarosit tidak stabil dan
mudah berubah menjadi goetit dan terhidrolisa menjadi oksida besi. Hasil
pengujian mikroskopi terhadap irisan tipis dan difraksi sinar X menunjukkan
bahwa bercak kuning yang merupakan karakteristik tanah sulfat masam didominasi
oleh jarosit dan goetit. Bercak merah dan coklat pada sulfat masam adalah
goetit yang kadang-kadang berasosiasi dengan jarosit dan hematit (van Breemen,
1976). Sulfat merupakan salah satu hasil oksidasi pirit yang sangat sedikit
dijerap oleh profil tanah. Sebagian besar dari sulfur terlarut hilang bersama
air drainase atau berdifusi ke lapisan di bawahnya yang kemudian akan direduksi
kembali menjadi sulfida. Sebagian kecil tertahan dalam bentuk jarosit atau
gipsum. Gipsum terbentuk pada tanah sulfat masam melalui reaksi netralisasi
kemasaman oleh kalsium karbonat :</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Ion hidrogen (proton) yang dihasilkan dari
oksidasi pirit menyebabkan kondisi tanah yang sangat masam. pH yang sangat
rendah menyebabkan penghancuran kisi-kisi mineral liat sehingga silikat dan
Al3+ terlepas. Di lapangan, nilai pH tanah sulfat masam berkisar antara 3,2
hingga 3,8 (Dent, 1986). Meningkatnya kandungan silika dan Al3+ terlarut
mempengaruhi karakteristik tanah dan air tanah. Aktivitas Al3+ terlarut
berkorelasi secara langsung dengan pH, bila pH meningkat maka aluminium akan
mengendap sebagai hidroksida atau basic sulfate (van Breemen, 1973).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Beberapa unsur mikro seperti Ni dan Co ikut terakumulasi di
dalam sedimen karena mensubstitusi Fe dalam pirit atau unsur Cu, Zn, Pb yang
menggantikan sulfida (Deer et al., 1965 dalam van Breemen, 1993). Unsur-unsur
tersebut akan terlepas kembali saat pirit teroksidasi. Satawathananont (1986
dalam van Breemen, 1993) menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi unsur Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd,
Pb, Ni, dan As terdapat dalam jumlah yang lebih tinggi pada tanah berpirit yang
aerasinya baik (pH 2,9) dibandingkan pada tanah sulfat masam yang sudah
berkembang (pH 3,9-4,5) dan tanah marin yang tidak masam (pH 4,9) di Bangkok.
Lebih lanjut ia mengamati tanah yang diinkubasi pada nilai potensial redoks dan
pH yang terkontrol dalam suasana masam yang oksidatif selama dua minggu, logam
berat yang larut air lebih tinggi pada tanah berpirit dibandingkan tanah
lanjut/tua.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sulfat Masam Potensial</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Data profil sulfat masam potensial (SMP) menunjukkan adanya
lapisan gambut permukaan yang tipis, sekitar 0-12/16 cm. Tekstur seluruh
lapisan tanah menunjukkan halus, yaitu tekstur tanah SMP dari Sumatera
mempunyai kandungan liat antara 40-75%, dengan debu 25-60%. Sementara kandungan
liat SMP dari Kalimantan, bervariasi antara 40-85%, dan debu 20-50%. Dengan
demikian, tekstur tanah lapisan atas termasuk liat berdebu, sedangkan lapisan
bawahnya liat berdebu atau liat.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi tanah di seluruh lapisan bervariasi dari masam ekstrim
(extremely acid) (pH 3,5 atau kurang) sampai sangat masam (very strongly acid)
(pH 4,5-4,8), dan cenderung makin masam di lapisan-Iapisan bawah. Reaksi tanah
lapisan atas rata-rata sangat masam sekali (pH 4,0-4,3), dan di lapisan bawah
masam ekstrim sampai sangat masam sekali (pH 3,5-3,8). Kandungan garam, dengan
data terbatas yang hanya berasal dari SMP Kalimantan, ditunjukkan oleh daya
hantar listrik yang bervariasi dari 7.000-21.000 dS/m, dengan rata-rata
termasuk sangat tinggi sekali (7.253-7.320 dS/m), baik di lapisan atas maupun
lapisan bawah.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan bahan organik, tidak termasuk lapisan gambut tipis
di permukaan tanah bervariasi sedang sampai sangat tinggi, baik pada SMP dari
Sumatera maupun SMP dari Kalimantan. Rata-rata kandungan bahan organik sangat
tinggi sampai sangat tinggi sekali (9,16-20,54%) di lapisan atas, dan sangat
tinggi (6,31-6,61%) di lapisan bawah. Kandungan N tinggi (0,59-0,70%) di
lapisan atas, dan menurun menjadi rendah sampai sedang (0,17-0,28%) di lapisan
bawah. Rasio C/N di seluruh lapisan tanah bervariasi dari tinggi sampai sangat
tinggi, dan cenderung meningkat di lapisan bawah. Rata-rata C/N tergolong
tinggi (16-24) di lapisan atas, dan sangat tinggi (30-31) di lapisan bawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan fosfat potensial (P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>-HCI)
pada SMP dari Sumatera bervariasi dari rendah sampai sangat tinggi di lapisan
atas, dan menurun menjadi rendah sampai sedang di lapisan bawah. Rata-ratanya
tinggi (58 mg/100 g tanah) di lapisan atas, dan rendah (20 mg/100 g tanah) di
lapisan bawah. Sementara kandungan P2O5 di seluruh lapisan pada SMP dari Kalimantan,
bervariasi dari rendah sampai sangat tinggi. Oleh karena itu, rata-rata
kandungan P2O5 potensial di lapisan atas termasuk sangat tinggi (115 mg/100 g
tanah), dan di lapisan bawah sedang (33 mg/100 g tanah). Kandungan K2O
tergolong sedang (32-35 mg/100 g tanah) di lapisan atas, dan sedang sampai
tinggi (29-60 mg/100 g tanah) di lapisan bawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan fosfat tersedia (P2O5 Bray-I) tergolong sedang
sampai tinggi (17,7-32,3 ppm) di lapisan atas, dan sedang (15,2-17,0 ppm) di
lapisan bawah. Jumlah basa, baik di lapisan atas maupun lapisan bawah,
tergolong tinggi (18,0-28,3 cmol(+)/kg tanah).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="background: white;">Basa dapat tukar yang
dominan di seluruh lapisan tanah adalah Mg dan Na masing-masing untuk Mg
termasuk sangat tinggi (10,89- 14,19 cmol(+)/kg tanah, pada SMP dari Sumatera,
dan termasuk tinggi (7,05-8,02 cmol(+)/kg tanah) pada SMP dari Kalimantan.
Kandungan Na tergolong sangat tinggi sampai sangat tinggi sekali, baik di
lapisan atas (2,34-6,01 cmol(+)/kg tanah) maupun di lapisan bawah (4,91-5,61
cmol(+)/kg tanah). Sebaliknya kandungan Ca-dapat tukar rendah sampai sedang,
baik di lapisan atas (5,11-7,84 cmol(+)/kg tanah), maupun lapisan bawah
(4,61-7,95 cmol(+)/kg tanah). Sementara kandungan K-dapat tukar, tergolong
sedang (0,43-0,64 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di seluruh lapisan. Kapasitar tukar kation
tanah, menunjukkan nilai tinggi sampai sangat tinggi (31,5-62,5 cmol(+)/kg
tanah) di lapisan atas, dan tinggi (28,9-32,7 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di lapisan
bawah karena pengaruh kandungan bahan organik yang sangat tinggi.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kejenuhan basa tergolong rendah sampai sedang (35-49%) di
lapisan atas, dan sedang sampai sangat tinggi (55-84%) di lapisan bawah.
Kejenuhan AI di semua lapisan umumnya sangat bervariasi dari sangat rendah
sampai sangat tinggi, dan rata-ratanya rendah (32-35%) di lapisan atas, dan
rendah sampai sedang (30-47%) di lapisan bawah. Kandungan pirit (FeS2) sangat
rendah (0,44-1,12%) di lapisan atas, dan rendah (1,35-2,31%) di lapisan bawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sulfat Masam Aktual</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Data Sulfat Masam Aktual (SMA) yang tersedia, hanya berasal
dari lahan rawa di Kalimantan. Sementara data analisis yang berasal dari
Sumatera, tidak menyebutkan adanya SMA karena data relatif berumur tua,
1974-1978. Tanah mempunyai lapisan gambut permukaan yang tipis, sekitar 0-12
cm. Seluruh lapisan tanah memiliki tekstur halus, dengan kandungan fraksi liat
35-70%, dan debu 25-60%, sehingga tekstur tanah lapisan atas tergolong liat
berdebu, dan di lapisan bawah liat. Lapisan atas berreaksi sangat masam sekali
(pH 3,6), sementara lapisan bawah antara kedalaman 20-120 cm menunjukkan pH
antara 1,8-3,5, dengan pH rata-rata 2,8, sehingga tergolong ber-reaksi masam
ekstrim.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan bahan organik di seluruh lapisan bervariasi tinggi
sampai sangat tinggi, sehingga rata-ratanya tergolong sangat tinggi
(7,51-10,93%). Kandungan N rata-rata tergolong sedang (0,22-0,49%) di seluruh
lapisan, dan cenderung menurun di lapisan-Iapisan bawah. Rasio C/N bervariasi
dari tinggi sampai sangat tinggi, dan bertambah besar di lapisan bawah. Karena
itu rasio C/N rata-rata tergolong tinggi (25) di lapisan atas, dan sangat
tinggi (39) di lapisan bawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan fosfat potensial (P2O5-HCI 25%) di lapisan atas
bervariasi dari rendah sampai sangat tinggi, dan rata-ratanya termasuk tinggi
(45 mg/100 g tanah). Kandungan P2O5 lapisan bawah, sebagian besar sangat rendah
sampai sedang, sehingga rata-ratanya rendah (17 mg/100 g tanah). Sebaliknya
kandungan K2O potensial (HCl 25%), sebagian besar tinggi sampai sangat tinggi
di semua lapisan, sehingga rata-ratanya tergolong sangat tinggi (73-81 mg/100 g
tanah).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah basa-basa di semua lapisan sampai sedalam 180 cm
sangat bervariasi dari rendah sampai sangat tinggi sekali, dan cenderung
menurun di lapisan bawah. Karena itu, rata-rata jumlah basa, baik di lapisan
atas maupun lapisan bawah tergolong tinggi (21,9-29,1 cmol(+)/kg tanah).
Seperti pada tipe- tipe lahan sebelumnya, basa dapatttukar yang dominan di
seluruh lapisan adalah Mg dan Na. Mg terdapat dalam jumlah tinggi sampai sangat
tinggi sekali, dan rata-ratanya sangat tinggi (8,30-9,25 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di
semua tapisan. Demikian juga Na terdapat dalam jumlah tinggi sampai sangat
tinggi sekali di seluruh lapisan, sehingga rata-ratanya termasuk sangat tinggi
sekali (9,70-14,87 cmol(+)/kg tanah). Sebaliknya kandungan Ca-dapat tukar
umumnya bervariasi dari sangat rendah sampai sedang, dan rata-ratanya tergolong
rendah (3,49-4,12 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di lapisan atas dan lapisan bawah.
Sedangkan K-dapat tukar tergolong tinggi (0,89 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di lapisan
atas, dan rendah (0,37 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di lapisan bawah. Kapasitas tukar
kation tanah bervariasi dari tinggi sampai sangat tinggi, dan rata-ratanya
tergolong tinggi (33,5-37,2 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di seluruh lapisan karena
kontribusi dari bahan organik.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1029" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:325.8pt;margin-top:-70.65pt;width:92.5pt;height:53.15pt;z-index:251661312'
stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251661312;"><span style="height: 71px; left: 0px; left: 434px; position: absolute; top: -94px; width: 124px;"></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 400%;">PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN PADA TANAH
SULFAT MASAM</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengelolaan
Bahan Organik</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyiapan lahan secara konvensional oleh petani petani
tradisional dengan sistem <i>tajak-puntal-hambur</i> sebagaimana
dkemukakan di atas merupakan kearifan lokal (<i>indigenous knowledge</i>) dalam
pengelolaan bahan organik yang patut dikembangkan. Proses pengomposan praktis
diserahkan kepada kebesaran alam dengan memanfaatkan mikroorganisme perombak
anaerob. Hasil analisis kompos dari purun (<i>Eleocharis</i> sp.),
bura-bura (<i>Panicum repens</i>), kerisan (<i>Rhynchospora corymbosa</i>)
menunjukkan mengandung rata-rata 31,74 % organik karbon, 1,96 % N, 0,68 % P,
dan 0,64 % K (Balittra, 2001).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Kadar bahan organik tanah di sulfat masam perlu
dipertahankan pada taraf 5 %, terutama pada tipe luapan c untuk mempertahankan
kebasahan tanah dan potensial redoks. Pada lahan sulfat masam yang lapisan
atasnya berupa gambut atau lahan-lahan gambut yang dibawahnya terdapat lapisan
pirit keberadaan lapisan piritnya perlu dipertahankan setebal antara 15-25 cm
(Noor, 2001). Lahan-lahan gambut yang mempunyai lapisan pirit di bawahnya
(seperti jenis tanah <i>Sulfihemist</i>, dan <i>Sulfohemist</i>)
merupakan lahan yang sangat berbahaya dan beresiko serta sukar penulihan
kembali apabila terdegradasi bila dibandingkan jenis lahan sulfat masam
seperti <i>Sulfaquent</i>. Produktivitas dan kesuburan tanah rawa pasang
surut berkaitan erat dengan ketebalan lapisan gambut atau kadar bahan organik
tanah (Notohadiprawiro, 1998b).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Teknologi Ameliorasi dan
Pemupukan pada Lahan Sulfat Masam</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ameliorasi
tanah sulfat masam untuk memperbaiki sifat kimia dan fisik tanah harus
dilakukan terlebih dahulu sebelum pemupukan dilaksanakan. Pemupukan tanpa
perbaikan tanah tidak akan efisien bahkan tidak respon. Produktivitas tanah
sulfat masam biasanya rendah, disebabkan oleh tingginya kemasaman (pH rendah),
kelarutan Fe, Al, dan Mn serta rendahnya ketersediaan unsur hara terutama P dan
K dan kejenuhan basa yang dapat mengganggu pertumbuhan tanaman (Dent, 1986).
Oleh karena itu tanah seperti ini memerlukan bahan pembenah tanah (amelioran)
untuk memperbaiki kesuburan tanahnya sehingga produktivitas lahannya meningkat.
Bahan amelioran yang dapat digunakan adalah kaptan dan <i>Rock Phosphate</i>.
Kaptan digunakan untuk meningkatkan pH tanah sedangkan<i>Rock Phosphate </i>untuk
memenuhi kebutuhan hara P-nya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Beberapa
faktor yang perlu dipertimbangkan dalam menetapkan kebutuhan kapur menurut (Mc
Lean, 1982, <i>dalam </i>Al-Jabri, 2002) adalah 1) derajat pelapukan
dari tipe bahan induk, 2) kandungan liat, 3) kandungan bahan organik, 4) bentuk
kemasaman, 5) pH tanah awal, 6) penggunaan metode kebutuhan kapur, dan 7)
waktu. Penetapan kebutuhan kapur untuk tanah sulfat masam dapat dilakukan
melalui beberapa metode, yaitu : 1) kebutuhan kapur berdasarkan metode
inkubasi, 2) metode titrasi, dan 3) berdasarkan Al-dd. Penetapan kebutuhan
kapur dengan metode inkubasi dilakukan dengan mencampurkan kapur dan tanah
serta air dalam beberapa dosis kapur selama beberapa waktu tertentu, biasanya
dari satu minggu sampai beberapa minggu. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lalu kebutuhan kapur ditentukan pada nilai pH tertentu.
Menurut Mc. Lean (1982 <i>dalam </i>Al-Jabri 2002), kelemahan metode
ini adalah terjadinya akumulasi garam (Ca, Mg, dan K) sehubungan dengan
aktivitas mikroba sehingga takaran kapurnya lebih tinggi. Penetapan kebutuhan
kapur berdasarkan metode titrasi dengan NaOH 0,05 N untuk mencapai pH tertentu
lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan metode inkubasi dan Al-dd KCl 1 N, tetapi
cara ini lambat tidak sesuai untuk analisis rutin (Al-Jabri, 2002). Walaupun
kebutuhan kapur dengan metode titrasi lebih rendah, tetapi sebagian besar dari
kemasaman tanah tidak dinetralisir oleh basa. Hal ini disebabkan reaksi antara
kation-kation asam yang dapat dititrasi berlangsung sangat lambat. Penetapan
kebutuhan kapur berdasarkan Al-dd KCl 1,0 N banyak dipertanyakan, sebab tingkat
keracunan Al bervariasi dengan tanaman dan tanah. Karena tingkat keracunan
untuk suatu jenis tanaman mempunyai variasi lebar dalam tanah yang berbeda maka
Al-dd tidak digunakan sebagai parameter yang menentukan keracunan tetapi
persentase kejenuhannya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil
penelitian di rumah kaca dan lapangan ternyata pemberian dosis kapur
berdasarkan titrasi dan inkubasi dapat diaplikasikan pada tanah sulfat masam
potensial bergambut di Lamunti ex. PLG Kalimantan Tengah (Suriadikarta dan
Sjamsidi, 2001), tanah sulfat masam umumnya ketersediaan hara P dan K rendah
namun bila bahan organiknya tinggi maka P dan K biasanya<br />
tinggi pula. Pada tanah sulfat masam aktual kadar P dan K dalam tanah sangat
rendah sehingga pemupukan P dan K sangat diperlukan. Pemupukan P diberikan 100
kg TSP/ha atau 125 kg SP-36/ha yang setara dengan 200 kg RP/ha (Hartatik, 1999
dan Supardi <i>et al., </i>2000).<i>Rock Phosphate </i>yang baik
mutunya untuk tanah ini adalah <i>Rock Phosphate </i>Maroko Ground
karena mempunyai kandungan Ca yang tinggi yaitu 27,65% dan kadar P2O5 total
28,8% (Suriadikarta dan Sjamsidi, 2001). Hasil penelitian di lahan rawa
menunjukkan pupuk kalium cukup diberikan 100 kg KCl/ha untuk tanaman padi
sawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah
sulfat masam di Pulau Petak sangat respon terhadap pemupukan P baik yang
berasal dari TSP maupun dari <i>Rock Phosphate</i>. Hasil penelitian
Manuelpillei <i>et al</i>. (1986) di kebun percobaan Unitatas BARIF
pemberian 135 kg P2O5/ha, 1.000 kg kaptan/ha, 50 kg K2O/ha, dan 120 kg N/ha
dapat meningkatkan hasil tanaman padi menjadi 2,45 t/ha GKG terjadi delapan
kali lipat peningkatan bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol (tanpa P dan Kaptan).
Pemberian 90 kg P2O5/ha dan kaptan 500 kg/ha menghasilkan 2,21 t/ha GKG, hasil
ini tidak berbeda nyata dengan pemberian 135 kg P2O5/ha dan kaptan 1.000 kg/ha.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemberian <i>Rock
Phosphate </i>pada tanah sulfat masam juga menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan
yang nyata dengan penggunaan TSP, hal ini disebabkan terjadinya proses
penyanggaan<i>Rock </i>Phophate dalam media yang sangat masam,
menghasilkan bentuk P yang meta-stabil seperti Dicalsium phophate yang tersedia
untuk tanaman. Subiksa <i>et al. </i>(1999), menunjukkan pemberian
dolomit 2 t/ha dan SP-36 200-300 kg/ha dapat menghasilkan rata-rata 4,0 t/ha
GKG pada tanah sulfat masam potensial di Kecamatan Telang, Kabupaten Muba,
Sumatera Selatan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam
penelitian pada tanah sulfat masam potensial di Tabung Anen Kalimantan Selatan
pemberian pupuk P + kalium + bahan organik dan kapur masing-masing sebesar 43
kg P/ha, 52 kg K/ha, kapur 1 t/ha dan pupuk kandang 5 t/ha memberikan hasil
3,24 t/ha GKG, pemberian kapur didasarkan kepada metode inkubasi untuk mencapai
pH 5 (Hartatik <i>et al.,</i>1999). Sedangkan pemupukan P berdasarkan
kepada kebutuhan P untuk mencapai 0,02 ppm P dalam larutan tanah. Di Belawang
kebutuhan kapurnya lebih tinggi yaitu sebesar 4 t/ha, respon pemupukan P dan K
tertinggi dicapai pada perlakuan P optimum (100 kg P/ha), K 78 kg/ha, dan 4 t
kapur/ha. Hasil itu dapat dipahami karena tanah sulfat masam aktual di Belawang
piritnya telah mengalami oksidasi sehingga Al-dd tinggi dan P tersedia rendah.
Hasil penelitian pemupukan P dan kapur pada tanah sulfat masam pada beberapa
lokasi penelitian disajikan pada Tabel 4.3. P-alam yang telah dicoba untuk
tanah sulfat masam dan memberikan hasil yang sama baiknya adalah P-alam
Tunisia, Ciamis, Christmas, dan Aljazair.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Di
Lamunti, ex PLG Kalimantan Tengah P-alam setara dengan 150 kg P2O5/ha rata-rata
dapat memberikan hasil 4,5 t/ha GKG, tetapi kalau diberikan 75 kg P2O5/ha hasil
yang diperoleh hanya 3,79 t/ha GKG, sedangkan di Palingkau Kalimantan Tengah
dengan dosis yang sama dapat memberikan masing-masing 3,7 t/ha dan 3,4 t/ha GKG
(Supardi <i>et al., </i>2000).</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemupukan
P-alam hingga 60% erapan maksimum P dalam tanah sulfat masam Sumber Agung dan
Sumber Rejo di Pulau Rimau, Sumatera Selatan dapat meningkatkan kadar P
tersedia, namun belum dapat menurunkan kadar unsur beracun Fe2+, Fe-Al oksida,
dan amorf serta sulfat dalam tanah. Unsur beracun diatas ditemukan dalam jumlah
yang lebih tinggi pada tanah sulfat masam potensial yang baru teroksidasi
dibandingkan tanah sulfat masam aktual (Setyorini, 2001). Oleh karena itu
diperlukan kehati-hatian dalam mereklamasi atau melakukan pencucian/drainase di
tanah sulfat masam potensial, apalagi jika kandungan liat tinggi. Lebih lanjut
ia menyatakan bahwa erapan P maksimum pada tanah sulfat masam aktual mencapai
2,000 µg P/g sedangkan pada sulfat masam potensial sedikit lebih rendah yaitu
sekitar 1,666 µg P/g. Nilai erapan maksimum yang tinggi pada sulfat masam
aktual dari pada sulfat masam potensial diakibatkan perbedaan kadar dan jenis
liat, kadar pirit, pH, Al dan Fe, serta bahan organik. Ditinjau dari distribusi
bentuk P-anorganik pada tanah sulfat masam diatas, terlihat bahwa fraksi Fe-P
dan Al-P mendominasi jumlah P anorganik pada tanah sulfat masam potensial
sedangkan fraksi Al-P dan Ca-P dominan pada sulfat masam aktual. Faktor-faktor
yang mempengaruhi ketersediaan P pada tanah sulfat masam antara lain pH, Alo,
Feo, Ald, Fed, dan pirit. Tingginya kadar Fe dan Al bentuk amorf pada tanah
sulfat masam mempengaruhi distribusi fraksi Panorganik (Setyorini, 2001).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari
hasil penelitian Konsten dan Sarwani (1990), di Pulau Petak Kalimantan Selatan,
diperoleh bahwa oksidasi pirit setelah reklamasi membuat tanah di daerah
tersebut sangat masam, dijenuhi oleh Al dan mempunyai pH antara 3 dan 4. Adanya
garam-garam besi bebas dan Al menyebabkan keracunan tanaman dan defisiensi K
dan Ca sangat sering terjadi. Kemasaman tanah aktual dari tanah sulfat masam di
Pulau Petak diduga dengan titrasi cepat pada pH 5,5, jumlah Al-dd sampai 60
mmol/g. Kemasaman tanah aktual untuk tanah pH kurang dari 4 adalah 20 mmol/100
g yang setara dengan keperluan kapur 15 t/ha. Potensi kemasaman sangat tinggi
dengan kandungan pirit mencapai 8%.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selanjutnya
Konsten dan Sarwani (1990) mengemukakan bahwa untuk mengatasi kemasaman aktual
yang tinggi dapat dilakukan dengan drainase dangkal, pencucian intensif tanah
lapisan atas, yang dikombinasikan dengan pemberian kapur dan pupuk kalium.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengelolaan Tanah dan
Air</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengelolaan
tanah dan air (<i>soil and water management</i>) merupakan kunci utama untuk
keberhasilan pengembangan pertanian di lahan rawa pasang surut, termasuk tanah
sulfat masam. Pengelolaan tanah dan air ini meliputi jaringan tata air makro
maupun mikro, penataan lahan, ameliorasi, dan pemupukan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jaringan Tata Air Makro</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengembangan
lahan rawa meliputi kegiatan reklamasi dan pengelolaan. Kegiatan reklamasi
dimulai dari perencanaan, penelitian dan pelaksanaan di lapangan. Penelitian
yang mendukung perencanaan reklamasi sangat diperlukan terutama penelitian
sumberdaya lahan meliputi tanah, air, iklim, dan hidrologi serta aspek
lingkungan. Dalam pelaksanaannya reklamasi mencakup pekerjaan penebangan hutan
dan pembakaran, konstruksi jalan, dan pembuatan saluran drainase (Widjaja-Adhi,
1995).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem
reklamasi lahan rawa di Indonesia telah dilakukan sejak proyek P4S yang dimulai
awal Pelita I di lahan rawa pasang surut pantai timur Sumatera, Kalimantan
Tengah, dan Kalimantan Selatan serta Kalimantan Barat. Menurut Subagjo dan
Widjaja-Adhi (1998) selama PJP I telah ditetapkan lima sistem jaringan tata air
makro, yaitu: 1) sistem garpu, 2) tangga, 3) sisir tunggal, 4) sisir
berpasangan, dan 5) kombinasi garpu dengan sisir.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selain
kelima sistem tersebut UGM telah mengkombinasikan dengan pembuatan kolam pada
ujung saluran primer atau sekunder (Gambar 1) yang disebut dengan sistem kolam.
Keuntungan dari sistem kolam ini adalah asamasam atau racun dapat diendapkan
dalam kolam tersebut tidak masuk ke dalam lahan pertanian dan memelihara aliran
sewaktu air surut. Sistem kolam ini telah dilaksanakan di Pulau Petak dan
Barabai Kalimantan Selatan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem
jaringan tata air tersebut sebenarnya tidak berlaku umum tetapi tergantung
kepada tipologi lahan dan tipe luapan di daerah itu. Sistem jaringan tata air
selain dibedakan menurut bentuknya dapat pula dibedakan menurut hubungan tata
air, yaitu sistem terbuka dan sistem tertutup. Sistem reklamasi jaringan
tertutup adalah cara pembukaan lahan yang jaringan tata airnya tidak
berhubungan satu sama lain (<i>zonasi</i>). Sistem ini seperti yang dilakukan
oleh petani Suku Banjar di Kalimantan Selatan dan Kalimantan Tengah dan Suku
Bugis di Pulau Sumatera. Pada sistem tertutup ini pembuatan saluran atau handil
sangat hati-hati dengan memperhatikan karakteristik tanah dan tipe luapan air
sungai. Handil itu dibuat tegak lurus sungai ke arah hutan mengikuti garis
kontur sehingga handil itu tidak selalu lurus dan panjangnya tergantung air
pasang masuk (4-10 km). Cara reklamasi seperti ini umumnya berhasil dalam
meningkatkan produktivitas lahan rawa, terutama padi, palawija, dan tanaman buah-buahan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan
hasil penelitian Badan Litbang Pertanian bahwa lahan pasang surut memiliki
prospek yang besar untuk dikembangkan menjadi lahan pertanian terutama dalam
kaitannya dalam mendukung program ketahanan pangan dan agribisnis melalui
peningkatan dan diversifikasi produksi, peningkatan pendapatan dan lapangan
kerja. Namun untuk mendukung kearah pengembangan pertanian yang berhasil dan
berkesinambungan dilahan pasang surut ada dua hal penting yang harus
diperhatikan dalam reklamasi lahan, yaitu pemanfaatan jaringan tata air berikut
salurannya dan tata ruang untuk penataan lahannya (Widjaja-Adhi dan Alihamsyah,
1998).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selanjutnya
dalam pembuatan saluran baik primer, sekunder dan tersier perlu memperhatikan
tata letak, dimensi dan cara pembuatan salurannya disesuaikan dengan fisiografi
dan kondisi lahan sehingga menunjang kelestarian dan produktivitas lahan.
Pembuatan saluran harus mengikuti atau memperhatikan garis kontur dan tipologi
lahannya. Saluran dengan mempertimbangkan garis kontur maka aliran air dapat
mengalir dengan baik, tinggi air di saluran rata.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hal
ini akan sangat berpengaruh dalam proses pencucian bahan-bahan beracun dari
lahan ke saluran dan seterusnya ke sungai berjalan lancar. Dimensi dan
kedalaman saluran perlu dipertimbangkan sehubungan dengan keadaan hidrologi di
daerah tersebut, sebab penurunan muka air yang drastis akan mengakibatkan
teroksidasi lapisan pirit, besi, Al, dan sulfat akan muncul ke permukaan dan
dengan adanya air hujan akan meningkatkan kemasaman (pH) air di saluran.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selain
itu penurunan permukaan air yang drastis juga akan menyebabkan gambut kering
tak balik (<i>irrevisible drying</i>) sehingga akan mempercepat penurunan
permukaan gambut (<i>subsidence</i>) dan atau cepat hilangnya lapisan gambut.
Pembuatan tata ruang sebelum saluran dibuat perlu memperhatikan dan
mempertimbangkan pola penggunaan lahan hipotetik yang dikemukakan oleh
Widjaja-Adhi, (1992). Menurut Harjono, (1995) sedikitnya terbuka lima peluang
fungsi dari jaringan pengairan rawa, yaitu 1) berfungsi sebagai saluran
drainase, 2) sebagai pemasukan air, 3) sebagai alat trasportasi, 4) berfungsi
sebagai konservasi sumberdaya air rawa, dan 5) sebagai pendukung bagi proses
reklamasi.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk
mencapai jaringan tata air ini hendaknya berpegang kepada pola penggunaan lahan
dan pola pemanfaatan sekaligus diharapkan dapat berfungsi sebagai saluran
drainase, pemasok air, mendukung proses reklamasi, dan konservasi sumber air.
Fungsi jaringan tata air sebagai alat transportasi perlu dipertimbangkan pada
tahapan mana ini dapat diberlakukan. Pada tahap saluran primer dan sekunder
mungkin fungsi ini dapat diberlakukan, tetapi untuk tersier sebaiknya tidak
dianjurkan. Pembuatan pintu air pada saluran primer atau sekunder seperti
dilahan ex-PLG sangat tidak efisien karena mengganggu fungsi transportasi
masyarakat sekitar sehingga akhirnya dijebol, pengaturan pintu air sebaiknya
mulai dilakukan di tingkat tersier ke bawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam
rancangan infrastruktur hidrologi, pengelolaan air di lahan pasang surut
dibedakan ke dalam : (1) Pengelolaan air makro, (2) pengelolaan air mikro, dan
(3) pengelolaan air tingkat tersier yaitu mengkaitkan antara pengelolaan air
makro dan pengelolaan air mikro (Widjaja-Adhi dan Alihamsyah, 1998).
Pengelolaan air makro yaitu penguasaan air di tingkat kawasan reklamasi yang
bertujuan mengelola berfungsinya jaringan drainase/irigasi
(navigasi-sekundertersier), kawasan <i>retarder </i>dan sepadan
sungai/laut dan saluran intersepsi bila diperlukan serta kawasan tampung hujan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kawasan <i>retarder </i>dimaksudkan
untuk mengurangi terjadinya banjir di daerah hulu sungai termasuk mengurangi
kedalaman dan lama genangan air dilahan lebak dangkal dan tengahan. Dalam hal
ini, seyogyanya lebak dalam dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai kawasan <i>retarder </i>dengan
jalan diperdalam dan alirannya diarahkan ke sungai di bagian hilirnya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Saluran
itersepsi dimaksudkan untuk menampung aliran permukaan dan sebagai tempat
memproses air yang mengandung bahan beracun agar tidak memasuki areal
pertanian. Saluran ini dibuat di daerah perbatasan lahan kering dan rawa menyerupai
waduk panjang serta diarahkan untuk menyalurkan kelebihan air ke sungai di
bagian hilirnya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kawasan
tampung hujan dimaksudkan sebagai daerah sumber air untuk irigasi. Kawasan
tampung hujan sebaiknya dialokasikan pada lahan gambut di bagian hulu sungai
karena gambut memiliki daya menahan dan melepas air tinggi, yaitu antara
300-800% bobotnya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tata Air Mikro</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem
pengelolaan tata air mikro berfungsi untuk : (1) mencukupi kebutuhan
evapotranspirasi tanaman, (2) mencegah pertumbuhan tanaman liar pada padi
sawah, (3) mencegah terjadinya bahan beracun bagi tanaman melalui
penggelontoran dan pencucian, (4) mengatur tinggi muka air, dan (5) menjaga
kualitas air di petakan lahan dan di saluran. Untuk lebih memperlancar keluar
masuknya air pada petakan lahan yang sekaligus memperlancar pencucian bahan
racun, Widjaja-Adhi (1995) menganjurkan pembuatan saluran cacing pada petakan
lahan dan di sekeliling petakan lahan. Oleh karena itu, sistem pengelolaan tata
air mikro mencakup pengaturan dan pengelolaan tata air di saluran kuarter dan
petakan lahan yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan tanaman dan sekaligus memperlancar
pencucian bahan beracun.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil
penelitian Suriadikarta <i>et al. </i>(1999), saluran kuarter
biasanya dibuat di setiap batas pemilikan lahan, sedangkan di dalam petakan
lahan dibuat saluran cacing dengan interval 3-12 m dan di sekeliling petakan
lahan tergantung pada kondisi lahannya. Semakin tinggi tingkat keracunan,
semakin rapat pula jarak antar saluran cacing tersebut. Hasil penelitian
Subagyono <i>et al. </i>(1999) pencucian bahan beracun dari petakan
lahan dilakukan dengan memasukkan air ke petakan lahan sebelum tanah dibajak,
kemudian air tersebut dikeluarkan setelah pengolahan tanah selesai. Usaha
pencucian ini akan berjalan baik apabila terdapat cukup air segar, baik dari
hujan maupun dari air pasang. Oleh karena itu, air di petakan lahan perlu
diganti setiap dua minggu pada saat pasang besar.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengelolaan
air tingkat tersier ditujukan untuk mengatur saluran tersier agar berfungsi:
(1) memasukkan air irigasi, (2) mengatur tinggi muka air di saluran dan secara
tidak langsung di petakan lahan, dan (3) mengatur kualitas air dengan membuang
bahan beracun yang terbentuk di petakan lahan serta mencegah masuknya air asin
ke petakan lahan. Sistem pengelolaan air di tingkat tersier dan mikro
tergantung kepada tipe luapan air pasang dan keracunan di petakan lahan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penataan
air di lahan petani dapat dilakukan dengan sistem aliran satu arah (<i>one-way
flow system</i>) dan sistem aliran yang sifatnya bolak-balik (<i>twoway</i> <i>flow
system</i>). Hal yang perlu mendapat perhatian khusus dalam sistem tata air
adalah sinkronisasi antara tata air makro dan mikro (Subagyono <i>et al</i>.,
1999). Misalnya, penerapan aliran sistem satu arah untuk pencucian hanya akan
berjalan efektif jika kondisi saluran tersier, sekunder, dan primer semuanya
dalam kondisi baik dan arah aliran tidak bolak-balik.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada
sistem aliran satu arah dirancang saluran irigasi dan saluran drainase secara
terpisah. Pintu klep (<i>flapgate</i>) dipasang berlawanan arah. Pada saluran
irigasi pintu klep membuka ke arah dalam sedang pada saluran drainase pintu
klep membuka ke arah luar, sehingga pencucian lahan dapat berlangsung dengan
efektif. Pencucian lahan dimaksudkan agar unsur yang bersifat racun bagi
tanaman seperti Fe<sup>2+</sup>, sulfat, dan Al<sup>3+</sup> keluar dari
lahan usaha dan pH tanah menjadi lebih baik.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tata
air pada lahan yang bertipe luapan A dan B perlu diatur dalam sistem aliran
satu arah (<i>one way flow system</i>), sedangkan untuk lahan bertipe luapan C
dan D, saluran air perlu ditabat/disekat dengan <i>stoplog </i>untuk
menjaga permukaan air tanah agar sesuai dengan kebutuhan tanaman serta
memungkinkan air hujan tertampung dalam saluran tersebut. Untuk keperluan
pengaturan tata air ini perlu dibangun pintu-pintu yang sesuai sebagai
pengendali air. Pintu air tersebut dapat berupa <i>stoplog </i>maupun
pintu ayun atau pintu engsel (<i>flapgate</i>). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil
penelitian pengelolaan tata air mikro dengan cara tersebut pada lahan sulfat
masam dengan berbagai sistem penataan lahan di Karang Agung Ulu oleh
Djayusman <i>et al</i>. (1995) menunjukkan adanya peningkatan kualitas
lahan dan hasil tanaman dari musim ke musim. Aliran satu arah dikombinasikan
dengan pengolahan tanah memakai traktor tangan dan pemberian dolomit pada lahan
sulfat masam dalam satu unit tata air saluran sekunder (50 ha) oleh Proyek ISDP
(1997), dapat secara cepat meningkatkan kualitas lahan dan memberikan hasil
yang baik bagi tanaman padi dan palawija. Nilai pH air tanah meningkat dari
rata-rata 4,2 pada saat sebelum pengolahan tanah menjadi rata-rata 4,8 pada
saat penanaman dan 5,4 pada pada saat panen (Widjaja-Adhi dan Alihamsyah,
1998). Sedangkan kandungan Fe<sup>++</sup> 160 ppm pada saat tanam dan 72
ppm pada saat panen. Hasil rata-rata ubinan padi varietas Cisadane mencapai
6,26 t/ha GKP sedangkan varietas Cisangarung dapat mencapai 9,44 t/ha GKP.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penataan Lahan</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penataan
lahan perlu dilakukan untuk membuat lahan tersebut sesuai dengan kebutuhan
tanaman yang akan dikembangkan. Dalam melakukan penataan lahan perlu
diperhatikan hubungan antara tipologi lahan, tipe luapan, dan pola
pemanfaatannya seperti pada tipologi sulfat masam potensial dengan tipe luapan
A, maka penataan lahan sebaiknya untuk sawah, karena pirit akan lebih stabil
tidak mengalami oksidasi dan tanaman padi dapat tumbuh dengan baik. Tetapi bila
tipe luapan B, maka pola pemanfaatan lahan dapat dilaksanakan dengan sistem
surjan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem
surjan dapat digunakan untuk tanaman padi, palawija, sayuran atau buah-buahan.
Untuk tanah sulfat masam potensial pengolahan tanah dan pembuatan guludan
sebaiknya dilakukan secara hati-hati dan bertahap. Guludan dibuat secara
bertahap dan tanahnya diambil dari lapisan atas. Hal ini dilakukan untuk
menghindari oksidasi pirit.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem surjan adalah salah satu contoh usaha penataan
lahan untuk melakukan diversifikasi tanaman dilahan rawa. Lebar guludan 3-5 m,
dan tinggi 0,5-0,6 m, sedangkan tabukan dibuat dengan lebar 15 m. Setiap ha
lahan dapat dibuat 6-10 guludan, dan 5-9 tabukan. Tabukan surjan ditanami padi
sawah, sedangkan guludan ditanami dengan palawija, sayuran, dan tanaman industri
(kencur, kopi, dan kelapa). </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari
Tabel diatas ditunjukkan bagaimana pola pemanfaatan lahan dalam kaitannya
tipologi lahan dan tipe luapan. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem
surjan baik dilakukan pada tipe luapan B dan C sedangkan tipe luapan D lebih
baik untuk sistem pertanian lahan kering. Untuk tanah gambut tekstur lapisan
tanah dibawahnya sangat menentukan dalam pola pemanfaatan lahannya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">KESIMPULAN</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lahan sulfat masam adalah lahan yang mempunyai kendala pH
yang masam, mempunyai kandungan pirit, dan kandungan hara yang rendah, namun
sifat fisiknya cukup baik, oleh karena itu lahan tersebut berpotensi untuk
dikembangkan sebagai lahan pertanian.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman yang dapat dikembangkan pada lahan ini adalah tanaman
padi sawah, palawija, sayuran, perkebunan, dan tanaman kehutanan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam pelaksanaan penggunaan lahan untuk pertanian perlu
mempertimbangkan dua hal yang penting, yaitu letak kedalaman pirit dan tipe
luapan air pasang surut.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kedua faktor itu merupakan penentu di dalam menerapkan
teknologi penataan lahan dan tata air, serta pemilihan komoditas yang
dikembangkan. Selanjutnya dalam peningkatan produktivitas lahan perlu didukung
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Saida 2002. Isolasi, karakterisasi
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Satsiyati, M. Januwati, dan H.
Supriadi. 1999. Teknik Budidaya dan PotensiUsahatani Sayuran Lahan Rawa di
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Soil Survey Staff. 1998. Keys to
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sutanto, R., dan Purwadi, T. 2001.
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tim Peneliti Puslittanak. 1997.
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Penelitian Tanah dan Agroklimat, Badan Litbang Pertanian, Departemen Pertanian.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4414864719232378661.post-63130940384394680362013-04-22T10:19:00.001+07:002013-04-22T10:19:26.270+07:00PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN TANAH DAN TATA AIR<br />
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<strong><b>PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN TANAH DAN TATA AIR <o:p></o:p></b></strong></div>
<strong>
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<b>PADA LAHAN SULFAT MASAM <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Oleh :<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>LIA
AGNES LUMBANGAOL<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b> 110301052<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI
1<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI</b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>MEDAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2013</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 400%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 400%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>KATA PENGANTAR</b>.......................................................................................... i</div>
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<b>DAFTAR ISI</b>......................................................................................................... ii<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Latar
Belakang............................................................................................... 1 </div>
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Tujuan
Penulisan............................................................................................ 2</div>
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<b>TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Pengertian
Lahan Kering............................................................................... 3</div>
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Tanah
Mineral Masam dan Penyebarannya.................................................... 4</div>
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Kesuburan
Tanah........................................................................................... 7</div>
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<b>PERMASALAHAN KESUBURAN TANAH</b>................................................. 10</div>
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<b>PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN TANAH<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Konsep
LEIA, LLEISA, dan HEIA........................................................... 14</div>
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Konsep
Mekanik dan Vegetatif.................................................................. 23</div>
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<b>PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Kesimpulan.................................................................................................. 29</div>
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Saran............................................................................................................ 29</div>
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<strong style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 400%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></strong></div>
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PENDAHULUAN</strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lahan rawa di Indonesia cukup luas dan tersebar di tiga pulau
besar, yaitu di Sumatera, Kalimantan, dan Irian Jaya (Papua). Menurut
Widjaja-Adhi et al. (1992) luas lahan rawa Indonesia ± 33,4 juta ha, yang
terdiri atas lahan rawa pasang surut sekitar 20 juta ha dan lahan lebak 13,4
juta ha. Pembukaan lahan rawa pasang surut dilakukan berkaitan dengan program
pemukiman transmigrasi yang dimulai sejak Pelita I (orde baru) sekitar tahun
1969 melalui program Proyek Pembukaan Persawahan Pasang Surut (P4S).
Pemanfaatan lahan pasang surut untuk pertanian merupakan pilihan yang strategis
dalam mengimbangi penciutan lahan produktif di pulau Jawa yang dialihfungsikan
untuk pembangunan sektor non pertanian seperti, perumahan, jalan raya, industri
dan pembangunan lainnya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Sudiadikarta et al., (1999) sampai saat ini lahan
rawa yang telah dibuka 2,4 juta ha, 1,5 juta ha di Kalimantan dan 0,9 ha di
Sumatera. Lahan rawa di Irian Jaya (Papua) sampai saat ini masih belum dibuka
untuk pertanian. Pengembangan lahan rawa memerlukan perencanaan pengelolaan dan
pemanfaatan yang baik dan memerlukan penerapan teknologi yang sesuai, terutama
pengelolaan tanah dan air yang tepat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemanfaatan yang bijak, pengembangan yang seimbang dan
pengelolaan yang sesuai dengan karakteristik, sifat dan kelakuannya, diharapkan
dapat mengembalikan lahan rawa menjadi lahan pertanian yang berproduktivitas
tinggi, berkelanjutan dan berwawasan lingkungan (Widjaja-Adhi, 1995a dan
1995b). Sejak proyek P4S tahun tujuh puluhan dan dilanjutkan dengan proyek
penelitian Badan Litbang Pertanian Swamp I, Swamp II, dan kerjasama dengan
Belanda (LAWOO) tahun delapan puluhan, Proyek Penelitian Pengembangan Lahan
Rawa Terpadu (ISDP) dan Proyek Pertanian PLG tahun sembilan puluhan telah
banyak teknologi pengelolaan lahan rawa yang dihasilkan (Suriadikarta dan
A.Abdurachman, 1999). Teknologi itu antara lain adalah teknologi pengelolaan
tanah, tata air mikro, teknologi ameliorasi tanah dan pemupukan, penggunaan
varietas yang adaptif, teknologi mengatasi hama dan penyakit, dan model
usahatani. Namun penerapan teknologi pertanian lahan rawa umumnya tidak dapat
diterapkan secara berkelanjutan disebabkan ada beberapa kendala yaitu : modal
petani yang rendah, infrastruktur yang terbatas, kelembagaan pedesaan yang
minim, dan kurangnya perhatian pemerintah dalam pemeliharaan jaringan tata air
makro secara konsisten.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berbagai kegagalan telah didokumentasikan namun keberhasilan
juga telah dicapai sepanjang pengembangan lahan rawa. Terjadinya lahan bongkor
akibat reklamasi yang kurang tepat merupakan pengalaman kegagalan yang tidak
perlu terulang lagi dalam pengembangan lahan rawa yang masih memungkinkan untuk
pengembangan pertanian. Potensi lahan rawa yang masih besar ini sebaiknya dapat
dimanfaatkan untuk menunjang persiapan pengembangan sistem ketahanan pangan dan
agribisnis yang menjadi program utama sektor pertanian. Sebagaimana disampaikan
oleh Menteri Pertanian (1999). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lahan rawa, baik rawa pasang surut maupun bukan pasang surut
(lebak) dapat dijadikan basis pengembangan sistem ketahanan pangan, untuk
kepentingan jangka pendek, menengah maupun jangka panjang. Sehingga perhatian
berupa investasi, terutama swasta dalam pemanfaatan lahan rawa seyogyanya dapat
lebih ditingkatkan. Berdasarkan macam dan tingkat kendala dalam pengembangan
dan pengelolaan, khususnya untuk pertanian, lahan rawa dibagi menjadi lima
tipologi lahan, yaitu 1) lahan potensial, 2) lahan sulfat masam, 3) lahan
gambut, 4) lahan salin atau pantai, 5) lahan rawa lebak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan Penulisan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Adapun tujuan penulisan paper ini
adalah untuk mengetahui pengelolaan kesuburan tanah dan tata air pada lahan
sulfat masam dan sebagai tugas matakuliah Pengelolaan Tanah dan Air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">PERMASALAHAN
PADA TANAH SULFAT MASAM</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pertama kali tanah sulfat masam dikenal dengan sebutan cat
clay yang diambil dari asal kata katteklei (bahasa Belanda), yang diartikan
sebagai lempung yang berwarna seperti warna pada bulu kucing, yaitu warna
kelabu dengan bercak kuning pucat (jerami). Bercak kuning pucat ini merupakan
senyawa hasil (produk) oksidasi pirit yang sering disebut dengan jarosit.
Istilah tanah sulfat masam sendiri digunakan karena berkaitan dengan adanya
bahan sulfida (pirit) dalam tanah ini yang apabila teroksidasi menghasilkan
asam sulfat sehingga menyebabkan tanah menjadi masam sampai sangat masam (pH
2-3). Tanah sulfat masam merupakan tanah liat rawa dan seringkali memiliki
lapisan gambut tipis < 20 cm; memiliki lapisan pirit yang belum teroksidasi
(bahan sulfidik) atau sudah teroksidasi (horison sulfurik) pada kedalaman 0-50
cm. Tanah sulfat masam terbagi menjadi sulfat masam potensial dan sulfat masam
aktual. Sulfat masam potensial dapat berubah menjadi sulfat masam aktual bila
tanah mengalami drainase yang berlebihan akibat reklamasi. Pirit yang semula
stabil dan tidak berbahaya pada kondisi anaerob atau tergenang, akan
teroksidasi bila kondisi berubah menjadi aerob. Menurunnya permukaan air tanah
akibat pembuatan saluran drainase primer-sekunder-tersier menyebabkan oksigen
masuk ke dalam pori tanah dan akan mengoksidasi pirit membentuk asam sulfat,
ion hidrogen dan Fe3+. Apabila oksidasi pirit berlangsung cepat maka akan
terbentuk mineral jarosit berupa bercak-bercak karatan berwarna kuning jerami
(Dent, 1986; Langenhoff, 1986).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada kondisi tergenang, kemasaman tanah dapat dikurangi namun
disisi lain muncul masalah keracunan besi fero (Fe2+), Al, Mn, Hidrogen
sulfida, CO2, dan asam organik. Masalah fisik yang sering dijumpai adalah
terhambatnya perkembangan akar tanaman pada horison sulfurik karena tanaman
kekurangan air, pematangan tanah terhambat serta saluran drainase tertutup oleh
deposit oksida besi. Pada kondisi seperti ini, pertumbuhan dan aktivitas
mikroorganisme tanah terhambat. Jenis tanaman yang dapat tumbuh dan berkembang
akan sangat terbatas dengan hasil rendah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses Kimia pada Tanah
Sulfat Masam</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses kimia pada tanah sulfat masam dapat dikelompokkan
menjadi dua bagian penting. Pertama, proses kimia yang terjadi dalam keadaan
reduktif, antara lain pembentukan pirit, reduksi besi feri menjadi fero, serta
reduksi senyawa beracun.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="background: white;">Kedua, proses kimia pada kondisi oksidatif, yang
terpenting adalah oksidasi pirit.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses reduksi</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada kondisi aerob, sumber elektron utama bagi aktivitas
mikroorganisme</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">pendekomposisi bahan organik adalah oksigen.
Bila keadaan berubah menjadi anaerob, oksigen di dalam tanah secara perlahan
menghilang. Namun demikian, dekomposisi bahan organik oleh bakteri anaerob
tetap berlangsung dengan memanfaatkan elektron yang dilepaskan dalam proses
reduksi nitrat, oksida mangan, oksida besi, dan sulfat. Dalam proses reduksi
selalu memanfaatkan proton, sehingga pH tanah akan meningkat. Proses kimia
penting yang terjadi adalah :</span> <span style="background: white;">Pembentukan
pirit. Pirit (FeS2) adalah mineral berkristal kubus dari senyawa besi-sulfida
yang terkumpul di dalam endapan marin kaya bahan organik dan diluapi air
mengandung senyawa sulfat (SO4-) dari air laut. Bentuk kristal pirit sangat
halus bervariasi dari <> 2 mikron hingga > 100 mikron (Van Dam dan
Pons, 1972). Kandungan pirit dalam endapan marin mencapai 5%, tetapi umumnya
1-4% (Van Breemen, 1972). Pembentukan pirit memerlukan persyaratan tertentu :</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lingkungan anaerob : Reduksi sulfat hanya dapat terjadi pada
kondisi yang sangat anaerob seperti pada sedimen tergenang dan kaya bahan
organik. Dekomposisi bahan organik oleh bakteri anaerob menghasilkan
senyawa-senyawa yang bersifat masam sehingga menyebabkan lingkungan bertambah
masam (Pons et al., 1982);</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sulfat terlarut : Sumber utama sulfat adalah air laut atau
air payau pasang;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan organik : Oksidasi bahan organik menghasilkan energi
yang sangat diperlukan oleh bakteri pereduksi sulfat. Ion sulfat bertindak
sebagai sumber elektron bagi respirasi bakteri kemudian direduksi menjadi
sulfida. Jumlah sulfida yang terbentuk berkaitan langsung dengan jumlah bahan
organik yang dimetabolisme oleh bakteri;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah besi : Tanah dan sedimen mengandung besi oksida dan
hidroksida dalam jumlah yang banyak, yang akan tereduksi menjadi Fe2+, yang
sangat larut pada pH sekitar normal atau dijerap oleh senyawa organik yang
larut;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">e)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Waktu : Waktu yang diperlukan untuk pembentukan pirit pada
kondisi alami masih belum banyak diketahui. Reaksi antara padatan FeS dan S
berjalan sangat lambat, memerlukan waktu bulanan bahkan tahunan untuk
menghasilkan sejumlah pirit. Namun demikian, pada kondisi yang sesuai, Fe2+
larut dan ion polisulfida dapat membentuk pirit dalam beberapa hari (Howarth,
1979 dalam Dent, 1986). Reaksi keseluruhan pembentukan pirit dari besi oksida
(Fe2O3) sebagai sumber Fe digambarkan sebagai berikut :</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada kondisi tergenang atau anaerob, selain terbentuk ion
mono-karbonat, di dalam tanah atau sedimen juga mengandung karbonat yang
berasal dari koral atau binatang laut. Karbonat akan menetralisir kemasaman
tanah dan mempertahankan pH sekitar netral.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="background: white;">Pirit adalah zat yang hanya ditemukan di
tanah di daerah pasang surut saja. Zat ini dibentuk pada waktu lahan digenangi
oleh air laut yang masuk pada musim kemarau. Pada saat kondisi lahan basah atau
tergenang, pirit tidak berbahaya bagi tanaman. Akan tetapi, bila terkena udara
(teroksidasi), pirit berubah bentuk menjadi zat besi dan zat asam belerang yang
dapat meracuni tanaman. Pirit dapat terkena udara apabila:</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah pirit diangkat ke permukaan tanah (misalnya pada waktu
mengolah tanah, membuat saluran, atau membuat surjan).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Permukaan air tanah turun (misalnya pada musim kemarau).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reduksi Fe3+menjadi Fe2+. Pada sebagian tanah masam,
penggenangan akan mengakibatkan pH meningkat hingga 6-7 setelah beberapa
minggu. Pada kondisi seperti ini, proses terpenting adalah reduksi Fe3+ menjadi
Fe2+ (Ponnamperuma, 1972; Patrick dan Reddy, 1978). Pada tanah sulfat masam
muda, peningkatan pH dari 3,0-3,5 menjadi 5,5-6,0 berkaitan dengan tingkat
pelarutan Fe2+ yang dicapai. Pada tanah sulfat masam yang telah lanjut, pH
meningkat sangat lambat setelah penggenangan bahkan kadang-kadang tidak
mencapai 5,5-6,0. Kemungkinan hal ini disebabkan oleh : (1) lambatnya proses
reduksi dan (2) tidak adanya bahan yang akan direduksi seperti misalnya oksida
besi feri. Pada kondisi pertama, maka setelah penggenangan tidak akan terjadi
perubahan nilai Eh atau pH yang drastis. Pada kasus kedua, nilai Eh akan
menurun tanpa meningkatkan pH. Menurut Dent (1986), tanah sulfat masam yang
sudah tua mengandung besi dalam bentuk kristal goetit dan hematit yang stabil
sehingga sulit tereduksi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebaliknya tanah sulfat masam yang masih muda kaya akan
koloid besi, sehingga diperkirakan mempunyai kadar besi terlarut yang tinggi
setelah penggenangan. Reduksi oksida Fe3+ dengan bahan organik sebagai donor
elektron akan mengkonsumsi 4 proton :</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="background: white;">Konsten et al., (1990) melaporkan bahwa
tanah sulfat masam di Kalimantan ada yang tidak menunjukkan peningkatan pH
setelah penggenangan. Hal ini disebabkan tanah tersebut mempunyai kandungan
oksida Fe3+ yang rendah dibandingkan kapasitas netralisasi oleh tanah.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reduksi sulfat. Proses reduksi sulfat menjadi sulfida dapat
terjadi pada kondisi pH di atas 4 hingga 5, pada pH di bawah itu reaksi terjadi
sangat lambat dan bahkan tidak ada. Reduksi sulfat seringkali terjadi pada
tanah sulfat masam yang masih muda dan sulfat masam lanjut yang lama tergenang.
Reduksi sulfat ini sangat berkaitan dengan adanya hasil dekomposisi bahan
organik yang masih baru. H2S yang terbentuk sangat beracun bagi tanaman, pada
konsentrasi 0,1 mg l-1 H2S sudah dapat meracuni tanaman padi dalam larutan hara
(Mitsui, 1964 dalam van Breemen, 1993). </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses oksidasi</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses utama yang terjadi bila tanah sulfat masam teroksidasi
adalah oksidasi pirit. Reklamasi lahan rawa melalui pembuatan saluran drainase
mengakibatkan perubahan kimia di dalam tanah sulfat masam. Pirit yang semula
tidak berbahaya pada kondisi tergenang, secara perlahan berubah menjadi unsur
beracun dan merupakan sumber kemasaman tanah bila kondisi tanah berubah menjadi
oksidatif. Perbedaan yang besar antara pasang surutnya air laut serta musim
kemarau yang panjang menyebabkan pirit teroksidasi secara alami. Reaksi
oksidasi pirit dengan oksigen pada tanah sulfat masam berlangsung dalam
beberapa tahapan, meliputi reaksi-reaksi kimia dan biologis (Dent, 1986). </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada nilai pH kurang dari 3,5 reaksi oksidasi kimia ini
berjalan sangat lambat dengan waktu paruh 1.000 hari. Kecepatan oksidasi pirit
oleh Fe3+ sangat dipengaruhi oleh pH, karena Fe3+ hanya larut pada nilai pH di
bawah 4 dan Thiobacillus ferrooxidans tidak tumbuh pada pH yang tinggi. Besi
oksida dan pirit di dalam tanah mungkin secara fisik berada pada tempat yang
berdekatan, namun ada tidaknya reaksi di antara mereka sangat dipengaruhi oleh
kelarutan Fe3+.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kecepatan oksidasi pirit cenderung bertambah dengan
menurunnya pH tanah. Pada pH di bawah 4, proses oksidasi terhambat oleh suplai
O2. Kecepatan penurunan pH akibat oksidasi pirit tergantung pada : (1) jumlah
pirit; (2) kecepatan oksidasi; (3) kecepatan perubahan bahan hasil oksidasi;
dan (4) kapasitas netralisasi. Kalsium karbonat dan basa dapat ditukar
merupakan bahan penetralisir kemasaman dimana reaksinya dengan asam sulfat
berjalan cepat(van Breemen, 1993).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Di dalam tanah, berbagai tingkatan oksidasi yang berlangsung
tidak terjadi</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">pada titik yang sama. Pengujian secara
mikro-morfologi menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan/batas yang nyata antara lokasi
beradanya pirit dan bahan hasil oksidasinya seperti jarosit, besi oksida, dan
gipsum. Pirit biasanya terdapat di dalam inti dari ped, sedangkan jarosit, besi
oksida, dan gipsum terdapat pada permukaan ped dan ruang pori. van Breemen
(1976) menduga bahwa oksigen bereaksi dengan Fe2+ terlarut membentuk Fe3+
terlebih dahulu sebelum bertemu dengan pirit.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil oksidasi pirit</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Oksidasi pirit oleh Fe3+ menghasilkan ion (H+) yang kemudian
sebagian digunakan lagi untuk mengoksidasi Fe2+ menjadi Fe3+. Hasil akhir dari
oksidasi pirit adalah hidroksida Fe3+. Pada pH > 4, oksida dan hidroksida
Fe3+ akan mengendap, misalnya dalam bentuk goetit yang lambat laun akan berubah
menjadi hematit (Dent, 1986).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jarosit [KFe<sub>3</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>6</sub>]
merupakan endapan berwarna kuning pucat hasil oksidasi pirit pada kondisi yang
sangat masam, yaitu pada Eh diatas 400 mV dan pH kurang dari 3,7. Pada pH di atas 4, jarosit tidak stabil dan
mudah berubah menjadi goetit dan terhidrolisa menjadi oksida besi. Hasil
pengujian mikroskopi terhadap irisan tipis dan difraksi sinar X menunjukkan
bahwa bercak kuning yang merupakan karakteristik tanah sulfat masam didominasi
oleh jarosit dan goetit. Bercak merah dan coklat pada sulfat masam adalah
goetit yang kadang-kadang berasosiasi dengan jarosit dan hematit (van Breemen,
1976). Sulfat merupakan salah satu hasil oksidasi pirit yang sangat sedikit
dijerap oleh profil tanah. Sebagian besar dari sulfur terlarut hilang bersama
air drainase atau berdifusi ke lapisan di bawahnya yang kemudian akan direduksi
kembali menjadi sulfida. Sebagian kecil tertahan dalam bentuk jarosit atau
gipsum. Gipsum terbentuk pada tanah sulfat masam melalui reaksi netralisasi
kemasaman oleh kalsium karbonat :</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Ion hidrogen (proton) yang dihasilkan dari
oksidasi pirit menyebabkan kondisi tanah yang sangat masam. pH yang sangat
rendah menyebabkan penghancuran kisi-kisi mineral liat sehingga silikat dan
Al3+ terlepas. Di lapangan, nilai pH tanah sulfat masam berkisar antara 3,2
hingga 3,8 (Dent, 1986). Meningkatnya kandungan silika dan Al3+ terlarut
mempengaruhi karakteristik tanah dan air tanah. Aktivitas Al3+ terlarut
berkorelasi secara langsung dengan pH, bila pH meningkat maka aluminium akan
mengendap sebagai hidroksida atau basic sulfate (van Breemen, 1973).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Beberapa unsur mikro seperti Ni dan Co ikut terakumulasi di
dalam sedimen karena mensubstitusi Fe dalam pirit atau unsur Cu, Zn, Pb yang
menggantikan sulfida (Deer et al., 1965 dalam van Breemen, 1993). Unsur-unsur
tersebut akan terlepas kembali saat pirit teroksidasi. Satawathananont (1986
dalam van Breemen, 1993) menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi unsur Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd,
Pb, Ni, dan As terdapat dalam jumlah yang lebih tinggi pada tanah berpirit yang
aerasinya baik (pH 2,9) dibandingkan pada tanah sulfat masam yang sudah
berkembang (pH 3,9-4,5) dan tanah marin yang tidak masam (pH 4,9) di Bangkok.
Lebih lanjut ia mengamati tanah yang diinkubasi pada nilai potensial redoks dan
pH yang terkontrol dalam suasana masam yang oksidatif selama dua minggu, logam
berat yang larut air lebih tinggi pada tanah berpirit dibandingkan tanah
lanjut/tua.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sulfat Masam Potensial</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Data profil sulfat masam potensial (SMP) menunjukkan adanya
lapisan gambut permukaan yang tipis, sekitar 0-12/16 cm. Tekstur seluruh
lapisan tanah menunjukkan halus, yaitu tekstur tanah SMP dari Sumatera
mempunyai kandungan liat antara 40-75%, dengan debu 25-60%. Sementara kandungan
liat SMP dari Kalimantan, bervariasi antara 40-85%, dan debu 20-50%. Dengan
demikian, tekstur tanah lapisan atas termasuk liat berdebu, sedangkan lapisan
bawahnya liat berdebu atau liat.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi tanah di seluruh lapisan bervariasi dari masam ekstrim
(extremely acid) (pH 3,5 atau kurang) sampai sangat masam (very strongly acid)
(pH 4,5-4,8), dan cenderung makin masam di lapisan-Iapisan bawah. Reaksi tanah
lapisan atas rata-rata sangat masam sekali (pH 4,0-4,3), dan di lapisan bawah
masam ekstrim sampai sangat masam sekali (pH 3,5-3,8). Kandungan garam, dengan
data terbatas yang hanya berasal dari SMP Kalimantan, ditunjukkan oleh daya
hantar listrik yang bervariasi dari 7.000-21.000 dS/m, dengan rata-rata
termasuk sangat tinggi sekali (7.253-7.320 dS/m), baik di lapisan atas maupun
lapisan bawah.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan bahan organik, tidak termasuk lapisan gambut tipis
di permukaan tanah bervariasi sedang sampai sangat tinggi, baik pada SMP dari
Sumatera maupun SMP dari Kalimantan. Rata-rata kandungan bahan organik sangat
tinggi sampai sangat tinggi sekali (9,16-20,54%) di lapisan atas, dan sangat
tinggi (6,31-6,61%) di lapisan bawah. Kandungan N tinggi (0,59-0,70%) di
lapisan atas, dan menurun menjadi rendah sampai sedang (0,17-0,28%) di lapisan
bawah. Rasio C/N di seluruh lapisan tanah bervariasi dari tinggi sampai sangat
tinggi, dan cenderung meningkat di lapisan bawah. Rata-rata C/N tergolong
tinggi (16-24) di lapisan atas, dan sangat tinggi (30-31) di lapisan bawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan fosfat potensial (P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>-HCI)
pada SMP dari Sumatera bervariasi dari rendah sampai sangat tinggi di lapisan
atas, dan menurun menjadi rendah sampai sedang di lapisan bawah. Rata-ratanya
tinggi (58 mg/100 g tanah) di lapisan atas, dan rendah (20 mg/100 g tanah) di
lapisan bawah. Sementara kandungan P2O5 di seluruh lapisan pada SMP dari Kalimantan,
bervariasi dari rendah sampai sangat tinggi. Oleh karena itu, rata-rata
kandungan P2O5 potensial di lapisan atas termasuk sangat tinggi (115 mg/100 g
tanah), dan di lapisan bawah sedang (33 mg/100 g tanah). Kandungan K2O
tergolong sedang (32-35 mg/100 g tanah) di lapisan atas, dan sedang sampai
tinggi (29-60 mg/100 g tanah) di lapisan bawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan fosfat tersedia (P2O5 Bray-I) tergolong sedang
sampai tinggi (17,7-32,3 ppm) di lapisan atas, dan sedang (15,2-17,0 ppm) di
lapisan bawah. Jumlah basa, baik di lapisan atas maupun lapisan bawah,
tergolong tinggi (18,0-28,3 cmol(+)/kg tanah).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="background: white;">Basa dapat tukar yang
dominan di seluruh lapisan tanah adalah Mg dan Na masing-masing untuk Mg
termasuk sangat tinggi (10,89- 14,19 cmol(+)/kg tanah, pada SMP dari Sumatera,
dan termasuk tinggi (7,05-8,02 cmol(+)/kg tanah) pada SMP dari Kalimantan.
Kandungan Na tergolong sangat tinggi sampai sangat tinggi sekali, baik di
lapisan atas (2,34-6,01 cmol(+)/kg tanah) maupun di lapisan bawah (4,91-5,61
cmol(+)/kg tanah). Sebaliknya kandungan Ca-dapat tukar rendah sampai sedang,
baik di lapisan atas (5,11-7,84 cmol(+)/kg tanah), maupun lapisan bawah
(4,61-7,95 cmol(+)/kg tanah). Sementara kandungan K-dapat tukar, tergolong
sedang (0,43-0,64 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di seluruh lapisan. Kapasitar tukar kation
tanah, menunjukkan nilai tinggi sampai sangat tinggi (31,5-62,5 cmol(+)/kg
tanah) di lapisan atas, dan tinggi (28,9-32,7 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di lapisan
bawah karena pengaruh kandungan bahan organik yang sangat tinggi.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kejenuhan basa tergolong rendah sampai sedang (35-49%) di
lapisan atas, dan sedang sampai sangat tinggi (55-84%) di lapisan bawah.
Kejenuhan AI di semua lapisan umumnya sangat bervariasi dari sangat rendah
sampai sangat tinggi, dan rata-ratanya rendah (32-35%) di lapisan atas, dan
rendah sampai sedang (30-47%) di lapisan bawah. Kandungan pirit (FeS2) sangat
rendah (0,44-1,12%) di lapisan atas, dan rendah (1,35-2,31%) di lapisan bawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sulfat Masam Aktual</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Data Sulfat Masam Aktual (SMA) yang tersedia, hanya berasal
dari lahan rawa di Kalimantan. Sementara data analisis yang berasal dari
Sumatera, tidak menyebutkan adanya SMA karena data relatif berumur tua,
1974-1978. Tanah mempunyai lapisan gambut permukaan yang tipis, sekitar 0-12
cm. Seluruh lapisan tanah memiliki tekstur halus, dengan kandungan fraksi liat
35-70%, dan debu 25-60%, sehingga tekstur tanah lapisan atas tergolong liat
berdebu, dan di lapisan bawah liat. Lapisan atas berreaksi sangat masam sekali
(pH 3,6), sementara lapisan bawah antara kedalaman 20-120 cm menunjukkan pH
antara 1,8-3,5, dengan pH rata-rata 2,8, sehingga tergolong ber-reaksi masam
ekstrim.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan bahan organik di seluruh lapisan bervariasi tinggi
sampai sangat tinggi, sehingga rata-ratanya tergolong sangat tinggi
(7,51-10,93%). Kandungan N rata-rata tergolong sedang (0,22-0,49%) di seluruh
lapisan, dan cenderung menurun di lapisan-Iapisan bawah. Rasio C/N bervariasi
dari tinggi sampai sangat tinggi, dan bertambah besar di lapisan bawah. Karena
itu rasio C/N rata-rata tergolong tinggi (25) di lapisan atas, dan sangat
tinggi (39) di lapisan bawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan fosfat potensial (P2O5-HCI 25%) di lapisan atas
bervariasi dari rendah sampai sangat tinggi, dan rata-ratanya termasuk tinggi
(45 mg/100 g tanah). Kandungan P2O5 lapisan bawah, sebagian besar sangat rendah
sampai sedang, sehingga rata-ratanya rendah (17 mg/100 g tanah). Sebaliknya
kandungan K2O potensial (HCl 25%), sebagian besar tinggi sampai sangat tinggi
di semua lapisan, sehingga rata-ratanya tergolong sangat tinggi (73-81 mg/100 g
tanah).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah basa-basa di semua lapisan sampai sedalam 180 cm
sangat bervariasi dari rendah sampai sangat tinggi sekali, dan cenderung
menurun di lapisan bawah. Karena itu, rata-rata jumlah basa, baik di lapisan
atas maupun lapisan bawah tergolong tinggi (21,9-29,1 cmol(+)/kg tanah).
Seperti pada tipe- tipe lahan sebelumnya, basa dapatttukar yang dominan di
seluruh lapisan adalah Mg dan Na. Mg terdapat dalam jumlah tinggi sampai sangat
tinggi sekali, dan rata-ratanya sangat tinggi (8,30-9,25 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di
semua tapisan. Demikian juga Na terdapat dalam jumlah tinggi sampai sangat
tinggi sekali di seluruh lapisan, sehingga rata-ratanya termasuk sangat tinggi
sekali (9,70-14,87 cmol(+)/kg tanah). Sebaliknya kandungan Ca-dapat tukar
umumnya bervariasi dari sangat rendah sampai sedang, dan rata-ratanya tergolong
rendah (3,49-4,12 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di lapisan atas dan lapisan bawah.
Sedangkan K-dapat tukar tergolong tinggi (0,89 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di lapisan
atas, dan rendah (0,37 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di lapisan bawah. Kapasitas tukar
kation tanah bervariasi dari tinggi sampai sangat tinggi, dan rata-ratanya
tergolong tinggi (33,5-37,2 cmol(+)/kg tanah) di seluruh lapisan karena
kontribusi dari bahan organik.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1029" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:325.8pt;margin-top:-70.65pt;width:92.5pt;height:53.15pt;z-index:251661312'
stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251661312;"><span style="height: 71px; left: 0px; left: 434px; position: absolute; top: -94px; width: 124px;"></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 400%;">PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN PADA TANAH
SULFAT MASAM</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengelolaan
Bahan Organik</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyiapan lahan secara konvensional oleh petani petani
tradisional dengan sistem <i>tajak-puntal-hambur</i> sebagaimana
dkemukakan di atas merupakan kearifan lokal (<i>indigenous knowledge</i>) dalam
pengelolaan bahan organik yang patut dikembangkan. Proses pengomposan praktis
diserahkan kepada kebesaran alam dengan memanfaatkan mikroorganisme perombak
anaerob. Hasil analisis kompos dari purun (<i>Eleocharis</i> sp.),
bura-bura (<i>Panicum repens</i>), kerisan (<i>Rhynchospora corymbosa</i>)
menunjukkan mengandung rata-rata 31,74 % organik karbon, 1,96 % N, 0,68 % P,
dan 0,64 % K (Balittra, 2001).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Kadar bahan organik tanah di sulfat masam perlu
dipertahankan pada taraf 5 %, terutama pada tipe luapan c untuk mempertahankan
kebasahan tanah dan potensial redoks. Pada lahan sulfat masam yang lapisan
atasnya berupa gambut atau lahan-lahan gambut yang dibawahnya terdapat lapisan
pirit keberadaan lapisan piritnya perlu dipertahankan setebal antara 15-25 cm
(Noor, 2001). Lahan-lahan gambut yang mempunyai lapisan pirit di bawahnya
(seperti jenis tanah <i>Sulfihemist</i>, dan <i>Sulfohemist</i>)
merupakan lahan yang sangat berbahaya dan beresiko serta sukar penulihan
kembali apabila terdegradasi bila dibandingkan jenis lahan sulfat masam
seperti <i>Sulfaquent</i>. Produktivitas dan kesuburan tanah rawa pasang
surut berkaitan erat dengan ketebalan lapisan gambut atau kadar bahan organik
tanah (Notohadiprawiro, 1998b).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Teknologi Ameliorasi dan
Pemupukan pada Lahan Sulfat Masam</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ameliorasi
tanah sulfat masam untuk memperbaiki sifat kimia dan fisik tanah harus
dilakukan terlebih dahulu sebelum pemupukan dilaksanakan. Pemupukan tanpa
perbaikan tanah tidak akan efisien bahkan tidak respon. Produktivitas tanah
sulfat masam biasanya rendah, disebabkan oleh tingginya kemasaman (pH rendah),
kelarutan Fe, Al, dan Mn serta rendahnya ketersediaan unsur hara terutama P dan
K dan kejenuhan basa yang dapat mengganggu pertumbuhan tanaman (Dent, 1986).
Oleh karena itu tanah seperti ini memerlukan bahan pembenah tanah (amelioran)
untuk memperbaiki kesuburan tanahnya sehingga produktivitas lahannya meningkat.
Bahan amelioran yang dapat digunakan adalah kaptan dan <i>Rock Phosphate</i>.
Kaptan digunakan untuk meningkatkan pH tanah sedangkan<i>Rock Phosphate </i>untuk
memenuhi kebutuhan hara P-nya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Beberapa
faktor yang perlu dipertimbangkan dalam menetapkan kebutuhan kapur menurut (Mc
Lean, 1982, <i>dalam </i>Al-Jabri, 2002) adalah 1) derajat pelapukan
dari tipe bahan induk, 2) kandungan liat, 3) kandungan bahan organik, 4) bentuk
kemasaman, 5) pH tanah awal, 6) penggunaan metode kebutuhan kapur, dan 7)
waktu. Penetapan kebutuhan kapur untuk tanah sulfat masam dapat dilakukan
melalui beberapa metode, yaitu : 1) kebutuhan kapur berdasarkan metode
inkubasi, 2) metode titrasi, dan 3) berdasarkan Al-dd. Penetapan kebutuhan
kapur dengan metode inkubasi dilakukan dengan mencampurkan kapur dan tanah
serta air dalam beberapa dosis kapur selama beberapa waktu tertentu, biasanya
dari satu minggu sampai beberapa minggu. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lalu kebutuhan kapur ditentukan pada nilai pH tertentu.
Menurut Mc. Lean (1982 <i>dalam </i>Al-Jabri 2002), kelemahan metode
ini adalah terjadinya akumulasi garam (Ca, Mg, dan K) sehubungan dengan
aktivitas mikroba sehingga takaran kapurnya lebih tinggi. Penetapan kebutuhan
kapur berdasarkan metode titrasi dengan NaOH 0,05 N untuk mencapai pH tertentu
lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan metode inkubasi dan Al-dd KCl 1 N, tetapi
cara ini lambat tidak sesuai untuk analisis rutin (Al-Jabri, 2002). Walaupun
kebutuhan kapur dengan metode titrasi lebih rendah, tetapi sebagian besar dari
kemasaman tanah tidak dinetralisir oleh basa. Hal ini disebabkan reaksi antara
kation-kation asam yang dapat dititrasi berlangsung sangat lambat. Penetapan
kebutuhan kapur berdasarkan Al-dd KCl 1,0 N banyak dipertanyakan, sebab tingkat
keracunan Al bervariasi dengan tanaman dan tanah. Karena tingkat keracunan
untuk suatu jenis tanaman mempunyai variasi lebar dalam tanah yang berbeda maka
Al-dd tidak digunakan sebagai parameter yang menentukan keracunan tetapi
persentase kejenuhannya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil
penelitian di rumah kaca dan lapangan ternyata pemberian dosis kapur
berdasarkan titrasi dan inkubasi dapat diaplikasikan pada tanah sulfat masam
potensial bergambut di Lamunti ex. PLG Kalimantan Tengah (Suriadikarta dan
Sjamsidi, 2001), tanah sulfat masam umumnya ketersediaan hara P dan K rendah
namun bila bahan organiknya tinggi maka P dan K biasanya<br />
tinggi pula. Pada tanah sulfat masam aktual kadar P dan K dalam tanah sangat
rendah sehingga pemupukan P dan K sangat diperlukan. Pemupukan P diberikan 100
kg TSP/ha atau 125 kg SP-36/ha yang setara dengan 200 kg RP/ha (Hartatik, 1999
dan Supardi <i>et al., </i>2000).<i>Rock Phosphate </i>yang baik
mutunya untuk tanah ini adalah <i>Rock Phosphate </i>Maroko Ground
karena mempunyai kandungan Ca yang tinggi yaitu 27,65% dan kadar P2O5 total
28,8% (Suriadikarta dan Sjamsidi, 2001). Hasil penelitian di lahan rawa
menunjukkan pupuk kalium cukup diberikan 100 kg KCl/ha untuk tanaman padi
sawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah
sulfat masam di Pulau Petak sangat respon terhadap pemupukan P baik yang
berasal dari TSP maupun dari <i>Rock Phosphate</i>. Hasil penelitian
Manuelpillei <i>et al</i>. (1986) di kebun percobaan Unitatas BARIF
pemberian 135 kg P2O5/ha, 1.000 kg kaptan/ha, 50 kg K2O/ha, dan 120 kg N/ha
dapat meningkatkan hasil tanaman padi menjadi 2,45 t/ha GKG terjadi delapan
kali lipat peningkatan bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol (tanpa P dan Kaptan).
Pemberian 90 kg P2O5/ha dan kaptan 500 kg/ha menghasilkan 2,21 t/ha GKG, hasil
ini tidak berbeda nyata dengan pemberian 135 kg P2O5/ha dan kaptan 1.000 kg/ha.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemberian <i>Rock
Phosphate </i>pada tanah sulfat masam juga menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan
yang nyata dengan penggunaan TSP, hal ini disebabkan terjadinya proses
penyanggaan<i>Rock </i>Phophate dalam media yang sangat masam,
menghasilkan bentuk P yang meta-stabil seperti Dicalsium phophate yang tersedia
untuk tanaman. Subiksa <i>et al. </i>(1999), menunjukkan pemberian
dolomit 2 t/ha dan SP-36 200-300 kg/ha dapat menghasilkan rata-rata 4,0 t/ha
GKG pada tanah sulfat masam potensial di Kecamatan Telang, Kabupaten Muba,
Sumatera Selatan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam
penelitian pada tanah sulfat masam potensial di Tabung Anen Kalimantan Selatan
pemberian pupuk P + kalium + bahan organik dan kapur masing-masing sebesar 43
kg P/ha, 52 kg K/ha, kapur 1 t/ha dan pupuk kandang 5 t/ha memberikan hasil
3,24 t/ha GKG, pemberian kapur didasarkan kepada metode inkubasi untuk mencapai
pH 5 (Hartatik <i>et al.,</i>1999). Sedangkan pemupukan P berdasarkan
kepada kebutuhan P untuk mencapai 0,02 ppm P dalam larutan tanah. Di Belawang
kebutuhan kapurnya lebih tinggi yaitu sebesar 4 t/ha, respon pemupukan P dan K
tertinggi dicapai pada perlakuan P optimum (100 kg P/ha), K 78 kg/ha, dan 4 t
kapur/ha. Hasil itu dapat dipahami karena tanah sulfat masam aktual di Belawang
piritnya telah mengalami oksidasi sehingga Al-dd tinggi dan P tersedia rendah.
Hasil penelitian pemupukan P dan kapur pada tanah sulfat masam pada beberapa
lokasi penelitian disajikan pada Tabel 4.3. P-alam yang telah dicoba untuk
tanah sulfat masam dan memberikan hasil yang sama baiknya adalah P-alam
Tunisia, Ciamis, Christmas, dan Aljazair.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Di
Lamunti, ex PLG Kalimantan Tengah P-alam setara dengan 150 kg P2O5/ha rata-rata
dapat memberikan hasil 4,5 t/ha GKG, tetapi kalau diberikan 75 kg P2O5/ha hasil
yang diperoleh hanya 3,79 t/ha GKG, sedangkan di Palingkau Kalimantan Tengah
dengan dosis yang sama dapat memberikan masing-masing 3,7 t/ha dan 3,4 t/ha GKG
(Supardi <i>et al., </i>2000).</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemupukan
P-alam hingga 60% erapan maksimum P dalam tanah sulfat masam Sumber Agung dan
Sumber Rejo di Pulau Rimau, Sumatera Selatan dapat meningkatkan kadar P
tersedia, namun belum dapat menurunkan kadar unsur beracun Fe2+, Fe-Al oksida,
dan amorf serta sulfat dalam tanah. Unsur beracun diatas ditemukan dalam jumlah
yang lebih tinggi pada tanah sulfat masam potensial yang baru teroksidasi
dibandingkan tanah sulfat masam aktual (Setyorini, 2001). Oleh karena itu
diperlukan kehati-hatian dalam mereklamasi atau melakukan pencucian/drainase di
tanah sulfat masam potensial, apalagi jika kandungan liat tinggi. Lebih lanjut
ia menyatakan bahwa erapan P maksimum pada tanah sulfat masam aktual mencapai
2,000 µg P/g sedangkan pada sulfat masam potensial sedikit lebih rendah yaitu
sekitar 1,666 µg P/g. Nilai erapan maksimum yang tinggi pada sulfat masam
aktual dari pada sulfat masam potensial diakibatkan perbedaan kadar dan jenis
liat, kadar pirit, pH, Al dan Fe, serta bahan organik. Ditinjau dari distribusi
bentuk P-anorganik pada tanah sulfat masam diatas, terlihat bahwa fraksi Fe-P
dan Al-P mendominasi jumlah P anorganik pada tanah sulfat masam potensial
sedangkan fraksi Al-P dan Ca-P dominan pada sulfat masam aktual. Faktor-faktor
yang mempengaruhi ketersediaan P pada tanah sulfat masam antara lain pH, Alo,
Feo, Ald, Fed, dan pirit. Tingginya kadar Fe dan Al bentuk amorf pada tanah
sulfat masam mempengaruhi distribusi fraksi Panorganik (Setyorini, 2001).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari
hasil penelitian Konsten dan Sarwani (1990), di Pulau Petak Kalimantan Selatan,
diperoleh bahwa oksidasi pirit setelah reklamasi membuat tanah di daerah
tersebut sangat masam, dijenuhi oleh Al dan mempunyai pH antara 3 dan 4. Adanya
garam-garam besi bebas dan Al menyebabkan keracunan tanaman dan defisiensi K
dan Ca sangat sering terjadi. Kemasaman tanah aktual dari tanah sulfat masam di
Pulau Petak diduga dengan titrasi cepat pada pH 5,5, jumlah Al-dd sampai 60
mmol/g. Kemasaman tanah aktual untuk tanah pH kurang dari 4 adalah 20 mmol/100
g yang setara dengan keperluan kapur 15 t/ha. Potensi kemasaman sangat tinggi
dengan kandungan pirit mencapai 8%.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selanjutnya
Konsten dan Sarwani (1990) mengemukakan bahwa untuk mengatasi kemasaman aktual
yang tinggi dapat dilakukan dengan drainase dangkal, pencucian intensif tanah
lapisan atas, yang dikombinasikan dengan pemberian kapur dan pupuk kalium.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengelolaan Tanah dan
Air</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengelolaan
tanah dan air (<i>soil and water management</i>) merupakan kunci utama untuk
keberhasilan pengembangan pertanian di lahan rawa pasang surut, termasuk tanah
sulfat masam. Pengelolaan tanah dan air ini meliputi jaringan tata air makro
maupun mikro, penataan lahan, ameliorasi, dan pemupukan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jaringan Tata Air Makro</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengembangan
lahan rawa meliputi kegiatan reklamasi dan pengelolaan. Kegiatan reklamasi
dimulai dari perencanaan, penelitian dan pelaksanaan di lapangan. Penelitian
yang mendukung perencanaan reklamasi sangat diperlukan terutama penelitian
sumberdaya lahan meliputi tanah, air, iklim, dan hidrologi serta aspek
lingkungan. Dalam pelaksanaannya reklamasi mencakup pekerjaan penebangan hutan
dan pembakaran, konstruksi jalan, dan pembuatan saluran drainase (Widjaja-Adhi,
1995).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem
reklamasi lahan rawa di Indonesia telah dilakukan sejak proyek P4S yang dimulai
awal Pelita I di lahan rawa pasang surut pantai timur Sumatera, Kalimantan
Tengah, dan Kalimantan Selatan serta Kalimantan Barat. Menurut Subagjo dan
Widjaja-Adhi (1998) selama PJP I telah ditetapkan lima sistem jaringan tata air
makro, yaitu: 1) sistem garpu, 2) tangga, 3) sisir tunggal, 4) sisir
berpasangan, dan 5) kombinasi garpu dengan sisir.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selain
kelima sistem tersebut UGM telah mengkombinasikan dengan pembuatan kolam pada
ujung saluran primer atau sekunder (Gambar 1) yang disebut dengan sistem kolam.
Keuntungan dari sistem kolam ini adalah asamasam atau racun dapat diendapkan
dalam kolam tersebut tidak masuk ke dalam lahan pertanian dan memelihara aliran
sewaktu air surut. Sistem kolam ini telah dilaksanakan di Pulau Petak dan
Barabai Kalimantan Selatan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem
jaringan tata air tersebut sebenarnya tidak berlaku umum tetapi tergantung
kepada tipologi lahan dan tipe luapan di daerah itu. Sistem jaringan tata air
selain dibedakan menurut bentuknya dapat pula dibedakan menurut hubungan tata
air, yaitu sistem terbuka dan sistem tertutup. Sistem reklamasi jaringan
tertutup adalah cara pembukaan lahan yang jaringan tata airnya tidak
berhubungan satu sama lain (<i>zonasi</i>). Sistem ini seperti yang dilakukan
oleh petani Suku Banjar di Kalimantan Selatan dan Kalimantan Tengah dan Suku
Bugis di Pulau Sumatera. Pada sistem tertutup ini pembuatan saluran atau handil
sangat hati-hati dengan memperhatikan karakteristik tanah dan tipe luapan air
sungai. Handil itu dibuat tegak lurus sungai ke arah hutan mengikuti garis
kontur sehingga handil itu tidak selalu lurus dan panjangnya tergantung air
pasang masuk (4-10 km). Cara reklamasi seperti ini umumnya berhasil dalam
meningkatkan produktivitas lahan rawa, terutama padi, palawija, dan tanaman buah-buahan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan
hasil penelitian Badan Litbang Pertanian bahwa lahan pasang surut memiliki
prospek yang besar untuk dikembangkan menjadi lahan pertanian terutama dalam
kaitannya dalam mendukung program ketahanan pangan dan agribisnis melalui
peningkatan dan diversifikasi produksi, peningkatan pendapatan dan lapangan
kerja. Namun untuk mendukung kearah pengembangan pertanian yang berhasil dan
berkesinambungan dilahan pasang surut ada dua hal penting yang harus
diperhatikan dalam reklamasi lahan, yaitu pemanfaatan jaringan tata air berikut
salurannya dan tata ruang untuk penataan lahannya (Widjaja-Adhi dan Alihamsyah,
1998).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selanjutnya
dalam pembuatan saluran baik primer, sekunder dan tersier perlu memperhatikan
tata letak, dimensi dan cara pembuatan salurannya disesuaikan dengan fisiografi
dan kondisi lahan sehingga menunjang kelestarian dan produktivitas lahan.
Pembuatan saluran harus mengikuti atau memperhatikan garis kontur dan tipologi
lahannya. Saluran dengan mempertimbangkan garis kontur maka aliran air dapat
mengalir dengan baik, tinggi air di saluran rata.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hal
ini akan sangat berpengaruh dalam proses pencucian bahan-bahan beracun dari
lahan ke saluran dan seterusnya ke sungai berjalan lancar. Dimensi dan
kedalaman saluran perlu dipertimbangkan sehubungan dengan keadaan hidrologi di
daerah tersebut, sebab penurunan muka air yang drastis akan mengakibatkan
teroksidasi lapisan pirit, besi, Al, dan sulfat akan muncul ke permukaan dan
dengan adanya air hujan akan meningkatkan kemasaman (pH) air di saluran.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selain
itu penurunan permukaan air yang drastis juga akan menyebabkan gambut kering
tak balik (<i>irrevisible drying</i>) sehingga akan mempercepat penurunan
permukaan gambut (<i>subsidence</i>) dan atau cepat hilangnya lapisan gambut.
Pembuatan tata ruang sebelum saluran dibuat perlu memperhatikan dan
mempertimbangkan pola penggunaan lahan hipotetik yang dikemukakan oleh
Widjaja-Adhi, (1992). Menurut Harjono, (1995) sedikitnya terbuka lima peluang
fungsi dari jaringan pengairan rawa, yaitu 1) berfungsi sebagai saluran
drainase, 2) sebagai pemasukan air, 3) sebagai alat trasportasi, 4) berfungsi
sebagai konservasi sumberdaya air rawa, dan 5) sebagai pendukung bagi proses
reklamasi.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk
mencapai jaringan tata air ini hendaknya berpegang kepada pola penggunaan lahan
dan pola pemanfaatan sekaligus diharapkan dapat berfungsi sebagai saluran
drainase, pemasok air, mendukung proses reklamasi, dan konservasi sumber air.
Fungsi jaringan tata air sebagai alat transportasi perlu dipertimbangkan pada
tahapan mana ini dapat diberlakukan. Pada tahap saluran primer dan sekunder
mungkin fungsi ini dapat diberlakukan, tetapi untuk tersier sebaiknya tidak
dianjurkan. Pembuatan pintu air pada saluran primer atau sekunder seperti
dilahan ex-PLG sangat tidak efisien karena mengganggu fungsi transportasi
masyarakat sekitar sehingga akhirnya dijebol, pengaturan pintu air sebaiknya
mulai dilakukan di tingkat tersier ke bawah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam
rancangan infrastruktur hidrologi, pengelolaan air di lahan pasang surut
dibedakan ke dalam : (1) Pengelolaan air makro, (2) pengelolaan air mikro, dan
(3) pengelolaan air tingkat tersier yaitu mengkaitkan antara pengelolaan air
makro dan pengelolaan air mikro (Widjaja-Adhi dan Alihamsyah, 1998).
Pengelolaan air makro yaitu penguasaan air di tingkat kawasan reklamasi yang
bertujuan mengelola berfungsinya jaringan drainase/irigasi
(navigasi-sekundertersier), kawasan <i>retarder </i>dan sepadan
sungai/laut dan saluran intersepsi bila diperlukan serta kawasan tampung hujan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kawasan <i>retarder </i>dimaksudkan
untuk mengurangi terjadinya banjir di daerah hulu sungai termasuk mengurangi
kedalaman dan lama genangan air dilahan lebak dangkal dan tengahan. Dalam hal
ini, seyogyanya lebak dalam dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai kawasan <i>retarder </i>dengan
jalan diperdalam dan alirannya diarahkan ke sungai di bagian hilirnya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Saluran
itersepsi dimaksudkan untuk menampung aliran permukaan dan sebagai tempat
memproses air yang mengandung bahan beracun agar tidak memasuki areal
pertanian. Saluran ini dibuat di daerah perbatasan lahan kering dan rawa menyerupai
waduk panjang serta diarahkan untuk menyalurkan kelebihan air ke sungai di
bagian hilirnya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kawasan
tampung hujan dimaksudkan sebagai daerah sumber air untuk irigasi. Kawasan
tampung hujan sebaiknya dialokasikan pada lahan gambut di bagian hulu sungai
karena gambut memiliki daya menahan dan melepas air tinggi, yaitu antara
300-800% bobotnya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tata Air Mikro</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem
pengelolaan tata air mikro berfungsi untuk : (1) mencukupi kebutuhan
evapotranspirasi tanaman, (2) mencegah pertumbuhan tanaman liar pada padi
sawah, (3) mencegah terjadinya bahan beracun bagi tanaman melalui
penggelontoran dan pencucian, (4) mengatur tinggi muka air, dan (5) menjaga
kualitas air di petakan lahan dan di saluran. Untuk lebih memperlancar keluar
masuknya air pada petakan lahan yang sekaligus memperlancar pencucian bahan
racun, Widjaja-Adhi (1995) menganjurkan pembuatan saluran cacing pada petakan
lahan dan di sekeliling petakan lahan. Oleh karena itu, sistem pengelolaan tata
air mikro mencakup pengaturan dan pengelolaan tata air di saluran kuarter dan
petakan lahan yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan tanaman dan sekaligus memperlancar
pencucian bahan beracun.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil
penelitian Suriadikarta <i>et al. </i>(1999), saluran kuarter
biasanya dibuat di setiap batas pemilikan lahan, sedangkan di dalam petakan
lahan dibuat saluran cacing dengan interval 3-12 m dan di sekeliling petakan
lahan tergantung pada kondisi lahannya. Semakin tinggi tingkat keracunan,
semakin rapat pula jarak antar saluran cacing tersebut. Hasil penelitian
Subagyono <i>et al. </i>(1999) pencucian bahan beracun dari petakan
lahan dilakukan dengan memasukkan air ke petakan lahan sebelum tanah dibajak,
kemudian air tersebut dikeluarkan setelah pengolahan tanah selesai. Usaha
pencucian ini akan berjalan baik apabila terdapat cukup air segar, baik dari
hujan maupun dari air pasang. Oleh karena itu, air di petakan lahan perlu
diganti setiap dua minggu pada saat pasang besar.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengelolaan
air tingkat tersier ditujukan untuk mengatur saluran tersier agar berfungsi:
(1) memasukkan air irigasi, (2) mengatur tinggi muka air di saluran dan secara
tidak langsung di petakan lahan, dan (3) mengatur kualitas air dengan membuang
bahan beracun yang terbentuk di petakan lahan serta mencegah masuknya air asin
ke petakan lahan. Sistem pengelolaan air di tingkat tersier dan mikro
tergantung kepada tipe luapan air pasang dan keracunan di petakan lahan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penataan
air di lahan petani dapat dilakukan dengan sistem aliran satu arah (<i>one-way
flow system</i>) dan sistem aliran yang sifatnya bolak-balik (<i>twoway</i> <i>flow
system</i>). Hal yang perlu mendapat perhatian khusus dalam sistem tata air
adalah sinkronisasi antara tata air makro dan mikro (Subagyono <i>et al</i>.,
1999). Misalnya, penerapan aliran sistem satu arah untuk pencucian hanya akan
berjalan efektif jika kondisi saluran tersier, sekunder, dan primer semuanya
dalam kondisi baik dan arah aliran tidak bolak-balik.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada
sistem aliran satu arah dirancang saluran irigasi dan saluran drainase secara
terpisah. Pintu klep (<i>flapgate</i>) dipasang berlawanan arah. Pada saluran
irigasi pintu klep membuka ke arah dalam sedang pada saluran drainase pintu
klep membuka ke arah luar, sehingga pencucian lahan dapat berlangsung dengan
efektif. Pencucian lahan dimaksudkan agar unsur yang bersifat racun bagi
tanaman seperti Fe<sup>2+</sup>, sulfat, dan Al<sup>3+</sup> keluar dari
lahan usaha dan pH tanah menjadi lebih baik.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tata
air pada lahan yang bertipe luapan A dan B perlu diatur dalam sistem aliran
satu arah (<i>one way flow system</i>), sedangkan untuk lahan bertipe luapan C
dan D, saluran air perlu ditabat/disekat dengan <i>stoplog </i>untuk
menjaga permukaan air tanah agar sesuai dengan kebutuhan tanaman serta
memungkinkan air hujan tertampung dalam saluran tersebut. Untuk keperluan
pengaturan tata air ini perlu dibangun pintu-pintu yang sesuai sebagai
pengendali air. Pintu air tersebut dapat berupa <i>stoplog </i>maupun
pintu ayun atau pintu engsel (<i>flapgate</i>). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil
penelitian pengelolaan tata air mikro dengan cara tersebut pada lahan sulfat
masam dengan berbagai sistem penataan lahan di Karang Agung Ulu oleh
Djayusman <i>et al</i>. (1995) menunjukkan adanya peningkatan kualitas
lahan dan hasil tanaman dari musim ke musim. Aliran satu arah dikombinasikan
dengan pengolahan tanah memakai traktor tangan dan pemberian dolomit pada lahan
sulfat masam dalam satu unit tata air saluran sekunder (50 ha) oleh Proyek ISDP
(1997), dapat secara cepat meningkatkan kualitas lahan dan memberikan hasil
yang baik bagi tanaman padi dan palawija. Nilai pH air tanah meningkat dari
rata-rata 4,2 pada saat sebelum pengolahan tanah menjadi rata-rata 4,8 pada
saat penanaman dan 5,4 pada pada saat panen (Widjaja-Adhi dan Alihamsyah,
1998). Sedangkan kandungan Fe<sup>++</sup> 160 ppm pada saat tanam dan 72
ppm pada saat panen. Hasil rata-rata ubinan padi varietas Cisadane mencapai
6,26 t/ha GKP sedangkan varietas Cisangarung dapat mencapai 9,44 t/ha GKP.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penataan Lahan</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penataan
lahan perlu dilakukan untuk membuat lahan tersebut sesuai dengan kebutuhan
tanaman yang akan dikembangkan. Dalam melakukan penataan lahan perlu
diperhatikan hubungan antara tipologi lahan, tipe luapan, dan pola
pemanfaatannya seperti pada tipologi sulfat masam potensial dengan tipe luapan
A, maka penataan lahan sebaiknya untuk sawah, karena pirit akan lebih stabil
tidak mengalami oksidasi dan tanaman padi dapat tumbuh dengan baik. Tetapi bila
tipe luapan B, maka pola pemanfaatan lahan dapat dilaksanakan dengan sistem
surjan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem
surjan dapat digunakan untuk tanaman padi, palawija, sayuran atau buah-buahan.
Untuk tanah sulfat masam potensial pengolahan tanah dan pembuatan guludan
sebaiknya dilakukan secara hati-hati dan bertahap. Guludan dibuat secara
bertahap dan tanahnya diambil dari lapisan atas. Hal ini dilakukan untuk
menghindari oksidasi pirit.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem surjan adalah salah satu contoh usaha penataan
lahan untuk melakukan diversifikasi tanaman dilahan rawa. Lebar guludan 3-5 m,
dan tinggi 0,5-0,6 m, sedangkan tabukan dibuat dengan lebar 15 m. Setiap ha
lahan dapat dibuat 6-10 guludan, dan 5-9 tabukan. Tabukan surjan ditanami padi
sawah, sedangkan guludan ditanami dengan palawija, sayuran, dan tanaman industri
(kencur, kopi, dan kelapa). </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari
Tabel diatas ditunjukkan bagaimana pola pemanfaatan lahan dalam kaitannya
tipologi lahan dan tipe luapan. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem
surjan baik dilakukan pada tipe luapan B dan C sedangkan tipe luapan D lebih
baik untuk sistem pertanian lahan kering. Untuk tanah gambut tekstur lapisan
tanah dibawahnya sangat menentukan dalam pola pemanfaatan lahannya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">KESIMPULAN</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lahan sulfat masam adalah lahan yang mempunyai kendala pH
yang masam, mempunyai kandungan pirit, dan kandungan hara yang rendah, namun
sifat fisiknya cukup baik, oleh karena itu lahan tersebut berpotensi untuk
dikembangkan sebagai lahan pertanian.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman yang dapat dikembangkan pada lahan ini adalah tanaman
padi sawah, palawija, sayuran, perkebunan, dan tanaman kehutanan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam pelaksanaan penggunaan lahan untuk pertanian perlu
mempertimbangkan dua hal yang penting, yaitu letak kedalaman pirit dan tipe
luapan air pasang surut.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kedua faktor itu merupakan penentu di dalam menerapkan
teknologi penataan lahan dan tata air, serta pemilihan komoditas yang
dikembangkan. Selanjutnya dalam peningkatan produktivitas lahan perlu didukung
teknologi ameliorasi dan pemupukan sesuai dengan komoditasnya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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id="_x0000_s1027" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
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stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251659264;"><span style="height: 71px; left: 0px; left: 481px; position: absolute; top: -81px; width: 123px;"><img height="71" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="123" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></strong><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Abdurachman, A., A. Bambang, K.
Sudarman, dan D.A. Suriadikarta. 2000. Perspektif pengembangan lahan rawa untuk
pertanian di Indonesia. Prosiding Temu Pakar dan Lokakarya Nasional Diseminasi
dan Optimasi Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Lahan Rawa, Jakarta, 23-26 November 1999.
Pusat Penelitian Tanah dan Agroklimat. Bogor. Hal. 33-54.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Jabri, M. 2002. Penentapan
Kebutuhan Kapur dan Pupuk Fosfat untuk Tanaman Padi (Oryza sativa L.) pada
Tanah Sulfat Masam Aktual Belawang, Kalimantan Selatan. Disertasi. Program
Pascasarjana. Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arkesteyn GJMW. 1980. Contribution
of microorganisms to the oxidation of pyrite. WAU disertation no. 791.
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arulando, X. dan Kam suan Pheng.
1982. Management of acis sulphate soils in the muda irrigation scheme, Kedal.
Paninsular Malaysia. Dalam: H. Dost dan V.N. Breemen Symp. On acid sulphate
soils. ILRI Publ. 31. Wageningen. The Netherlands. P. 195-213.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Pertanian. 2003. Panduan ekspose Nasional Pertanian Lahan Rawa Pasang Surut.
Barito Kuala, 30-31 Juli 2003.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Balittra. 2001. 40 Tahun Balittra
1961-2001: Perkembangan dan Program Penelitian ke Depan. Balai Penelitian
Tanaman pangan Lahan Rawa. Banjarbaru. 84 hlm.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bloomfield, C. and J.K. Coulter.
1973. Genesis and management of Acid sulfate soils. Adv. Agron. 25:265-326.
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Boss, M.G. 1990. Research on Acid
sulfate soils in humid tropics. Paper workshop on acid sulfate soils in humid
tropic. Bogor, 20-22 Nopember, 1990.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Brinkman, R. and V.P. Sing. 1982.
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Sulfate Soil. 318-330. Bangkok.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dent, D. 1986. Acid Sulphate Soils
: a baseline for research and development. International Institute for Land
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dent D. 1986. Acid Sulphate Soils:
A baseline for research and development. Wageningen: ILRI Publ. 39.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Driessen, P.M. and M.
Soepraptohardjo. 1974. Soil for Agriculture Expansion in Indonesia. Bulletin 1.
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Djayusman, M., S. Sastraatmaja,
I.G. Ismail, dan I P.G. Widjaja-Adhi. 1995. Penataan lahan dan pengelolaan air
untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tanah sulfat masam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">FAO-Unesco. 1974. Soil map of the
word. Vol I. Paris. 1974.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hartatik, W., I B. Aribawa, dan
J.S. Adinigsih. 1999. Pengelolaan hara terpadu pada lahan sulfat masam. Dalam
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Indonesia. 6-8 Desember 1995. Bogor.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jumberi, A., dan T. Alihamsyah.
2004. Reklamasi dan Agribisnis di lahan pasang surut, Balai Penelitian
Pertanian Lahan Rawa, Banjarbaru, Kalimantan Selatan. Konsten, C.J.M. and M.
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in the Humid Tropics, 20-22 November, Bogor Indonesia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kasryno, F., H. Nataatmadja, E.
Pasandaran, E.A. Rasahan, dan C.G. Swensen. 1989. Development an integrated
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mahmud, Z. 1990. Potensi dan
keragaan usahatani kelapa pasang surut Propinsi Riau. Laporan Bulanan Balitra,
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Manuelpillai, R.G., M. Damanik, and
R.S. Simatupang. 1986. Site specipic soil characteristies and the amelioration
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Maas, A. Sutanto, R., dan Purwadi,
T. 2000. Pengaruh air laut terhadap laju oksidasi pirit dan tahana hara tanah
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menteri Pertanian. 1999. Sambutan
Menteri Pertanian Republik Indonesia dalam Pembukaan Temu Pakar dan lokakarya
Nasional Desiminasi dan Optimasi Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Lahan Rawa, Jakarta,
23-26 Nopember 1999.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mills C. 2002. The role of
micro-organisms in acid rock drainage. http://www.environmine.com/ard/ /nele
of.htm. [21 Oktober 2012].</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Noor, M. 1996. Padi Lahan Marjinal.
Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta. 213 hlm.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4414864719232378661.post-25479536455624066522013-04-22T09:34:00.001+07:002013-04-22T09:34:34.281+07:00REHABILITASI LAHAN TERDEGRADASI<br />
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<b>REHABILITASI LAHAN TERDEGRADASI MELALUI
PENAMBAHAN AMELIORAN GAMBUT DAN JERAMI<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>FIZRI
ZULKARNAEN SIREGAR / 110301052<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI
1<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI</b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>MEDAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>2013<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN">KATA PENGANTAR</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="IN">Puji dan syukur penulis
panjatkan kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa karena
berkat rahmat dan lindungan-Nya maka penulis dapat menyelesaikan artikel
ini tepat pada waktunya.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Adapun</span> <span lang="IN"> judul</span>
dari <span lang="IN">artikel </span> <span lang="IN">ini
</span> <span lang="IN">adalah </span> “REHABILITASI LAHAN TERDEGRADASI
MELALUI PENAMBAHAN AMELIORAN GAMBUT DAN JERAMI”<i><span lang="IN"> </span></i><span lang="IN">yang merupakan </span>tugas matakuliah Pengelolaan Tanah
dan Air, Program Studi Agroekoteknologi, <span lang="IN">Fakultas Pertanian</span>,<span lang="IN">
Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Pada kesempatan ini
penulis mengucapkan terima
kasih kepada </span>Dr. Ir. Hamidah Hanum, MP yang
merupakan Dosen Pengampu Matakuliah Pengelolaan Tanah dan Air <span lang="IN">yang telah membantu penulis sehingga artikel ini
dapat diselesaikan tepat pada waktunya.</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">Penulis menyadari bahwa artikel ini jauh dari
kesempurnaan. Oleh karena itu, penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang
bersifat membangun demi kesempurnaan artikel ini. Akhir kata, penulis
mengucapkan terima kasih</span>.</div>
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<span lang="IN">Medan, </span> Desember 2012</div>
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<span lang="IN">Penulis</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 400%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 400%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>KATA PENGANTAR</b>.......................................................................................... i</div>
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<b>DAFTAR ISI</b>......................................................................................................... ii<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Latar
Belakang............................................................................................... 1 </div>
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Tujuan
Penulisan............................................................................................ 2</div>
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<b>TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Pengertian
Lahan Kering............................................................................... 3</div>
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Tanah
Mineral Masam dan Penyebarannya.................................................... 4</div>
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Kesuburan
Tanah........................................................................................... 7</div>
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<b>PERMASALAHAN KESUBURAN TANAH</b>................................................. 10</div>
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<b>PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN TANAH<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Konsep
LEIA, LLEISA, dan HEIA........................................................... 14</div>
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Konsep
Mekanik dan Vegetatif.................................................................. 23</div>
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<b>PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Kesimpulan.................................................................................................. 29</div>
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Saran............................................................................................................ 29</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 30</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar
Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lahan adalah salah satu sistem
bumi, yang bersama dengan sistem bumi yang lain, yaitu air alam dan atmosfer,
menjadi inti fungsi, perubahan, dan kemantapan ekosistem. Tanah berkedudukan
khas dalam masalah lingkungan hidup, merupakan kimah (aset) lingkungan dan
membentuk landasan hakiki bagi kemanusiaan (James, 1995). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fungsi-fungsi vital yang dikerjakan
tanah dalam ekosistem mencakup: a) memberlanjutkan kegiatan, keaneka ragaman,
dan produktivitas hayati, b) mengatur dan membagi-bagi aliran air dan larutan,
c) menyaring, menyangga, mendegradasi, imobilisasi, dan detoksifikasi
bahan-bahan organik dan anorganik, termasuk hasil samping industri dan kota
serta endapan atmosfir, d) menyimpan dan mendaurkan hara dan unsur-unsur lain
di dalam biosfir bumi, dan e) memberikan topangan bagi bangunan sosio ekonomi
dan perlindungan bagi pemukiman manusia. Untuk keberlanjutan peri kehidupan dan
menjamin kesejahteraannya, manusia tidak mungkin mengabaikan upaya mencegah degradasi
berbagai fungsi tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah di manapun keberadaannya
merupakan komponen lingkungan hidup yang secara mutlak harus dilindungi atau
dihindarkan dari dampak yang merugikan, maka konservasi tanah menjadi suatu
keharusan bagi membuat lingkungan hidup terhunikan (Notohadipawiro, 2000;
Idjudin, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Cerapan (<i>perception</i>)
kebanyakan orang tentang mutu lingkungan selalu dilihat dari sisi air dan
udara. Mereka dapat menghargai air dan udara yang bersih dan segar.
Dibandingkan dengan penghargaan terhadap air dan udara, penghargaan kebanyakan
orang terhadap tanah tetap rudimenter (James, 1995).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sudah ada peraturan
perundang-undangan mengenai baku mutu air dan udara, akan tetapi hingga saat
ini belum terwujud undang-undang yang mengatur baku mutu tanah. Dari perspektif
ilmu dan lingkungan, tanah adalah ekosistem yang beraneka pada skala lokal dan
sumberdaya alam yang sangat heterogen dari segi kimia, fisik, dan hayati. Maka
tanah menjadi penentu kapasitas lahan dalam produksi biomassa berguna, seperti
dalam budidaya pertanian, perkebunan, dan kehutanan (Idjudin, 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Budidaya perkebunan di dataran
tinggi dihadapkan pada faktor pembatas biofisik seperti lereng yang relatif
curam, kepekaan tanah terhadap erosi dan longsor dan curah hujan yang tinggi.
Kesalahan dalam pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan sumberdaya lahan di dataran tinggi
dapat menimbulkan kerusakan biofisik berupa degradasi kesuburan tanah dan
ketersediaan air yang dampaknya tidak hanya dirasakan oleh masyarakat di lahan
dataran tinggi, tetapi juga di bagian hilirnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sekitar 45% wilayah Indonesia
berupa dataran tinggi perbukitan dan pegunungan yang dicirikan oleh
topo-fisiografi yang sangat beragam, sehingga praktek budidaya pertanian di lahan
dataran tinggi memiliki posisi strategis dalam pembangunan pertanian nasional.
Selain memberikan manfaat bagi jutaan petani, lahan dataran tinggi juga
berperan penting dalam menjaga fungsi lingkungan daerah aliran sungai (DAS) dan
penyangga daerah di bawahnya
(Departemen Pertanian, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman pekebunan seperti kopi,
teh, kina, dan berbagai jenis buah buahan juga banyak diproduksi di lahan
pegunungan. Lahan pegunungan yang merupakan hulu DAS juga berperan penting
dalam menjaga tata air DAS itu sendiri, mempertahankan keanekaragaman hayati,
mengendalikan erosi, dan menambat karbon di atmosfer sehingga mengurangi
pemanasan global (Departemen Pertanian, 2006). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berbagai tanaman hortikultura,
tanaman perkebunan, tanaman pangan, dan ternak dihasilkan di lahan pegunungan.
Sebagian besar tanaman sayursayuran dan bunga-bungaan dihasilkan di tanah Andisols
dan Alfisols dengan elevasi berkisar antara 350-1.500 m di atas permukaan laut (dpl).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Walaupun berpeluang untuk budidaya pertanian,
lahan pegunungan rentan terhadap longsor dan erosi, karena tingkat
kemiringannya, curah hujan relatif lebih tinggi, dan tanah tidak stabil. Bahaya
longsor dan erosi akan meningkat apabila lahan pegunungan yang semula tertutup
hutan dibuka menjadi areal pertanian tanaman semusim yang tidak menerapkan
praktek konservasi tanah dan air, atau menjadi areal peristirahatan dengan
segala fasilitas yang tidak ramah lingkungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir,
bencana alam banjir dan longsor makin meningkat, baik daya rusak maupun
intensitasnya. Bencana tersebut telah menimbulkan banyak korban manusia, harta,
lahan pertanian, infrastruktur dan sebagainya. Degradasi lahan juga semakin meningkat
dan meluas, terutama akibat tingginya tingkat erosi tanah, khususnya di daerah
pegunungan. Longsor dan erosi di kawasan pegunungan selain ditentukan oleh
karakteristik lahan dan kondisi iklim juga dipengaruhi oleh sistem dan teknik
budidaya pertanian di wilayah tersebut (Departemen Pertanian, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Materi yang dikemukakan dalam
makalah ini meliputi aspek pengolahan tanah, faktor penentu kepekaan lahan
terhadap longsor dan erosi, teknologi pengendalian longsor, teknologi budidaya
pada sistem usahatani konservasi, dan implikasi kebijakan. Substansi yang
disampaikan bersifat umum, sebagai landasan bagi penyusunan petunjuk teknis
oleh instansi yang berwenang di tingkat pusat dan daerah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengolahan
Lahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengolahan
tanah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengolahan tanah meliputi berbagai
kegiatan fisik dan mekanik tanah yang bertujuan untuk membuat media perakaran
tanaman lebih baik. Di negara maju, petani sudah sangat tergantung pada alat
mesin pertanian (alsintan), baik untuk pengolahan tanah, penanaman benih,
penyiangan gulma, maupun untuk pemanenan hasil (Rachman <i>et al., </i>2004). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berbagai macam alsintan untuk
mengolah tanah terus dikembangkan, menghasilkan teknologi pengolahan tanah yang
efisien. Petani tidak punya pilihan lain kecuali menggunakan mesin-mesin
pertanian tersebut untuk meningkatkan hasil pertanian dan mengefisienkan
usahataninya. Akibatnya, tanah diolah dengan intensitas pengolahan yang terus meningkat.
Petani, pada awalnya, mendapatkan hasil panen yang tinggi, namun karena tanah
terus-menerus diolah, akibatnya tanah mengalami penurunan produktivitas
(Rachman <i>et</i> <i>al., </i>2004). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah yang diolah berlebihan tanpa tindakan
konservasi akan menjadi lebih cepat kering, lebih halus (<i>powdery</i>),
berstruktur buruk, dan kadar bahan organik tanahnya semakin rendah. Sebagai
akibat dari pengolahan yang sangat intensif ini, pada tahun 1930-an, misalnya,
terjadi tragedi hujan debu di Amerika Serikat yang menerbangkan debu dari lahan
pertanian ke lautan Alantik (Rachman <i>et
al</i>., 2004).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengolahan tanah dapat diartikan
sebagai kegiatan manipulasi mekanik terhadap tanah (Arsyad, 2000). Tujuannya
adalah untuk mencampur dan menggemburkan tanah, mengontrol tanaman pengganggu,
mencampur sisa tanaman dengan tanah, dan menciptakan kondisi kegemburan tanah
yang baik untuk pertumbuhan akar (Gill and Vanden Berg, 1967). Pengolahan tanah
dikerjakan untuk menggemburkan tanah, memperdalam jeluk efektif untuk perakaran,
dan memudahkan daya antar air dan udara (Notohadipawiro, 2000). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Setiap upaya pengolahan tanah akan
menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan sifat-sifat tanah. Tingkat perubahan yang
terjadi sangat ditentukan oleh jenis alat pengolahan tanah yang digunakan.
Penggunaan cangkul, misalnya, relatif tidak akan banyak menyebabkan terjadinya
pemadatan pada lapisan tanah bagian bawah. Namun demikian karena seringnya
tanah terbuka, terutama antara dua musim tanam, maka lebih riskan terhadap dispersi
agregat, erosi, dan proses iluviasi yang selanjutnya dapat memadatkan tanah
(Pankhurst and Lunch, 1993).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penggunaan alat berat akan
menggemburkan tanah dan membolak-balikkan tanah sampai pada kedalaman 20 cm.
Namun, pada waktu yang bersamaan roda traktor menyebabkan terjadinya pemadatan
tanah dan berbagai efek negatif lainnya. Beberapa hasil penelitian menunjukkan
bahwa pengolahan tanah yang berlebihan menjadi penyebab utama terjadinya
kerusakan struktur tanah Suwardjo <i>et al</i>., 1989) dan kekahatan kandungan
bahan organik tanah. Kepedulian terhadap efek kurang menguntungkan dari
pengolahan tanah yang intensif mendorong para praktisi pertanian mencari
alternatif penyiapan lahan yang lebih rasional terhadap kelestarian lingkungan
hidup. Olah tanah konservasi (<i>conservation</i> <i>tillage</i>) menjadi
alternatif penyiapan lahan yang dilaporkan dapat mempertahankan produktivitas tanah
tetap tinggi (Wagger and Denton, 1991).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Namun demikian, terdapat beberapa
hasil penelitian yang melaporkan terjadinya penurunan hasil tanaman akibat olah
tanah konservasi (Ketcheson, 1980) atau tidak mempengaruhi hasil tanaman (Rao
and Dao, 1991 <i>dalam</i> Rachman <i>et al</i>., 2004). Adanya kontradiksi
hasil diduga disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor, antara lain curah hujan dan
tekstur tanah. Pada curah hujan yang rendah, olah tanah konservasi umumnya
meningkatkan hasil tanaman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengaruh yang sama diamati juga
pada tanah yang bertekstur berat. Hal lain yang menentukan keberhasilan olah
tanah konservasi adalah pemberian bahan organik dalam bentuk mulsa yang cukup, sehingga
mampu menekan pertumbuhan gulma. Olah tanah konservasi (OTK) adalah cara
penyiapan lahan yang menyisakan sisa tanaman di atas permukaan tanah sebagai
mulsa dengan tujuan untuk mengurangi erosi dan penguapan air dari permukaan
tanah (Rachman <i>et al.,</i> 2004). Utomo (1995) mendefinisikan OTK sebagai
suatu cara pengolahan tanah yang bertujuan untuk menyiapkan lahan agar tanaman
dapat tumbuh dan berproduksi optimum, namun tetap memperhatikan aspek
konservasi tanah dan air. Olah tanah konservasi dicirikan oleh berkurangnya pembongkaran/pembalikan
tanah, penggunaan sisa tanaman sebagai mulsa, dan kadang-kadang disertai
penggunaan herbisida untuk menekan pertumbuhan gulma atau tanaman pengganggu
lainnya. Kelebihan penerapan sistem OTK dalam penyiapan lahan adalah: menghemat
tenaga dan waktu, meningkatkan kandungan bahan organik tanah, meningkatkan ketersediaan
air di dalam tanah, memperbaiki kegemburan tanah dan meningkatkan porositas
tanah, mengurangi erosi tanah, memperbaiki kualitas air, meningkatkan kandungan
fauna tanah, mengurangi penggunaan alsintan seperti traktor, menghemat
penggunaan bahan bakar, dan memperbaiki kualitas udara (Rachman <i>et al.,</i> 2004).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Peranan OTK dalam mengurangi erosi
dan penguapan air dari permukaan tanah karena: (a) keberadaan sisa tanaman
dalam jumlah memadai di permukaan tanah; (b) kondisi permukaan tanah yang kasar
(<i>rough</i>), sarang (<i>porous</i>), berbongkah (<i>cloddy</i>), dan
bergulud (<i>ridged</i>); atau (c) kombinasi dari keduanya (Mannering and Fenster,
1983). Dengan demikian, nampak jelas bahwa keefektifan OTK ditentukan oleh penggunaan
sisa tanaman sebagai mulsa di permukaan tanah. Penggunaan mulsa tanpa dikaitkan
dengan OTK adalah kurang efisien, tetapi penerapan OTK tanpa menggunakan mulsa
adalah suatu kesalahan (Suwardjo, 1981).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mulsa di permukaan tanah melindungi
permukaan tanah dari energi hempasan butirbutir hujan, mengurangi terjadinya
penyumbatan pori (<i>soil crusting</i>), sehingga meningkatkan volume air yang
terinfiltrasi, dan dapat juga mengurangi daya angkut aliran permukaan (Rachman <i>et
al., </i>2004). Sedangkan kekasaran permukaan dapat meningkatkan kapasitas
penyimpanan air di zona pengolahan tanah, mengurangi daya angkut aliran
permukaan, dan mengurangi tingkat penyumbatan pori tanah. Beberapa cara
penyiapan lahan yang akhirakhir ini banyak diperkenalkan adalah tanpa olah tanah
(<i>zero tillage</i>), olah tanah seperlunya (<i>reduced</i> <i>tillage</i>),
dan olah tanah strip (<i>strip tillage</i>), yang kesemuanya merupakan
pengembangan dan memenuhi kriteria sebagai OTK (Rachman <i>et al., </i>2004).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kepekaan
tanah terhadap longsor dan erosi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengetahuan tentang faktor penentu
kepekaan tanah terhadap longsor dan erosi akan memperkaya kawasan dan
memperkuat landasan dari pengambil keputusan, penanggungjawab lapangan,
teknisi, penyuluh dan organisasi kemasyarakatan dalam menyusun program dan
melaksanakan teknik penanggulangan longsor dan erosi di daerah kewenangannya (Departemen Pertanian,
2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Longsor dan erosi adalah proses
berpindahnya tanah atau batuan dari satu tempat yang lebih tinggi ke tempat
yang lebih rendah akibat dorongan air, angin, atau gaya gravitasi. Proses
tersebut melalui tiga tahapan, yaitu pelepasan, pengangkutan atau pergerakan,
dan pengendapan. Perbedaan menonjol dari fenomena longsor dan erosi adalah volume
tanah yang dipindahkan, waktu yang dibutuhkan, dan kerusakan yang ditimbulkan.
Longsor memindahkan massa tanah dengan volume yang besar, adakalanya disertai
oleh batuan dan pepohonan, dalam waktu yang relatif singkat, sedangkan erosi
tanah adalah memindahkan partikel-partikel tanah dengan volume yang relatif
lebih kecil pada setiap kali kejadian hujan dan berlangsung dalam waktu yang
relatif lama. Dua bentuk longsor yang sering terjadi di daerah pegunungan
adalah (Departemen Pertanian, 2006): (1) guguran, yaitu pelepasan batuan atau tanah
dari lereng curam dengan gaya bebas atau bergelinding dengan kecepatan tinggi
sampai sangat tinggi. Bentuk longsor ini terjadi pada lereng yang sangat curam
(>100%); (2) peluncuran, yaitu pergerakan bagian atas tanah dalam volume
besar akibat keruntuhan gesekan antara bongkahan bagian atas dan bagian bawah
tanah. Bentuk longsor ini umumnya terjadi apabila terdapat bidang luncur pada
kedalaman tertentu dan tanah bagian atas dari bidang luncur tersebut telah
jenuh air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sekitar 45% luas lahan di Indonesia
berupa lahan pegunungan berlereng yang
peka terhadap longsor dan erosi (Tabel 1). Pegunungan dan perbukitan adalah
hulu sungai yang mengalirkan air permukaan secara gravitasi melewati celah-celah
lereng ke lahan yang letaknya lebih rendah. Keterkaitan antara daerah aliran
sungai (DAS) hulu, tengah, dan hilir dijelaskan sebagai berikut: (1) penggundulan
hutan di DAS hulu atau zona tangkapan hujan akan mengurangi resapan air hujan,
dan karena itu akan memperbesar aliran permukaan. Aliran permukaan adalah
pemicu terjadinya longsor dan/atau erosi dengan mekanisme yang berbeda; (2)
budidaya pertanian pada DAS tengah atau zona konservasi yang tidak tepat akan
memacu terjadinya longsor dan/atau erosi. Pengendalian aliran permukaan
merupakan kunci utama. Pada daerah yang tidak rawan longsor, memperbesar resapan
air dan sebagai konsekuensi adalah memperkecil aliran permukaan merupakan pilihan
utama. Sebaliknya, jika daerah tersebut rawan longsor, aliran permukaan perlu
dialirkan sedemikian rupa sehingga tidak menjenuhi tanah dan tidak memperbesar
erosi; (3) air yang meresap ke dalam lapisan tanah di zona tangkapan hujan dan
konservasi akan keluar berupa sumber-sumber air yang ditampung di badan-badan
air seperti sungai, danau, dan waduk untuk pembangkit listrik, irigasi, air
minum, dan penggelontoran kota.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya
longsor dan erosi adalah faktor alam dan faktor manusia (Departemen Pertanian,
2006). Faktor alam yang utama adalah iklim, sifat tanah, bahan induk, elevasi,
dan lereng. Faktor manusia adalah semua tindakan manusia yang dapat mempercepat
terjadinya erosi dan longsor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Curah hujan adalah salah satu unsur
iklim yang besar peranannya terhadap kejadian longsor dan erosi. Air hujan yang
terinfiltrasi ke dalam tanah dan menjenuhi tanah menentukan terjadinya longsor,
sedangkan pada kejadian erosi, air limpasan permukaan adalah unsur utama
penyebab terjadinya erosi. Curah hujan dengan
intensitas yang tinggi, misalnya 50 mm dalam waktu singkat (<1 jam), lebih
berpotensi menyebabkan erosi dibanding hujan dengan curahan yang sama namun
dalam waktu yang lebih lama (>1 jam). Namun curah hujan yang sama tetapi
berlangsung lama (>6 jam) berpotensi menyebabkan longsor, karena pada kondisi
tersebut dapat terjadi penjenuhan tanah oleh air yang meningkatkan massa tanah.
Intensitas hujan menentukan besar kecilnya erosi, sedangkan longsor ditentukan
oleh kondisi jenuh tanah oleh air hujan dan keruntuhan gesekan bidang luncur.
Curah hujan tahunan >2.000 mm terjadi pada sebagian besar wilayahIndonesia.
Kondisi ini berpeluang besar menimbulkan erosi, apalagi di wilayah pegunungan
yang lahannya didominasi oleh berbagai jenis tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kedalaman,
tekstur, dan struktur tanah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kedalaman atau solum, tekstur, dan
struktur tanah menentukan besar kecilnya air limpasan permukaan dan laju
penjenuhan tanah oleh air. Pada tanah bersolum dalam (>90 cm), struktur
gembur, dan penutupan lahan rapat, sebagian besar air hujan terinfiltrasi ke
dalam tanah dan hanya sebagian kecil yang menjadi air limpasan permukaan.
Sebaliknya, pada tanah bersolum dangkal, struktur padat, dan penutupan lahan
kurang rapat, hanya sebagian kecil air hujan yang terinfiltrasi dan sebagian besar
menjadi aliran permukaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor lain yang menentukan kelongsoran
tanah adalah ketahanan gesekan bidang luncur. Faktor yang menentukan ketahanan
gesekan adalah: a) gaya saling menahan di antara dua bidang yang bergeser, dan
b) mekanisme saling mengunci di antara partikel-partikel yang bergeser. Untuk
kasus pertama, partikel hanya menggeser di atas partikel yang lain dan tidak terjadi
penambahan volume. Untuk kasus kedua, terjadi pemambahan volume karena partikel
yang bergeser mengatur kedudukannya sedemikian rupa, sehingga menyebabkan
keruntuhan. Ketahanan gesekan ditentukan oleh bentuk partikel. Pada partikel berbentuk
lempengan seperti liat, penambahan air mempercepat keruntuhan. Sebaliknya pada
partikel berbentuk butiran kuarsa dan feldspar, penambahan air memperlambat
keruntuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan
induk tanah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sifat bahan induk tanah ditentukan
oleh asal batuan dan komposisi mineralogi yang berpengaruh terhadap kepekaan
erosi dan longsor. Di daerah pegunungan, bahan induk tanah didominasi oleh
batuan kokoh dari batuan volkanik, sedimen, dan metamorfik. Tanah yang terbentuk
dari batuan sedimen, terutama batu liat, batu liat berkapur atau marl dan batu
kapur, relatif peka terhadap erosi dan longsor. Batuan volkanik umumnya tahan
erosi dan longsor. Salah satu ciri lahan peka longsor adalah adanya rekahan
tanah selebar > 2 cm dan dalam >50 cm yang terjadi pada musim kemarau.
Tanah tersebut mempunyai sifat mengembang pada kondisi basah dan mengkerut pada
kondisi kering, yang disebabkan oleh tingginya kandungan mineral liat tipe 2:1
seperti yang dijumpai pada tanah Grumusol (Vertisols). Pada kedalaman tertentu
dari tanah Podsolik atau Mediteran terdapat akumulasi liat (argilik) yang pada
kondisi jenuh air dapat juga berfungsi sebagai bidang luncur pada kejadian
longsor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Elevasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Elevasi adalah istilah lain dari
ukuran ketinggian lokasi di atas permukaan laut. Lahan pegunungan berdasarkan
elevasi dibedakan atas dataran medium (350-700 m dpl) dan dataran tinggi
(>700 m dpl). Elevasi berhubungan erat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dengan jenis komoditas yang sesuai untukmempertahankan
kelestarian lingkungan. Badan Pertanahan Nasional menetapkan lahan pada
ketinggian di atas 1.000 m dpl dan lereng > 45% sebagai kawasan usaha
terbatas, dan diutamakan sebagai kawasan hutan lindung. Sementara, Departemen
Kehutanan menetapkan lahan dengan ketinggian > 2.000 m dpl dan/ atau lereng
> 40% sebagai kawasan lindung (<i>protection zone</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lereng<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lereng atau kemiringan lahan adalah
salah satu faktor pemicu terjadinya erosi dan longsor di lahan pegunungan.
Peluang terjadinya erosi dan longsor makin besar dengan makin curamnya lereng.
Makin curam lereng, makin besar pula volume dan kecepatan aliran permukaan yang
berpotensi menyebabkan erosi. Selain kecuraman, panjang lereng juga menentukan
besarnya longsor dan erosi. Makin panjang lereng, erosi yang terjadi makin besar.
Pada lereng >40% longsor terjadi, terutama disebabkan oleh pengaruh gaya
gravitasi. Kondisi wilayah/lereng dikelompokkan sebagai berikut (Departemen
Pertanian, 2006) :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Datar
: lereng < 3%, dengan beda tinggi < 2 m.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berombak
: lereng 3-8%, dengan beda tinggi 2-10 cm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bergelombang
: lereng 8-15%, dengan beda tinggi 10-50 cm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berbukit
: lereng 15-30%, dengan beda tinggi 50-300 cm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bergunung
: lereng >30%, dengan beda tinggi >300 cm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Erosi dan longsor sering terjadi di
wilayah berbukit dan bergunung, terutama pada tanah berpasir (Regosol atau
Psamments), Andosol (Andisols), tanah dangkal berbatu (Litosol atau Entisols),
dan tanah dangkal berkapur (Renzina atau Mollisols). Di wilayah bergelombang,
intensitas erosi dan longsor agak berkurang, kecuali pada tanah Podsolik
(Ultisols), dan Grumusol (Vertisols) yang terbentuk dari batuan induk batuliat,
napal, dan batukapur dengan kandungan liat 2:1 (Montmorilonit) tinggi, sehingga
pengelolaan lahan yang disertai oleh tindakan konservasi sangat diperlukan.
Dalam sistem budidaya pada lahan berlereng >15% lebih diutamakan campuran
tanaman semusim dengan tanaman tahunan atau sistem wanatani (<i>agroforestry</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengendalian
longsor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Daerah rawan longsor harus
dijadikan areal konservasi, sehingga bebas dari kegiatan pertanian, pembangunan
perumahan, dan infrastruktur. Apabila lahan digunakan untuk perumahan maka
bahaya longsor akan meningkat, sehingga dapat mengancam keselamatan penduduk di
daerah tersebut dan di sekitarnya. Penerapan teknik pengendalian longsor diarahkan
ke daerah rawan longsor yang sudah terlanjur dijadikan lahan pertanian. Areal
rawan longsor yang belum dibuka direkomendasikan untuk tetap dipertahankan
dalam kondisi vegetasi permanen, seperti cagar alam (<i>sanctuary</i> <i>reserve
area</i>), kawasan konservasi (<i>conservation</i> <i>zone</i>), dan hutan
lindung (<i>protection</i> <i>forest</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengendalian longsor dapat
direncanakan dan diimplementasikan melalui pendekatan mekanis (sipil teknis)
dan vegetatif atau kombinasi keduanya. Pada kondisi yang sangat parah,
pendekatan mekanis seringkali bersifat mutlak jika pendekatan vegetatif saja
tidak cukup memadai untuk menanggulangi longsor. <b>Identifikasi dan Delineasi Daerah Rawan Longsor</b> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Setiap jenis tanah mempunyai tingkat
kepekaan terhadap longsor yang berbeda. Langkah antisipatif yang perlu
dilakukan adalah memetakan sebaran jenis tanah pada skala 1:25.000 atau skala
lebih besar (1:10.000) pada hamparan lahan yang menjadi sasaran pembangunan
pertanian tanaman hortikultura, tanaman pangan, atau tanaman perkebunan. Berdasarkan
peta-peta tersebut dapat didelineasi bagian-bagian dari hamparan lahan yang
peka terhadap longsor dengan menggunakan nilai atau skor seperti dalam Tabel 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4"
o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:399.75pt;height:174pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\george\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\02\clip_image003.png"
o:title="" croptop="15698f" cropbottom="17942f" cropleft="11833f"
cropright="10222f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="232" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image004.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4" width="533" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kepekaan tanah terhadap longsor
dinilai dengan cara menjumlahkan skor dari masingmasing faktor. Tanah dengan
jumlah skor 6-10 digolongkan sebagai lahan dengan tingkat kepekaan rendah, skor
11-15 kepekaan sedang, dan 16-22 kepekaan tinggi. Lahan dengan tingkat kepekaan
tinggi tidak direkomendasikan untuk budidaya pertanian, pebangunan infrastruktur,
atau perumahan, tetapi dipertahankan sebagai vegetasi permanen (hutan). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penerapan teknik pengendalian longsor
didasarkan atas konsep pengelolaan DAS. Dalam hal ini kawasan longsor dibagi ke
dalam tiga zona, yaitu: (1) hulu, zona paling atas dari lereng yang longsor,
(2) punggung, zona longsor yang berada di antara bagian hulu dan kaki kawasan longsor,
dan (3) kaki, zona bawah dari lereng yang longsor dan merupakan zona penimbunan
atau deposisi bahan yang longsor. Pengelolaan masing-masing segmen ditunjukkan
dalam Tabel 3. Pada masing-masing zona diterapkan teknik penanggulangan longsor
dengan pendekatan vegetatif atau mekanis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teknik
Pengendalian Longsor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Vegetatif<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengendalian longsor dengan
pendekatan vegetatif pada prinsipnya adalah mencegah air terakumulasi di atas
bidang luncur (Departemen Pertanian, 2006). Sangat dianjurkan menanam jenis
tanaman berakar dalam, dapat menembus lapisan kedap air, mampu merembeskan air
ke lapisan yang lebih dalam, dan mempunyai massa yang relatif ringan. Jenis tanaman
yang dapat dipilih di antaranya adalah sonokeling, akar wangi, flemingia, kayu
manis, kemiri, cengkeh, pala, petai, jengkol, melinjo, alpukat, kakao, kopi,
teh, dan kelengkeng.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mekanis/Sipil
Teknis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ada beberapa pendekatan mekanis
atau sipil teknis yang dapat digunakan untuk mengendalikan longsor, sesuai
dengan kondisi topografi dan besar kecilnya tingkat bahaya longsor. Pendekatan
mekanis pengendalian longsor meliputi (Departemen Pertanian, 2004): (1)
pembuatan saluran drainase (Saluran pengelak, saluran penangkap, saluran
pembuangan), (2) pembuatan bangunan penahan material longsor, (3) pembuatan
bangunan penguat dinding/tebing atau pengaman jurang, dan (4) pembuatan
trap-trap terasering.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Saluran
drainase<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan utama pembuatan saluran
drainase adalah untuk mencegah genangan dengan mengalirkan air aliran
permukaan, sehingga kekuatan air mengalir tidak merusak tanah, tanaman,
dan/atau bangunan konservasi lainnya. Di areal rawan longsor, pembuatan saluran
drainase ditujukan untuk mengurangi laju infiltrasi dan perkolasi, sehingga
tanah tidak terlalu jenuh air, sebagai faktor utama pemicu terjadinya longsor.
Bentuk saluran drainase, khususnya di lahan usahatani dapat dibedakan menjadi
(Departemen Pertanian, 2006): (a) Saluran pengelak, (b) saluran teras, dan (c) saluran
pembuangan air, termasuk bangunan terjunan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bangunan
Penahan Material Longsor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Konstruksi bangunan penahan
material longsor bergantung pada volume longsor. Jika longsor termasuk kategori
kecil, maka konstruksi bangunan penahan dapat menggunakan bahan yang tersedia
di tempat, misalnya bambu, batang dan ranting kayu. Apabila longsor termasuk
kategori besar, diperlukan konstruksi bangunan beton penahan yang permanen.
Beton penahan ini umumnya dibangun di tebing jalan atau tebing sungai yang
rawan longsor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_7"
o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:398.25pt;height:258pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\george\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\02\clip_image005.png"
o:title="" croptop="9967f" cropbottom="5233f" cropleft="11763f" cropright="10083f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="344" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image006.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_7" width="531" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bangunan
penguat tebing<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bangunan ini berguna untuk
memperkuat tebing-tebing yang rawan longsor, berupa konstruksi beton atau
susunan bronjong (susunan batu diikat kawat). Konstruksi bangunan menggunakan
perhitungan teknik sipil kering.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistim
Usahatani Konservasi pada Lahan Berlereng<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Erosi di lahan-Iahan dataran tinggi
perlu dicegah, mengingat dua alasan yang kuat yaitu alasan teoritis dan
kenyataan yang terjadi di lapangan (Idjudin, 2009). Alasan teoritis, karena faktor
pembentukan tanah, antara lain waktu yang cukup lama (untuk membentuk tanah setebal
1 inchi memerlukan waktu antara 300 - 1.000 tahun). Alasan berdasarkan
kenyataan telah banyak bukti-bukti terjadinya lahan rusak bahkan berupa
gurun-gurun pasir (sejarah kerajaan purba abad ke-20).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Prinsip
usahatani konservasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Budidaya pertanian di lahan
berlereng meliputi dua kegiatan pokok, yaitu kegiatan usahatani dan kegiatan
konservasi. Kedua kegiatan pada sebidang lahan pertanian terintegrasi menjadi
sistem usahatani (SUT) konservasi. Teknologi SUT konservasi yang diterapkan di DAS
Citanduy (Jawa Barat), DAS Jratunseluna (Jawa Tengah), dan DAS Brantas (Jawa
Timur) menggunakan faktor kemiringan lahan, kedalaman tanah, dan kepekaan tanah
terhadap erosi sebagai kriteria pengembangan model-model SUT konservasi
(Basid,1999). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_10"
o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:396.75pt;height:224.25pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\george\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\02\clip_image007.png"
o:title="" croptop="10466f" cropbottom="10591f" cropleft="11903f"
cropright="9382f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="299" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image008.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_10" width="529" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan kriteria tersebut
disusun matrik seperti ditunjukkan pada Tabel 4. Tabel 4 menunjukkan matrik
pemilihan konservasi tanah mekanis dan komposisi tanaman semusim dan tanaman
tahunan berdasarkan kondisi kemiringan lahan, kedalaman tanah, dan kepekaaan
tanah terhadap erosi lahan usahatani. Teras bangku tidak dianjurkan pada tanah
yang bersolum dangkal dan kemiringannya sangat terjal (>40%). Pada tanah
yang dangkal dianjurkan membuat teras gulud, budidaya lorong, atau pagar hidup.
Pembuatan teras bangku relatif lebih mahal dan lebih sulit dibandingkan dengan
teknik konservasi mekanis lainnya. Dengan mempertimbangkan faktor biaya dan
tingkat kesulitan pembuatannya, disarankan untuk memilih teknik konservasi
tanah selain teras bangku. Semua jenis teras harus disertai dengan penanaman
tanaman penguat teras, seperti rumput dan legum yang juga merupakan sumber
pakan ternak. Tanaman tahunan yang ada pada sistem pertanaman lorong dan pagar
hidup dapat diperhitungkan sebagai bagian dari tanaman tahunan (Tabel 4).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teknik
Pengendalian Erosi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Secara garis besar, teknik
pengendalian erosi dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu teknik konservasi mekanik dan
vegetatif (Arsyad, 2000). Konservasi tanah secara mekanik adalah semua
perlakuan fisik mekanis dan pembuatan bangunan yang ditujukan untuk mengurangi aliran
permukaan guna menekan erosi dan meningkatkan kemampuan tanah mendukung
usahatani secara berkelanjutan. Pada prinsipnya konservasi mekanik dalam
pengendalian erosi harus selalu diikuti oleh cara vegetatif, yaitu penggunaan
tumbuhan/tanaman dan sisa-sisa tanaman/tumbuhan (misalnya mulsa dan pupuk hijau),
serta penerapan pola tanam yang dapat menutup permukaan tanah sepanjang tahun. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Teras bangku<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teras bangku atau teras tangga
dibuat dengan cara memotong panjang lereng dan meratakan tanah di bagian
bawahnya, sehingga terjadi deretan bangunan yang berbentuk seperti tangga. Pada
usahatani lahan kering, fungsi utama teras bangku adalah: (1) memperlambat
aliran permukaan; (2) menampung dan menyalurkan aliran permukaan dengan
kekuatan yang tidak sampai merusak; (3) meningkatkan laju infiltrasi; dan (4)
mempermudah pengolahan tanah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teras bangku dapat dibuat datar
(bidang olah datar, membentuk sudut 00 dengan bidang horizontal), miring ke
dalam/goler kampak (bidang olah miring beberapa derajat ke arah yang berlawanan
dengan lereng asli), dan miring ke luar (bidang olah miring ke arah lereng
asli). Teras biasanya dibangun di ekosistem lahan sawah tadah hujan, lahan tegalan,
dan berbagai sistem wanatani. Teras bangku miring ke dalam (goler kampak) dibangun
pada tanah yang permeabilitasnya rendah, dengan tujuan agar air yang tidak
segera terinfiltrasi menggenangi bidang olah dan tidak mengalir ke luar melalui
talud di bibir teras. Teras bangku miring ke luar diterapkan di areal di mana
aliran permukaan dan infiltrasi dikendalikan secara bersamaan, misalnya di
areal rawan longsor. Teras bangku goler kampak memerlukan biaya relatif lebih
mahal dibandingkan dengan teras bangku datar atau teras bangku miring ke luar,
karena memerlukan lebih banyak penggalian bidang olah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Efektivitas teras bangku sebagai pengendali
erosi akan meningkat bila ditanami dengan tanaman penguat teras di bibir dan
tampingan teras. Rumput dan legum pohon merupakan tanaman yang baik untuk
digunakan sebagai penguat teras. Tanaman murbei sebagai tanaman penguat teras
banyak ditanam di daerah pengembangan ulat sutra. Teras bangku adakalanya dapat
diperkuat dengan batu yang disusun, khususnya pada tampingan. Model seperti ini
banyak diterapkan di kawasan yang berbatu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Beberapa hal yang perlu mendapat
perhatian dalam pembuatan teras bangku adalah: a) dapat diterapkan pada lahan
dengan kemiringan 10-40%, tidak dianjurkan pada lahan dengan kemiringan >40%
karena bidang olah akan menjadi terlalu sempit, b) tidak cocok pada tanah
dangkal <40 cm), e) tidak cocok pada lahan usaha pertanian yang menggunakan
mesin pertanian, d) tidak dianjurkan pada tanah dengan kandungan aluminium dan
besi tinggi, dan e) Tidak dianjurkan pada tanah-tanah yang mudah longsor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Teras gulud<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teras gulud adalah barisan guludan
yang dilengkapi dengan saluran air di bagian belakang gulud. Metode ini dikenal
pula dengan istilah guludan bersaluran. Bagian-bagian dari teras gulud terdiri
atas guludan, saluran air, dan bidang olah. Fungsi dari teras gulud hampir sama
dengan teras bangku, yaitu untuk menahan laju aliran permukaan dan meningkatkan
penyerapan air ke dalam tanah. Saluran air dibuat untuk mengalirkan aliran
permukaan dari bidang olah ke saluran pembuangan air. Untuk meningkatkan
efektivitas teras gulud dalam menanggulangi erosi dan aliran permukaan, guludan
diperkuat dengan tanaman penguat teras. Jenis tanaman yang dapat digunakan
sebagai penguat teras bangku juga dapat digunakan sebagai tanaman penguat teras
gulud. Sebagai kompensasi dari kehilangan luas bidang olah, bidang teras gulud
dapat pula ditanami dengan tanaman bernilai ekonomi (<i>cash crops</i>),
misalnya tanaman katuk dan cabai rawit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan
dalam pembuatan teras gulud: a) teras gulud cocok diterapkan pada lahan dengan
kemiringan 10-40%, dapat juga pada lahan dengan kemiringan 40-60% namun relatif
kurang efektif, dan b) pada tanah yang permeabilitasnya tinggi, guludan dapat
dibuat menurut arah kontur. Pada tanah yang permeabilitasnya rendah, guludan
dibuat miring terhadap kontur, tidak lebih dari 1% ke arah saluran pembuangan.
Hal ini ditujukan agar air yang tidak segera terinfiltrasi ke dalam tanah dapat
tersalurkan ke luar ladang dengan kecepatan rendah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Teras individu<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teras individu adalah teras yang
dibuat pada setiap individu tanaman, terutama tanaman tahunan. Jenis teras ini
biasa dibangun di areal perkebunan atau pertanaman buah-buahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Teras kebun<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teras kebun adalah jenis teras
untuk tanaman tahunan, khususnya tanaman perkebunan dan buah-buahan. Teras
dibuat dengan interval yang bervariasi menurut jarak tanam. Pembuatan teras
bertujuan untuk: (1) meningkatkan efisiensi penerapan teknik konservasi tanah,
dan (2) memfasilitasi pengelolaan lahan (<i>land management facility</i>) di
antaranya untuk fasilitas jalan kebun, dan penghematan tenaga kerja dalam
pemeliharaan kebun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Rorak<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rorak merupakan lubang penampungan
atau peresapan air, dibuat di bidang olah atau saluran resapan. Pembuatan rorak
bertujuan untuk memperbesar peresapan air ke dalam tanah dan menampung tanah
yang tererosi. Pada lahan kering beriklim kering, rorak berfungsi sebagai
tempat pemanen air hujan dan aliran permukaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dimensi rorak yang disarankan sangat
bervariasi, misalnya kedalaman
60 cm, lebar 50 cm, dan panjang berkisar antara 50-200 cm. Panjang rorak
dibuat sejajar kontur atau memotong lereng. Jarak ke samping antara satu rorak
dengan rorak lainnya berkisar 100-150 cm, sedangkan jarak horizontal 20 m pada
lereng yang landai dan agak miring sampai 10 m pada lereng yang lebih curam
(Departemen Pertanian, 2006). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dimensi rorak yang akan dipilih
disesuaikan dengan kapasitas air atau sedimen dan bahan-bahan terangkut lainnya
yang akan ditampung. Sesudah periode waktu tertentu, rorak akan terisi oleh
tanah atau serasah tanaman. Agar rorak dapat berfungsi seeara terusmenerus, bahan-bahan
yang masuk ke rorak perlu diangkat ke luar atau dibuat rorak yang baru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Komponen
Teknologi SUT Konservasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Tanaman penutup tanah sebagai pupuk hijau<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman penutup tanah pada umumnya adalah
jenis legum menjalar yang ditanam di antara tanaman tahunan, secara bergilir
dengan tanaman semusim atau tanaman tahunan dan sebagai tanaman pemula (pionir)
untuk rehabilitasi lahan kritis. Fungsi tanaman penutup adalah untuk menutupi
tanah dari terpaan langsung air hujan, rehabilitasi lahan kritis, menjaga
kesuburan tanah, dan menyediakan bahan organik. Berbagai tanaman legum seperti stilo
(<i>Stylosanthes </i>sp.),
sentro (<i>Centrosema</i> sp.), kalopo (<i>Calopogonium </i>sp.), puero atau kudu
(<i>Pueraria </i>sp.), dan <i>Arachis </i>sp.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Mulsa bahan hijauan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mulsa dapat berasal dari hijauan
hasil pangkasan tanaman pagar, tanaman strip rumput, dan sisa tanaman. Bahan
tersebut disebarkan di atas permukaan tanah secara rapat untuk menghindari
kerusakan permukaan tanah dari terpaan hujan. Bahan hijauan atau sisa tanaman
juga dapat ditumpuk memanjang searah kontur, terutama bagi bahan hijauan yang mempunyai
struktur memanjang seperti batang dan daun jagung atau jerami padi dengan
maksud menghambat laju aliran permukaan (Suwardjo <i>et al</i>., 1989).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mulsa biasanya merupakan kombinasi
antara sisa tanaman yang cepat melapuk dan lambat melapuk. Bahan hijauan atau
biomassa yang cepat melapuk (seperti sisa tanaman kacang-kacangan) berguna
untuk memperbaiki struktur tanah dan menyediakan hara secara cepat, sedangkan
biomassa yang relatif lambat melapuk (seperti jerami padi, batang jagung)
berguna untuk menghambat laju aliran permukaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">IMPLIKASI KEBIJAKAN PERKEBUNAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem tanah adalah hasil
perkembangan selama jutaan tahun di bawah pengaruh banyak faktor. Sebagian
faktor melibatkan pengaruh lingkungan alami dan yang lain berkaitan dengan pengaruh
imbasan manusia. Dampak pengaruh dapat berupa perubahan kuantitas dan/atau kualitas.
Perubahan tanah. Dapat berpengaruh balik ke lingkungan. Kegiatan faktor
lingkungan yang bermaslahat ialah pengubah batuan dasar yang semula tidak
berharkat pertanian menjadi tanah yang berharkat pertanian. Lingkungan yang mendorong
terjadinya erosi tanah adalah contoh pengaruh buruk atas tanah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah yang berkemampuan mengekang
persebaran zat-zat pencemar dari sumber baur ke badan-badan air (pestisida,
pupuk) termasuk pengaruh baik tanah atas lingkungan. Pengaruh buruk tanah atas lingkungan
adalah pencurahan bahan erosi ke lahan hilir yang menurunkan kualitas tanah, ke
badan air yang menurunkan kapasitas salur/ simpan air, dan perentanan badan air
terhadap etrovikasi oleh lindian fosfat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Institusi yang berwenang dan
terlibat dalam fasilitasi pengelolaan lahan dataran tinggi seyogyanya mempunyai
persepsi yang sama tentang SUT konservasi. Departemen Pertanian melalui
Peraturan Menteri Pertanian No. 47/ Pemerintah/OT.140/10/2006 telah menerbitkan
buku tentang Pedoman Umum Budidaya Pertanian Pada Lahan Pegunungan pada tahun
2006 sebagai acuan bagi terwujudnya sistem usahatani berkelanjutan pada dataran
tinggi/ lahan pegunungan. Hal ini merupakan landasan yang kuat untuk
memantapkan koordinasi, integrasi, sinkronisasi, dan sinergisme kegiatan sektor
atau sub-sektor di lapangan. Prinsip-prinsip pembangunan berkelanjutan yang
dianut internasional supaya dipertimbangkan untuk memperkuat dukungan politik
terhadap pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan sumberdaya lahan di daerah pegunungan.
Prinsip keberlanjutan adalah: (1) kerusakan hutan dan lahan tidak lebih cepat
dari regenerasi hutan dan lahan, (2) kepunahan jenis atau spesies tidak
melebihi evolusi jenis atau spesies itu sendiri, (3) laju erosi tanah tidak
lebih cepat dari pembentukan tanah, (4) emisi karbon tidak lebih tinggi dari fiksasi
karbon, dan (5) permintaan akan produk pertanian tidak lebih banyak dari
produksi pertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Prinsip-prinsip pembangunan
berwawasan lingkungan dimaksudkan memperluas wawasan pengelolaan dan
pemanfaatan sumberdaya lahan, menggalang koordinasi, integrasi, sinkronisasi
dan sinergisme antar-pemerintah daerah yang menguasai satu atau lebih kawasan
DAS. Prinsip pembangunan berwawasan lingkungan adalah: (1) pembangunan
dirancang dengan memperhatikan aspirasi pengguna dan melibatkan pengguna, (2)
sasaran pembangunan dirancang tidak berdasarkan batas administrasi pemerintahan,
melainkan berdasarkan batas agroekologi, (3) aspek yang ditangani dalam pembangunan
bersifat holistik, (4) pendekatan sistem (untuk pertanian pendekatan sistem usahatani),
(5) perhatian terhadap kelestarian lingkungan, (6) keterkaitan antara DAS
hulutengah-hilir dipertimbangkan, (7) koordinasi, integrasi, sinkronisasi, dan
sinergisme antara instansi yang berwenang, dan (8) hukum diterapkan secara
konsekuen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arsyad, S. 2000. Pengawetan Tanah dan Air. Departemen
Ilmu-llmu Tanah. Fakultas Pertanian. Institut Pertanian Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Basid, A. 1999. Analisis ekonomi penerapan teknologi
usahatani konservasi pada lahan kering berlereng di wilayah hulu DAS
jratunseluna jawa Tengah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Brown, R.E, J.L. Havlin, D.J. Lyons, C.R. Fenster,
and G.A. Peterson. 1991. Longterm tillage and nitrogen effects on wheat
production in a wheat fallow rotation. p. 326 In Agronomy Abstracts. Annual
Meetings ASA, CSSA, and SSSA (Denver Colorado, Oct 27-Nov 1, 1991).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Departemen Pertanian, 2006. Peraturan Menteri Pertanian
Nomor: 47/Permentan/ OT.140/10/2006 Tentang Pedoman Umum Budidaya Pertanian
pada Lahan Pegunungan. Badan Litbang Pertanian, Departemen Pertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Idjudin, A.A. 2010. Diagnosis Kerusakan Lahan Pulau
Yamdena, dan Arahan Kebijakan serta Penyusunan Tata Ruang Wilayahnya. Disampaikan
pada acara Diskusi antara KTI dan Kementerian Kehutanan di Jakarta, 9-12-2010.
Hlm 15.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Gill, W.R. and G.E. Vanden Berg. 1967. Soil Dynamics
in Tillage a USDA Agric. Handb. N. 316. U.S. Government Printing, Washington,
DC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Idjudin, A.A. 2006. Dampak Penerapan Teknik Konervasi
di Lahan terhadap Produktivitasnya. Disertasi Doktor Sekolah Pasca Sarjana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">James, B.R. 1995. Conception of an idea: an International
Center for S,Society. Bulletin ISSS 89:65-67.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ketcheson, J.W. 1980. Effect of tillage on fertilizer
requirements for corn on as - loam soil. Agron. J. 72: 40-542.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Larson, W.E. and G.J. Osborne. 1982. Tillage accomplishments
and potential. <i>In</i> Predicting Tillage Effects on Soil Physical Properties
and Processes. ASA Special Publication No. 44.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Notohadiprawiro, T. 2000. Tanah dan Lingkungan. Pusat
Studi Sumberdaya Lahan UGM. P3HTA (Proyek Penelitian Penyelamatan Hutan, Tanah
dan Air). 1990. Petunjuk teknis usaha tani konservasi daerah limpasan sungai. <i>Dalam
</i>Sukmana <i>et al</i>. (<i>Eds</i>.) Badan Litbang Pertanian. Jakarta. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pankhurst, C.E. and J.M. Lynch. 1993. The role of
soil biota in sustainable agriculture. Pp 3-9. <i>In </i>C.E. Pankhurst, B.M.
Daube, V.V.S.R. Gupta, and P.R. Grace (<i>Eds</i>.) Soil Biota: Management in
Sustainable Farming Systems. CSIRO Press, Melbourne, Australia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Philips, S.H. and H.M. Young Jr. 1973. Notillage Farming.
Reiman Associate, Milwauke, Wisconsin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rachman, A., A. Dariah, dan E. Husen, 2004. Olah
Tanah Konservasi. Teknologi Konservasi Tanah pada Lahan Kering. Puslitbangtanak.
Badan Litbang Pertanian. Departemen Pertanian 2004.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rao, S.C. and T.H. Dao. 1991. Tillage and N manajemen
effects on the yield and Nuse efficiency in winter wheat. P. 339. In Agronomy
Abstract. Annual Meeting, ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Denver Colorado, Oct. 27-Nov. 1,
1991.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sinukaban, N. 1990. Pengaruh pengolahan tanah
konservasi dan pemberian mulsa jerami terhadap produksi tanaman pangan dan
erosi hara. Pembrit. Penel. Tanah dan Pupuk 9:32-38.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Suwardjo. 1981. Peranan Sisa-sisa Tanaman dalam
Konservasi Tanah dan Air pada Usaha Tani Tanaman Semusim. Disertasi doctor
Sekolah Pasca Sarjana. IPB.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Suwardjo, H., A. Abdurachman, and S. Abujamin. 1989.
The use of c mulch to minimize tillage frequency. Pembrit. Penel. Tanah dan
Pupuk 31-37.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Swan, J.B., W.H. Paulson, A.E. Peterson, and R.L.
Higgs. 1991. Tillage management effetcs on seedbed physical conditions corn gr
yield. p. 343. <i>In </i>Agronomy Abstract. Annual Meetings, ASA, CSS SSSA,
Denver Colorado, Oct. 27 - Nov. 1, 1991.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Utomo, M. 1995. Kekerasan tanah dan serapan hara
tanaman jagung pada olah tanah konservasi jangka panjang. J. Tanah Trop. 1:1-7.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Wagger, M.G., and H.P. Denton. 1991. Consequences of
continuous and alternating tillage regimes on residue cover and grain yield in
a corn-soybean rotation. p. 344 In Agronomy Abstracts. Annual Meetings ASA,
CSSA, SSSA, Denver Colorado, Oct 27 - Nov 1, 1991.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4414864719232378661.post-3904616137418302042013-04-22T09:33:00.001+07:002013-04-22T09:33:01.149+07:00REHABILITASI LAHAN TERDEGRADASI<br />
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<b>REHABILITASI LAHAN TERDEGRADASI MELALUI
PENAMBAHAN AMELIORAN GAMBUT DAN JERAMI<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>FIZRI
ZULKARNAEN SIREGAR / 110301052<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI
1<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI</b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>MEDAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>2013<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN">KATA PENGANTAR</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="IN">Puji dan syukur penulis
panjatkan kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa karena
berkat rahmat dan lindungan-Nya maka penulis dapat menyelesaikan artikel
ini tepat pada waktunya.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Adapun</span> <span lang="IN"> judul</span>
dari <span lang="IN">artikel </span> <span lang="IN">ini
</span> <span lang="IN">adalah </span> “REHABILITASI LAHAN TERDEGRADASI
MELALUI PENAMBAHAN AMELIORAN GAMBUT DAN JERAMI”<i><span lang="IN"> </span></i><span lang="IN">yang merupakan </span>tugas matakuliah Pengelolaan Tanah
dan Air, Program Studi Agroekoteknologi, <span lang="IN">Fakultas Pertanian</span>,<span lang="IN">
Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Pada kesempatan ini
penulis mengucapkan terima
kasih kepada </span>Dr. Ir. Hamidah Hanum, MP yang
merupakan Dosen Pengampu Matakuliah Pengelolaan Tanah dan Air <span lang="IN">yang telah membantu penulis sehingga artikel ini
dapat diselesaikan tepat pada waktunya.</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">Penulis menyadari bahwa artikel ini jauh dari
kesempurnaan. Oleh karena itu, penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang
bersifat membangun demi kesempurnaan artikel ini. Akhir kata, penulis
mengucapkan terima kasih</span>.</div>
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<span lang="IN">Medan, </span> Desember 2012</div>
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<span lang="IN">Penulis</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 400%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 400%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>KATA PENGANTAR</b>.......................................................................................... i</div>
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<b>DAFTAR ISI</b>......................................................................................................... ii<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Latar
Belakang............................................................................................... 1 </div>
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Tujuan
Penulisan............................................................................................ 2</div>
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<b>TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Pengertian
Lahan Kering............................................................................... 3</div>
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Tanah
Mineral Masam dan Penyebarannya.................................................... 4</div>
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Kesuburan
Tanah........................................................................................... 7</div>
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<b>PERMASALAHAN KESUBURAN TANAH</b>................................................. 10</div>
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<b>PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN TANAH<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Konsep
LEIA, LLEISA, dan HEIA........................................................... 14</div>
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Konsep
Mekanik dan Vegetatif.................................................................. 23</div>
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<b>PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Kesimpulan.................................................................................................. 29</div>
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Saran............................................................................................................ 29</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 30</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar
Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lahan adalah salah satu sistem
bumi, yang bersama dengan sistem bumi yang lain, yaitu air alam dan atmosfer,
menjadi inti fungsi, perubahan, dan kemantapan ekosistem. Tanah berkedudukan
khas dalam masalah lingkungan hidup, merupakan kimah (aset) lingkungan dan
membentuk landasan hakiki bagi kemanusiaan (James, 1995). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fungsi-fungsi vital yang dikerjakan
tanah dalam ekosistem mencakup: a) memberlanjutkan kegiatan, keaneka ragaman,
dan produktivitas hayati, b) mengatur dan membagi-bagi aliran air dan larutan,
c) menyaring, menyangga, mendegradasi, imobilisasi, dan detoksifikasi
bahan-bahan organik dan anorganik, termasuk hasil samping industri dan kota
serta endapan atmosfir, d) menyimpan dan mendaurkan hara dan unsur-unsur lain
di dalam biosfir bumi, dan e) memberikan topangan bagi bangunan sosio ekonomi
dan perlindungan bagi pemukiman manusia. Untuk keberlanjutan peri kehidupan dan
menjamin kesejahteraannya, manusia tidak mungkin mengabaikan upaya mencegah degradasi
berbagai fungsi tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah di manapun keberadaannya
merupakan komponen lingkungan hidup yang secara mutlak harus dilindungi atau
dihindarkan dari dampak yang merugikan, maka konservasi tanah menjadi suatu
keharusan bagi membuat lingkungan hidup terhunikan (Notohadipawiro, 2000;
Idjudin, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Cerapan (<i>perception</i>)
kebanyakan orang tentang mutu lingkungan selalu dilihat dari sisi air dan
udara. Mereka dapat menghargai air dan udara yang bersih dan segar.
Dibandingkan dengan penghargaan terhadap air dan udara, penghargaan kebanyakan
orang terhadap tanah tetap rudimenter (James, 1995).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sudah ada peraturan
perundang-undangan mengenai baku mutu air dan udara, akan tetapi hingga saat
ini belum terwujud undang-undang yang mengatur baku mutu tanah. Dari perspektif
ilmu dan lingkungan, tanah adalah ekosistem yang beraneka pada skala lokal dan
sumberdaya alam yang sangat heterogen dari segi kimia, fisik, dan hayati. Maka
tanah menjadi penentu kapasitas lahan dalam produksi biomassa berguna, seperti
dalam budidaya pertanian, perkebunan, dan kehutanan (Idjudin, 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Budidaya perkebunan di dataran
tinggi dihadapkan pada faktor pembatas biofisik seperti lereng yang relatif
curam, kepekaan tanah terhadap erosi dan longsor dan curah hujan yang tinggi.
Kesalahan dalam pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan sumberdaya lahan di dataran tinggi
dapat menimbulkan kerusakan biofisik berupa degradasi kesuburan tanah dan
ketersediaan air yang dampaknya tidak hanya dirasakan oleh masyarakat di lahan
dataran tinggi, tetapi juga di bagian hilirnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sekitar 45% wilayah Indonesia
berupa dataran tinggi perbukitan dan pegunungan yang dicirikan oleh
topo-fisiografi yang sangat beragam, sehingga praktek budidaya pertanian di lahan
dataran tinggi memiliki posisi strategis dalam pembangunan pertanian nasional.
Selain memberikan manfaat bagi jutaan petani, lahan dataran tinggi juga
berperan penting dalam menjaga fungsi lingkungan daerah aliran sungai (DAS) dan
penyangga daerah di bawahnya
(Departemen Pertanian, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman pekebunan seperti kopi,
teh, kina, dan berbagai jenis buah buahan juga banyak diproduksi di lahan
pegunungan. Lahan pegunungan yang merupakan hulu DAS juga berperan penting
dalam menjaga tata air DAS itu sendiri, mempertahankan keanekaragaman hayati,
mengendalikan erosi, dan menambat karbon di atmosfer sehingga mengurangi
pemanasan global (Departemen Pertanian, 2006). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berbagai tanaman hortikultura,
tanaman perkebunan, tanaman pangan, dan ternak dihasilkan di lahan pegunungan.
Sebagian besar tanaman sayursayuran dan bunga-bungaan dihasilkan di tanah Andisols
dan Alfisols dengan elevasi berkisar antara 350-1.500 m di atas permukaan laut (dpl).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Walaupun berpeluang untuk budidaya pertanian,
lahan pegunungan rentan terhadap longsor dan erosi, karena tingkat
kemiringannya, curah hujan relatif lebih tinggi, dan tanah tidak stabil. Bahaya
longsor dan erosi akan meningkat apabila lahan pegunungan yang semula tertutup
hutan dibuka menjadi areal pertanian tanaman semusim yang tidak menerapkan
praktek konservasi tanah dan air, atau menjadi areal peristirahatan dengan
segala fasilitas yang tidak ramah lingkungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir,
bencana alam banjir dan longsor makin meningkat, baik daya rusak maupun
intensitasnya. Bencana tersebut telah menimbulkan banyak korban manusia, harta,
lahan pertanian, infrastruktur dan sebagainya. Degradasi lahan juga semakin meningkat
dan meluas, terutama akibat tingginya tingkat erosi tanah, khususnya di daerah
pegunungan. Longsor dan erosi di kawasan pegunungan selain ditentukan oleh
karakteristik lahan dan kondisi iklim juga dipengaruhi oleh sistem dan teknik
budidaya pertanian di wilayah tersebut (Departemen Pertanian, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Materi yang dikemukakan dalam
makalah ini meliputi aspek pengolahan tanah, faktor penentu kepekaan lahan
terhadap longsor dan erosi, teknologi pengendalian longsor, teknologi budidaya
pada sistem usahatani konservasi, dan implikasi kebijakan. Substansi yang
disampaikan bersifat umum, sebagai landasan bagi penyusunan petunjuk teknis
oleh instansi yang berwenang di tingkat pusat dan daerah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengolahan
Lahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengolahan
tanah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengolahan tanah meliputi berbagai
kegiatan fisik dan mekanik tanah yang bertujuan untuk membuat media perakaran
tanaman lebih baik. Di negara maju, petani sudah sangat tergantung pada alat
mesin pertanian (alsintan), baik untuk pengolahan tanah, penanaman benih,
penyiangan gulma, maupun untuk pemanenan hasil (Rachman <i>et al., </i>2004). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berbagai macam alsintan untuk
mengolah tanah terus dikembangkan, menghasilkan teknologi pengolahan tanah yang
efisien. Petani tidak punya pilihan lain kecuali menggunakan mesin-mesin
pertanian tersebut untuk meningkatkan hasil pertanian dan mengefisienkan
usahataninya. Akibatnya, tanah diolah dengan intensitas pengolahan yang terus meningkat.
Petani, pada awalnya, mendapatkan hasil panen yang tinggi, namun karena tanah
terus-menerus diolah, akibatnya tanah mengalami penurunan produktivitas
(Rachman <i>et</i> <i>al., </i>2004). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah yang diolah berlebihan tanpa tindakan
konservasi akan menjadi lebih cepat kering, lebih halus (<i>powdery</i>),
berstruktur buruk, dan kadar bahan organik tanahnya semakin rendah. Sebagai
akibat dari pengolahan yang sangat intensif ini, pada tahun 1930-an, misalnya,
terjadi tragedi hujan debu di Amerika Serikat yang menerbangkan debu dari lahan
pertanian ke lautan Alantik (Rachman <i>et
al</i>., 2004).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengolahan tanah dapat diartikan
sebagai kegiatan manipulasi mekanik terhadap tanah (Arsyad, 2000). Tujuannya
adalah untuk mencampur dan menggemburkan tanah, mengontrol tanaman pengganggu,
mencampur sisa tanaman dengan tanah, dan menciptakan kondisi kegemburan tanah
yang baik untuk pertumbuhan akar (Gill and Vanden Berg, 1967). Pengolahan tanah
dikerjakan untuk menggemburkan tanah, memperdalam jeluk efektif untuk perakaran,
dan memudahkan daya antar air dan udara (Notohadipawiro, 2000). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Setiap upaya pengolahan tanah akan
menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan sifat-sifat tanah. Tingkat perubahan yang
terjadi sangat ditentukan oleh jenis alat pengolahan tanah yang digunakan.
Penggunaan cangkul, misalnya, relatif tidak akan banyak menyebabkan terjadinya
pemadatan pada lapisan tanah bagian bawah. Namun demikian karena seringnya
tanah terbuka, terutama antara dua musim tanam, maka lebih riskan terhadap dispersi
agregat, erosi, dan proses iluviasi yang selanjutnya dapat memadatkan tanah
(Pankhurst and Lunch, 1993).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penggunaan alat berat akan
menggemburkan tanah dan membolak-balikkan tanah sampai pada kedalaman 20 cm.
Namun, pada waktu yang bersamaan roda traktor menyebabkan terjadinya pemadatan
tanah dan berbagai efek negatif lainnya. Beberapa hasil penelitian menunjukkan
bahwa pengolahan tanah yang berlebihan menjadi penyebab utama terjadinya
kerusakan struktur tanah Suwardjo <i>et al</i>., 1989) dan kekahatan kandungan
bahan organik tanah. Kepedulian terhadap efek kurang menguntungkan dari
pengolahan tanah yang intensif mendorong para praktisi pertanian mencari
alternatif penyiapan lahan yang lebih rasional terhadap kelestarian lingkungan
hidup. Olah tanah konservasi (<i>conservation</i> <i>tillage</i>) menjadi
alternatif penyiapan lahan yang dilaporkan dapat mempertahankan produktivitas tanah
tetap tinggi (Wagger and Denton, 1991).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Namun demikian, terdapat beberapa
hasil penelitian yang melaporkan terjadinya penurunan hasil tanaman akibat olah
tanah konservasi (Ketcheson, 1980) atau tidak mempengaruhi hasil tanaman (Rao
and Dao, 1991 <i>dalam</i> Rachman <i>et al</i>., 2004). Adanya kontradiksi
hasil diduga disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor, antara lain curah hujan dan
tekstur tanah. Pada curah hujan yang rendah, olah tanah konservasi umumnya
meningkatkan hasil tanaman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengaruh yang sama diamati juga
pada tanah yang bertekstur berat. Hal lain yang menentukan keberhasilan olah
tanah konservasi adalah pemberian bahan organik dalam bentuk mulsa yang cukup, sehingga
mampu menekan pertumbuhan gulma. Olah tanah konservasi (OTK) adalah cara
penyiapan lahan yang menyisakan sisa tanaman di atas permukaan tanah sebagai
mulsa dengan tujuan untuk mengurangi erosi dan penguapan air dari permukaan
tanah (Rachman <i>et al.,</i> 2004). Utomo (1995) mendefinisikan OTK sebagai
suatu cara pengolahan tanah yang bertujuan untuk menyiapkan lahan agar tanaman
dapat tumbuh dan berproduksi optimum, namun tetap memperhatikan aspek
konservasi tanah dan air. Olah tanah konservasi dicirikan oleh berkurangnya pembongkaran/pembalikan
tanah, penggunaan sisa tanaman sebagai mulsa, dan kadang-kadang disertai
penggunaan herbisida untuk menekan pertumbuhan gulma atau tanaman pengganggu
lainnya. Kelebihan penerapan sistem OTK dalam penyiapan lahan adalah: menghemat
tenaga dan waktu, meningkatkan kandungan bahan organik tanah, meningkatkan ketersediaan
air di dalam tanah, memperbaiki kegemburan tanah dan meningkatkan porositas
tanah, mengurangi erosi tanah, memperbaiki kualitas air, meningkatkan kandungan
fauna tanah, mengurangi penggunaan alsintan seperti traktor, menghemat
penggunaan bahan bakar, dan memperbaiki kualitas udara (Rachman <i>et al.,</i> 2004).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Peranan OTK dalam mengurangi erosi
dan penguapan air dari permukaan tanah karena: (a) keberadaan sisa tanaman
dalam jumlah memadai di permukaan tanah; (b) kondisi permukaan tanah yang kasar
(<i>rough</i>), sarang (<i>porous</i>), berbongkah (<i>cloddy</i>), dan
bergulud (<i>ridged</i>); atau (c) kombinasi dari keduanya (Mannering and Fenster,
1983). Dengan demikian, nampak jelas bahwa keefektifan OTK ditentukan oleh penggunaan
sisa tanaman sebagai mulsa di permukaan tanah. Penggunaan mulsa tanpa dikaitkan
dengan OTK adalah kurang efisien, tetapi penerapan OTK tanpa menggunakan mulsa
adalah suatu kesalahan (Suwardjo, 1981).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mulsa di permukaan tanah melindungi
permukaan tanah dari energi hempasan butirbutir hujan, mengurangi terjadinya
penyumbatan pori (<i>soil crusting</i>), sehingga meningkatkan volume air yang
terinfiltrasi, dan dapat juga mengurangi daya angkut aliran permukaan (Rachman <i>et
al., </i>2004). Sedangkan kekasaran permukaan dapat meningkatkan kapasitas
penyimpanan air di zona pengolahan tanah, mengurangi daya angkut aliran
permukaan, dan mengurangi tingkat penyumbatan pori tanah. Beberapa cara
penyiapan lahan yang akhirakhir ini banyak diperkenalkan adalah tanpa olah tanah
(<i>zero tillage</i>), olah tanah seperlunya (<i>reduced</i> <i>tillage</i>),
dan olah tanah strip (<i>strip tillage</i>), yang kesemuanya merupakan
pengembangan dan memenuhi kriteria sebagai OTK (Rachman <i>et al., </i>2004).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kepekaan
tanah terhadap longsor dan erosi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengetahuan tentang faktor penentu
kepekaan tanah terhadap longsor dan erosi akan memperkaya kawasan dan
memperkuat landasan dari pengambil keputusan, penanggungjawab lapangan,
teknisi, penyuluh dan organisasi kemasyarakatan dalam menyusun program dan
melaksanakan teknik penanggulangan longsor dan erosi di daerah kewenangannya (Departemen Pertanian,
2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Longsor dan erosi adalah proses
berpindahnya tanah atau batuan dari satu tempat yang lebih tinggi ke tempat
yang lebih rendah akibat dorongan air, angin, atau gaya gravitasi. Proses
tersebut melalui tiga tahapan, yaitu pelepasan, pengangkutan atau pergerakan,
dan pengendapan. Perbedaan menonjol dari fenomena longsor dan erosi adalah volume
tanah yang dipindahkan, waktu yang dibutuhkan, dan kerusakan yang ditimbulkan.
Longsor memindahkan massa tanah dengan volume yang besar, adakalanya disertai
oleh batuan dan pepohonan, dalam waktu yang relatif singkat, sedangkan erosi
tanah adalah memindahkan partikel-partikel tanah dengan volume yang relatif
lebih kecil pada setiap kali kejadian hujan dan berlangsung dalam waktu yang
relatif lama. Dua bentuk longsor yang sering terjadi di daerah pegunungan
adalah (Departemen Pertanian, 2006): (1) guguran, yaitu pelepasan batuan atau tanah
dari lereng curam dengan gaya bebas atau bergelinding dengan kecepatan tinggi
sampai sangat tinggi. Bentuk longsor ini terjadi pada lereng yang sangat curam
(>100%); (2) peluncuran, yaitu pergerakan bagian atas tanah dalam volume
besar akibat keruntuhan gesekan antara bongkahan bagian atas dan bagian bawah
tanah. Bentuk longsor ini umumnya terjadi apabila terdapat bidang luncur pada
kedalaman tertentu dan tanah bagian atas dari bidang luncur tersebut telah
jenuh air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sekitar 45% luas lahan di Indonesia
berupa lahan pegunungan berlereng yang
peka terhadap longsor dan erosi (Tabel 1). Pegunungan dan perbukitan adalah
hulu sungai yang mengalirkan air permukaan secara gravitasi melewati celah-celah
lereng ke lahan yang letaknya lebih rendah. Keterkaitan antara daerah aliran
sungai (DAS) hulu, tengah, dan hilir dijelaskan sebagai berikut: (1) penggundulan
hutan di DAS hulu atau zona tangkapan hujan akan mengurangi resapan air hujan,
dan karena itu akan memperbesar aliran permukaan. Aliran permukaan adalah
pemicu terjadinya longsor dan/atau erosi dengan mekanisme yang berbeda; (2)
budidaya pertanian pada DAS tengah atau zona konservasi yang tidak tepat akan
memacu terjadinya longsor dan/atau erosi. Pengendalian aliran permukaan
merupakan kunci utama. Pada daerah yang tidak rawan longsor, memperbesar resapan
air dan sebagai konsekuensi adalah memperkecil aliran permukaan merupakan pilihan
utama. Sebaliknya, jika daerah tersebut rawan longsor, aliran permukaan perlu
dialirkan sedemikian rupa sehingga tidak menjenuhi tanah dan tidak memperbesar
erosi; (3) air yang meresap ke dalam lapisan tanah di zona tangkapan hujan dan
konservasi akan keluar berupa sumber-sumber air yang ditampung di badan-badan
air seperti sungai, danau, dan waduk untuk pembangkit listrik, irigasi, air
minum, dan penggelontoran kota.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya
longsor dan erosi adalah faktor alam dan faktor manusia (Departemen Pertanian,
2006). Faktor alam yang utama adalah iklim, sifat tanah, bahan induk, elevasi,
dan lereng. Faktor manusia adalah semua tindakan manusia yang dapat mempercepat
terjadinya erosi dan longsor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Curah hujan adalah salah satu unsur
iklim yang besar peranannya terhadap kejadian longsor dan erosi. Air hujan yang
terinfiltrasi ke dalam tanah dan menjenuhi tanah menentukan terjadinya longsor,
sedangkan pada kejadian erosi, air limpasan permukaan adalah unsur utama
penyebab terjadinya erosi. Curah hujan dengan
intensitas yang tinggi, misalnya 50 mm dalam waktu singkat (<1 jam), lebih
berpotensi menyebabkan erosi dibanding hujan dengan curahan yang sama namun
dalam waktu yang lebih lama (>1 jam). Namun curah hujan yang sama tetapi
berlangsung lama (>6 jam) berpotensi menyebabkan longsor, karena pada kondisi
tersebut dapat terjadi penjenuhan tanah oleh air yang meningkatkan massa tanah.
Intensitas hujan menentukan besar kecilnya erosi, sedangkan longsor ditentukan
oleh kondisi jenuh tanah oleh air hujan dan keruntuhan gesekan bidang luncur.
Curah hujan tahunan >2.000 mm terjadi pada sebagian besar wilayahIndonesia.
Kondisi ini berpeluang besar menimbulkan erosi, apalagi di wilayah pegunungan
yang lahannya didominasi oleh berbagai jenis tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kedalaman,
tekstur, dan struktur tanah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kedalaman atau solum, tekstur, dan
struktur tanah menentukan besar kecilnya air limpasan permukaan dan laju
penjenuhan tanah oleh air. Pada tanah bersolum dalam (>90 cm), struktur
gembur, dan penutupan lahan rapat, sebagian besar air hujan terinfiltrasi ke
dalam tanah dan hanya sebagian kecil yang menjadi air limpasan permukaan.
Sebaliknya, pada tanah bersolum dangkal, struktur padat, dan penutupan lahan
kurang rapat, hanya sebagian kecil air hujan yang terinfiltrasi dan sebagian besar
menjadi aliran permukaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor lain yang menentukan kelongsoran
tanah adalah ketahanan gesekan bidang luncur. Faktor yang menentukan ketahanan
gesekan adalah: a) gaya saling menahan di antara dua bidang yang bergeser, dan
b) mekanisme saling mengunci di antara partikel-partikel yang bergeser. Untuk
kasus pertama, partikel hanya menggeser di atas partikel yang lain dan tidak terjadi
penambahan volume. Untuk kasus kedua, terjadi pemambahan volume karena partikel
yang bergeser mengatur kedudukannya sedemikian rupa, sehingga menyebabkan
keruntuhan. Ketahanan gesekan ditentukan oleh bentuk partikel. Pada partikel berbentuk
lempengan seperti liat, penambahan air mempercepat keruntuhan. Sebaliknya pada
partikel berbentuk butiran kuarsa dan feldspar, penambahan air memperlambat
keruntuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan
induk tanah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sifat bahan induk tanah ditentukan
oleh asal batuan dan komposisi mineralogi yang berpengaruh terhadap kepekaan
erosi dan longsor. Di daerah pegunungan, bahan induk tanah didominasi oleh
batuan kokoh dari batuan volkanik, sedimen, dan metamorfik. Tanah yang terbentuk
dari batuan sedimen, terutama batu liat, batu liat berkapur atau marl dan batu
kapur, relatif peka terhadap erosi dan longsor. Batuan volkanik umumnya tahan
erosi dan longsor. Salah satu ciri lahan peka longsor adalah adanya rekahan
tanah selebar > 2 cm dan dalam >50 cm yang terjadi pada musim kemarau.
Tanah tersebut mempunyai sifat mengembang pada kondisi basah dan mengkerut pada
kondisi kering, yang disebabkan oleh tingginya kandungan mineral liat tipe 2:1
seperti yang dijumpai pada tanah Grumusol (Vertisols). Pada kedalaman tertentu
dari tanah Podsolik atau Mediteran terdapat akumulasi liat (argilik) yang pada
kondisi jenuh air dapat juga berfungsi sebagai bidang luncur pada kejadian
longsor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Elevasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Elevasi adalah istilah lain dari
ukuran ketinggian lokasi di atas permukaan laut. Lahan pegunungan berdasarkan
elevasi dibedakan atas dataran medium (350-700 m dpl) dan dataran tinggi
(>700 m dpl). Elevasi berhubungan erat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dengan jenis komoditas yang sesuai untukmempertahankan
kelestarian lingkungan. Badan Pertanahan Nasional menetapkan lahan pada
ketinggian di atas 1.000 m dpl dan lereng > 45% sebagai kawasan usaha
terbatas, dan diutamakan sebagai kawasan hutan lindung. Sementara, Departemen
Kehutanan menetapkan lahan dengan ketinggian > 2.000 m dpl dan/ atau lereng
> 40% sebagai kawasan lindung (<i>protection zone</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lereng<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lereng atau kemiringan lahan adalah
salah satu faktor pemicu terjadinya erosi dan longsor di lahan pegunungan.
Peluang terjadinya erosi dan longsor makin besar dengan makin curamnya lereng.
Makin curam lereng, makin besar pula volume dan kecepatan aliran permukaan yang
berpotensi menyebabkan erosi. Selain kecuraman, panjang lereng juga menentukan
besarnya longsor dan erosi. Makin panjang lereng, erosi yang terjadi makin besar.
Pada lereng >40% longsor terjadi, terutama disebabkan oleh pengaruh gaya
gravitasi. Kondisi wilayah/lereng dikelompokkan sebagai berikut (Departemen
Pertanian, 2006) :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Datar
: lereng < 3%, dengan beda tinggi < 2 m.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berombak
: lereng 3-8%, dengan beda tinggi 2-10 cm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bergelombang
: lereng 8-15%, dengan beda tinggi 10-50 cm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berbukit
: lereng 15-30%, dengan beda tinggi 50-300 cm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bergunung
: lereng >30%, dengan beda tinggi >300 cm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Erosi dan longsor sering terjadi di
wilayah berbukit dan bergunung, terutama pada tanah berpasir (Regosol atau
Psamments), Andosol (Andisols), tanah dangkal berbatu (Litosol atau Entisols),
dan tanah dangkal berkapur (Renzina atau Mollisols). Di wilayah bergelombang,
intensitas erosi dan longsor agak berkurang, kecuali pada tanah Podsolik
(Ultisols), dan Grumusol (Vertisols) yang terbentuk dari batuan induk batuliat,
napal, dan batukapur dengan kandungan liat 2:1 (Montmorilonit) tinggi, sehingga
pengelolaan lahan yang disertai oleh tindakan konservasi sangat diperlukan.
Dalam sistem budidaya pada lahan berlereng >15% lebih diutamakan campuran
tanaman semusim dengan tanaman tahunan atau sistem wanatani (<i>agroforestry</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengendalian
longsor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Daerah rawan longsor harus
dijadikan areal konservasi, sehingga bebas dari kegiatan pertanian, pembangunan
perumahan, dan infrastruktur. Apabila lahan digunakan untuk perumahan maka
bahaya longsor akan meningkat, sehingga dapat mengancam keselamatan penduduk di
daerah tersebut dan di sekitarnya. Penerapan teknik pengendalian longsor diarahkan
ke daerah rawan longsor yang sudah terlanjur dijadikan lahan pertanian. Areal
rawan longsor yang belum dibuka direkomendasikan untuk tetap dipertahankan
dalam kondisi vegetasi permanen, seperti cagar alam (<i>sanctuary</i> <i>reserve
area</i>), kawasan konservasi (<i>conservation</i> <i>zone</i>), dan hutan
lindung (<i>protection</i> <i>forest</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengendalian longsor dapat
direncanakan dan diimplementasikan melalui pendekatan mekanis (sipil teknis)
dan vegetatif atau kombinasi keduanya. Pada kondisi yang sangat parah,
pendekatan mekanis seringkali bersifat mutlak jika pendekatan vegetatif saja
tidak cukup memadai untuk menanggulangi longsor. <b>Identifikasi dan Delineasi Daerah Rawan Longsor</b> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Setiap jenis tanah mempunyai tingkat
kepekaan terhadap longsor yang berbeda. Langkah antisipatif yang perlu
dilakukan adalah memetakan sebaran jenis tanah pada skala 1:25.000 atau skala
lebih besar (1:10.000) pada hamparan lahan yang menjadi sasaran pembangunan
pertanian tanaman hortikultura, tanaman pangan, atau tanaman perkebunan. Berdasarkan
peta-peta tersebut dapat didelineasi bagian-bagian dari hamparan lahan yang
peka terhadap longsor dengan menggunakan nilai atau skor seperti dalam Tabel 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kepekaan tanah terhadap longsor
dinilai dengan cara menjumlahkan skor dari masingmasing faktor. Tanah dengan
jumlah skor 6-10 digolongkan sebagai lahan dengan tingkat kepekaan rendah, skor
11-15 kepekaan sedang, dan 16-22 kepekaan tinggi. Lahan dengan tingkat kepekaan
tinggi tidak direkomendasikan untuk budidaya pertanian, pebangunan infrastruktur,
atau perumahan, tetapi dipertahankan sebagai vegetasi permanen (hutan). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penerapan teknik pengendalian longsor
didasarkan atas konsep pengelolaan DAS. Dalam hal ini kawasan longsor dibagi ke
dalam tiga zona, yaitu: (1) hulu, zona paling atas dari lereng yang longsor,
(2) punggung, zona longsor yang berada di antara bagian hulu dan kaki kawasan longsor,
dan (3) kaki, zona bawah dari lereng yang longsor dan merupakan zona penimbunan
atau deposisi bahan yang longsor. Pengelolaan masing-masing segmen ditunjukkan
dalam Tabel 3. Pada masing-masing zona diterapkan teknik penanggulangan longsor
dengan pendekatan vegetatif atau mekanis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teknik
Pengendalian Longsor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Vegetatif<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengendalian longsor dengan
pendekatan vegetatif pada prinsipnya adalah mencegah air terakumulasi di atas
bidang luncur (Departemen Pertanian, 2006). Sangat dianjurkan menanam jenis
tanaman berakar dalam, dapat menembus lapisan kedap air, mampu merembeskan air
ke lapisan yang lebih dalam, dan mempunyai massa yang relatif ringan. Jenis tanaman
yang dapat dipilih di antaranya adalah sonokeling, akar wangi, flemingia, kayu
manis, kemiri, cengkeh, pala, petai, jengkol, melinjo, alpukat, kakao, kopi,
teh, dan kelengkeng.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mekanis/Sipil
Teknis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ada beberapa pendekatan mekanis
atau sipil teknis yang dapat digunakan untuk mengendalikan longsor, sesuai
dengan kondisi topografi dan besar kecilnya tingkat bahaya longsor. Pendekatan
mekanis pengendalian longsor meliputi (Departemen Pertanian, 2004): (1)
pembuatan saluran drainase (Saluran pengelak, saluran penangkap, saluran
pembuangan), (2) pembuatan bangunan penahan material longsor, (3) pembuatan
bangunan penguat dinding/tebing atau pengaman jurang, dan (4) pembuatan
trap-trap terasering.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Saluran
drainase<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan utama pembuatan saluran
drainase adalah untuk mencegah genangan dengan mengalirkan air aliran
permukaan, sehingga kekuatan air mengalir tidak merusak tanah, tanaman,
dan/atau bangunan konservasi lainnya. Di areal rawan longsor, pembuatan saluran
drainase ditujukan untuk mengurangi laju infiltrasi dan perkolasi, sehingga
tanah tidak terlalu jenuh air, sebagai faktor utama pemicu terjadinya longsor.
Bentuk saluran drainase, khususnya di lahan usahatani dapat dibedakan menjadi
(Departemen Pertanian, 2006): (a) Saluran pengelak, (b) saluran teras, dan (c) saluran
pembuangan air, termasuk bangunan terjunan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bangunan
Penahan Material Longsor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Konstruksi bangunan penahan
material longsor bergantung pada volume longsor. Jika longsor termasuk kategori
kecil, maka konstruksi bangunan penahan dapat menggunakan bahan yang tersedia
di tempat, misalnya bambu, batang dan ranting kayu. Apabila longsor termasuk
kategori besar, diperlukan konstruksi bangunan beton penahan yang permanen.
Beton penahan ini umumnya dibangun di tebing jalan atau tebing sungai yang
rawan longsor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_7"
o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:398.25pt;height:258pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\george\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\02\clip_image005.png"
o:title="" croptop="9967f" cropbottom="5233f" cropleft="11763f" cropright="10083f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="344" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image006.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_7" width="531" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bangunan
penguat tebing<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bangunan ini berguna untuk
memperkuat tebing-tebing yang rawan longsor, berupa konstruksi beton atau
susunan bronjong (susunan batu diikat kawat). Konstruksi bangunan menggunakan
perhitungan teknik sipil kering.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistim
Usahatani Konservasi pada Lahan Berlereng<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Erosi di lahan-Iahan dataran tinggi
perlu dicegah, mengingat dua alasan yang kuat yaitu alasan teoritis dan
kenyataan yang terjadi di lapangan (Idjudin, 2009). Alasan teoritis, karena faktor
pembentukan tanah, antara lain waktu yang cukup lama (untuk membentuk tanah setebal
1 inchi memerlukan waktu antara 300 - 1.000 tahun). Alasan berdasarkan
kenyataan telah banyak bukti-bukti terjadinya lahan rusak bahkan berupa
gurun-gurun pasir (sejarah kerajaan purba abad ke-20).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Prinsip
usahatani konservasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Budidaya pertanian di lahan
berlereng meliputi dua kegiatan pokok, yaitu kegiatan usahatani dan kegiatan
konservasi. Kedua kegiatan pada sebidang lahan pertanian terintegrasi menjadi
sistem usahatani (SUT) konservasi. Teknologi SUT konservasi yang diterapkan di DAS
Citanduy (Jawa Barat), DAS Jratunseluna (Jawa Tengah), dan DAS Brantas (Jawa
Timur) menggunakan faktor kemiringan lahan, kedalaman tanah, dan kepekaan tanah
terhadap erosi sebagai kriteria pengembangan model-model SUT konservasi
(Basid,1999). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_10"
o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:396.75pt;height:224.25pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\george\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\02\clip_image007.png"
o:title="" croptop="10466f" cropbottom="10591f" cropleft="11903f"
cropright="9382f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="299" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image008.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_10" width="529" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan kriteria tersebut
disusun matrik seperti ditunjukkan pada Tabel 4. Tabel 4 menunjukkan matrik
pemilihan konservasi tanah mekanis dan komposisi tanaman semusim dan tanaman
tahunan berdasarkan kondisi kemiringan lahan, kedalaman tanah, dan kepekaaan
tanah terhadap erosi lahan usahatani. Teras bangku tidak dianjurkan pada tanah
yang bersolum dangkal dan kemiringannya sangat terjal (>40%). Pada tanah
yang dangkal dianjurkan membuat teras gulud, budidaya lorong, atau pagar hidup.
Pembuatan teras bangku relatif lebih mahal dan lebih sulit dibandingkan dengan
teknik konservasi mekanis lainnya. Dengan mempertimbangkan faktor biaya dan
tingkat kesulitan pembuatannya, disarankan untuk memilih teknik konservasi
tanah selain teras bangku. Semua jenis teras harus disertai dengan penanaman
tanaman penguat teras, seperti rumput dan legum yang juga merupakan sumber
pakan ternak. Tanaman tahunan yang ada pada sistem pertanaman lorong dan pagar
hidup dapat diperhitungkan sebagai bagian dari tanaman tahunan (Tabel 4).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teknik
Pengendalian Erosi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Secara garis besar, teknik
pengendalian erosi dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu teknik konservasi mekanik dan
vegetatif (Arsyad, 2000). Konservasi tanah secara mekanik adalah semua
perlakuan fisik mekanis dan pembuatan bangunan yang ditujukan untuk mengurangi aliran
permukaan guna menekan erosi dan meningkatkan kemampuan tanah mendukung
usahatani secara berkelanjutan. Pada prinsipnya konservasi mekanik dalam
pengendalian erosi harus selalu diikuti oleh cara vegetatif, yaitu penggunaan
tumbuhan/tanaman dan sisa-sisa tanaman/tumbuhan (misalnya mulsa dan pupuk hijau),
serta penerapan pola tanam yang dapat menutup permukaan tanah sepanjang tahun. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Teras bangku<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teras bangku atau teras tangga
dibuat dengan cara memotong panjang lereng dan meratakan tanah di bagian
bawahnya, sehingga terjadi deretan bangunan yang berbentuk seperti tangga. Pada
usahatani lahan kering, fungsi utama teras bangku adalah: (1) memperlambat
aliran permukaan; (2) menampung dan menyalurkan aliran permukaan dengan
kekuatan yang tidak sampai merusak; (3) meningkatkan laju infiltrasi; dan (4)
mempermudah pengolahan tanah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teras bangku dapat dibuat datar
(bidang olah datar, membentuk sudut 00 dengan bidang horizontal), miring ke
dalam/goler kampak (bidang olah miring beberapa derajat ke arah yang berlawanan
dengan lereng asli), dan miring ke luar (bidang olah miring ke arah lereng
asli). Teras biasanya dibangun di ekosistem lahan sawah tadah hujan, lahan tegalan,
dan berbagai sistem wanatani. Teras bangku miring ke dalam (goler kampak) dibangun
pada tanah yang permeabilitasnya rendah, dengan tujuan agar air yang tidak
segera terinfiltrasi menggenangi bidang olah dan tidak mengalir ke luar melalui
talud di bibir teras. Teras bangku miring ke luar diterapkan di areal di mana
aliran permukaan dan infiltrasi dikendalikan secara bersamaan, misalnya di
areal rawan longsor. Teras bangku goler kampak memerlukan biaya relatif lebih
mahal dibandingkan dengan teras bangku datar atau teras bangku miring ke luar,
karena memerlukan lebih banyak penggalian bidang olah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Efektivitas teras bangku sebagai pengendali
erosi akan meningkat bila ditanami dengan tanaman penguat teras di bibir dan
tampingan teras. Rumput dan legum pohon merupakan tanaman yang baik untuk
digunakan sebagai penguat teras. Tanaman murbei sebagai tanaman penguat teras
banyak ditanam di daerah pengembangan ulat sutra. Teras bangku adakalanya dapat
diperkuat dengan batu yang disusun, khususnya pada tampingan. Model seperti ini
banyak diterapkan di kawasan yang berbatu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Beberapa hal yang perlu mendapat
perhatian dalam pembuatan teras bangku adalah: a) dapat diterapkan pada lahan
dengan kemiringan 10-40%, tidak dianjurkan pada lahan dengan kemiringan >40%
karena bidang olah akan menjadi terlalu sempit, b) tidak cocok pada tanah
dangkal <40 cm), e) tidak cocok pada lahan usaha pertanian yang menggunakan
mesin pertanian, d) tidak dianjurkan pada tanah dengan kandungan aluminium dan
besi tinggi, dan e) Tidak dianjurkan pada tanah-tanah yang mudah longsor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Teras gulud<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teras gulud adalah barisan guludan
yang dilengkapi dengan saluran air di bagian belakang gulud. Metode ini dikenal
pula dengan istilah guludan bersaluran. Bagian-bagian dari teras gulud terdiri
atas guludan, saluran air, dan bidang olah. Fungsi dari teras gulud hampir sama
dengan teras bangku, yaitu untuk menahan laju aliran permukaan dan meningkatkan
penyerapan air ke dalam tanah. Saluran air dibuat untuk mengalirkan aliran
permukaan dari bidang olah ke saluran pembuangan air. Untuk meningkatkan
efektivitas teras gulud dalam menanggulangi erosi dan aliran permukaan, guludan
diperkuat dengan tanaman penguat teras. Jenis tanaman yang dapat digunakan
sebagai penguat teras bangku juga dapat digunakan sebagai tanaman penguat teras
gulud. Sebagai kompensasi dari kehilangan luas bidang olah, bidang teras gulud
dapat pula ditanami dengan tanaman bernilai ekonomi (<i>cash crops</i>),
misalnya tanaman katuk dan cabai rawit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan
dalam pembuatan teras gulud: a) teras gulud cocok diterapkan pada lahan dengan
kemiringan 10-40%, dapat juga pada lahan dengan kemiringan 40-60% namun relatif
kurang efektif, dan b) pada tanah yang permeabilitasnya tinggi, guludan dapat
dibuat menurut arah kontur. Pada tanah yang permeabilitasnya rendah, guludan
dibuat miring terhadap kontur, tidak lebih dari 1% ke arah saluran pembuangan.
Hal ini ditujukan agar air yang tidak segera terinfiltrasi ke dalam tanah dapat
tersalurkan ke luar ladang dengan kecepatan rendah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Teras individu<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teras individu adalah teras yang
dibuat pada setiap individu tanaman, terutama tanaman tahunan. Jenis teras ini
biasa dibangun di areal perkebunan atau pertanaman buah-buahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Teras kebun<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teras kebun adalah jenis teras
untuk tanaman tahunan, khususnya tanaman perkebunan dan buah-buahan. Teras
dibuat dengan interval yang bervariasi menurut jarak tanam. Pembuatan teras
bertujuan untuk: (1) meningkatkan efisiensi penerapan teknik konservasi tanah,
dan (2) memfasilitasi pengelolaan lahan (<i>land management facility</i>) di
antaranya untuk fasilitas jalan kebun, dan penghematan tenaga kerja dalam
pemeliharaan kebun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Rorak<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rorak merupakan lubang penampungan
atau peresapan air, dibuat di bidang olah atau saluran resapan. Pembuatan rorak
bertujuan untuk memperbesar peresapan air ke dalam tanah dan menampung tanah
yang tererosi. Pada lahan kering beriklim kering, rorak berfungsi sebagai
tempat pemanen air hujan dan aliran permukaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dimensi rorak yang disarankan sangat
bervariasi, misalnya kedalaman
60 cm, lebar 50 cm, dan panjang berkisar antara 50-200 cm. Panjang rorak
dibuat sejajar kontur atau memotong lereng. Jarak ke samping antara satu rorak
dengan rorak lainnya berkisar 100-150 cm, sedangkan jarak horizontal 20 m pada
lereng yang landai dan agak miring sampai 10 m pada lereng yang lebih curam
(Departemen Pertanian, 2006). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dimensi rorak yang akan dipilih
disesuaikan dengan kapasitas air atau sedimen dan bahan-bahan terangkut lainnya
yang akan ditampung. Sesudah periode waktu tertentu, rorak akan terisi oleh
tanah atau serasah tanaman. Agar rorak dapat berfungsi seeara terusmenerus, bahan-bahan
yang masuk ke rorak perlu diangkat ke luar atau dibuat rorak yang baru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Komponen
Teknologi SUT Konservasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Tanaman penutup tanah sebagai pupuk hijau<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman penutup tanah pada umumnya adalah
jenis legum menjalar yang ditanam di antara tanaman tahunan, secara bergilir
dengan tanaman semusim atau tanaman tahunan dan sebagai tanaman pemula (pionir)
untuk rehabilitasi lahan kritis. Fungsi tanaman penutup adalah untuk menutupi
tanah dari terpaan langsung air hujan, rehabilitasi lahan kritis, menjaga
kesuburan tanah, dan menyediakan bahan organik. Berbagai tanaman legum seperti stilo
(<i>Stylosanthes </i>sp.),
sentro (<i>Centrosema</i> sp.), kalopo (<i>Calopogonium </i>sp.), puero atau kudu
(<i>Pueraria </i>sp.), dan <i>Arachis </i>sp.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Mulsa bahan hijauan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mulsa dapat berasal dari hijauan
hasil pangkasan tanaman pagar, tanaman strip rumput, dan sisa tanaman. Bahan
tersebut disebarkan di atas permukaan tanah secara rapat untuk menghindari
kerusakan permukaan tanah dari terpaan hujan. Bahan hijauan atau sisa tanaman
juga dapat ditumpuk memanjang searah kontur, terutama bagi bahan hijauan yang mempunyai
struktur memanjang seperti batang dan daun jagung atau jerami padi dengan
maksud menghambat laju aliran permukaan (Suwardjo <i>et al</i>., 1989).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mulsa biasanya merupakan kombinasi
antara sisa tanaman yang cepat melapuk dan lambat melapuk. Bahan hijauan atau
biomassa yang cepat melapuk (seperti sisa tanaman kacang-kacangan) berguna
untuk memperbaiki struktur tanah dan menyediakan hara secara cepat, sedangkan
biomassa yang relatif lambat melapuk (seperti jerami padi, batang jagung)
berguna untuk menghambat laju aliran permukaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">IMPLIKASI KEBIJAKAN PERKEBUNAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem tanah adalah hasil
perkembangan selama jutaan tahun di bawah pengaruh banyak faktor. Sebagian
faktor melibatkan pengaruh lingkungan alami dan yang lain berkaitan dengan pengaruh
imbasan manusia. Dampak pengaruh dapat berupa perubahan kuantitas dan/atau kualitas.
Perubahan tanah. Dapat berpengaruh balik ke lingkungan. Kegiatan faktor
lingkungan yang bermaslahat ialah pengubah batuan dasar yang semula tidak
berharkat pertanian menjadi tanah yang berharkat pertanian. Lingkungan yang mendorong
terjadinya erosi tanah adalah contoh pengaruh buruk atas tanah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah yang berkemampuan mengekang
persebaran zat-zat pencemar dari sumber baur ke badan-badan air (pestisida,
pupuk) termasuk pengaruh baik tanah atas lingkungan. Pengaruh buruk tanah atas lingkungan
adalah pencurahan bahan erosi ke lahan hilir yang menurunkan kualitas tanah, ke
badan air yang menurunkan kapasitas salur/ simpan air, dan perentanan badan air
terhadap etrovikasi oleh lindian fosfat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Institusi yang berwenang dan
terlibat dalam fasilitasi pengelolaan lahan dataran tinggi seyogyanya mempunyai
persepsi yang sama tentang SUT konservasi. Departemen Pertanian melalui
Peraturan Menteri Pertanian No. 47/ Pemerintah/OT.140/10/2006 telah menerbitkan
buku tentang Pedoman Umum Budidaya Pertanian Pada Lahan Pegunungan pada tahun
2006 sebagai acuan bagi terwujudnya sistem usahatani berkelanjutan pada dataran
tinggi/ lahan pegunungan. Hal ini merupakan landasan yang kuat untuk
memantapkan koordinasi, integrasi, sinkronisasi, dan sinergisme kegiatan sektor
atau sub-sektor di lapangan. Prinsip-prinsip pembangunan berkelanjutan yang
dianut internasional supaya dipertimbangkan untuk memperkuat dukungan politik
terhadap pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan sumberdaya lahan di daerah pegunungan.
Prinsip keberlanjutan adalah: (1) kerusakan hutan dan lahan tidak lebih cepat
dari regenerasi hutan dan lahan, (2) kepunahan jenis atau spesies tidak
melebihi evolusi jenis atau spesies itu sendiri, (3) laju erosi tanah tidak
lebih cepat dari pembentukan tanah, (4) emisi karbon tidak lebih tinggi dari fiksasi
karbon, dan (5) permintaan akan produk pertanian tidak lebih banyak dari
produksi pertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Prinsip-prinsip pembangunan
berwawasan lingkungan dimaksudkan memperluas wawasan pengelolaan dan
pemanfaatan sumberdaya lahan, menggalang koordinasi, integrasi, sinkronisasi
dan sinergisme antar-pemerintah daerah yang menguasai satu atau lebih kawasan
DAS. Prinsip pembangunan berwawasan lingkungan adalah: (1) pembangunan
dirancang dengan memperhatikan aspirasi pengguna dan melibatkan pengguna, (2)
sasaran pembangunan dirancang tidak berdasarkan batas administrasi pemerintahan,
melainkan berdasarkan batas agroekologi, (3) aspek yang ditangani dalam pembangunan
bersifat holistik, (4) pendekatan sistem (untuk pertanian pendekatan sistem usahatani),
(5) perhatian terhadap kelestarian lingkungan, (6) keterkaitan antara DAS
hulutengah-hilir dipertimbangkan, (7) koordinasi, integrasi, sinkronisasi, dan
sinergisme antara instansi yang berwenang, dan (8) hukum diterapkan secara
konsekuen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arsyad, S. 2000. Pengawetan Tanah dan Air. Departemen
Ilmu-llmu Tanah. Fakultas Pertanian. Institut Pertanian Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Basid, A. 1999. Analisis ekonomi penerapan teknologi
usahatani konservasi pada lahan kering berlereng di wilayah hulu DAS
jratunseluna jawa Tengah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Brown, R.E, J.L. Havlin, D.J. Lyons, C.R. Fenster,
and G.A. Peterson. 1991. Longterm tillage and nitrogen effects on wheat
production in a wheat fallow rotation. p. 326 In Agronomy Abstracts. Annual
Meetings ASA, CSSA, and SSSA (Denver Colorado, Oct 27-Nov 1, 1991).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Departemen Pertanian, 2006. Peraturan Menteri Pertanian
Nomor: 47/Permentan/ OT.140/10/2006 Tentang Pedoman Umum Budidaya Pertanian
pada Lahan Pegunungan. Badan Litbang Pertanian, Departemen Pertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Idjudin, A.A. 2010. Diagnosis Kerusakan Lahan Pulau
Yamdena, dan Arahan Kebijakan serta Penyusunan Tata Ruang Wilayahnya. Disampaikan
pada acara Diskusi antara KTI dan Kementerian Kehutanan di Jakarta, 9-12-2010.
Hlm 15.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Gill, W.R. and G.E. Vanden Berg. 1967. Soil Dynamics
in Tillage a USDA Agric. Handb. N. 316. U.S. Government Printing, Washington,
DC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Idjudin, A.A. 2006. Dampak Penerapan Teknik Konervasi
di Lahan terhadap Produktivitasnya. Disertasi Doktor Sekolah Pasca Sarjana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">James, B.R. 1995. Conception of an idea: an International
Center for S,Society. Bulletin ISSS 89:65-67.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ketcheson, J.W. 1980. Effect of tillage on fertilizer
requirements for corn on as - loam soil. Agron. J. 72: 40-542.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Larson, W.E. and G.J. Osborne. 1982. Tillage accomplishments
and potential. <i>In</i> Predicting Tillage Effects on Soil Physical Properties
and Processes. ASA Special Publication No. 44.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Notohadiprawiro, T. 2000. Tanah dan Lingkungan. Pusat
Studi Sumberdaya Lahan UGM. P3HTA (Proyek Penelitian Penyelamatan Hutan, Tanah
dan Air). 1990. Petunjuk teknis usaha tani konservasi daerah limpasan sungai. <i>Dalam
</i>Sukmana <i>et al</i>. (<i>Eds</i>.) Badan Litbang Pertanian. Jakarta. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pankhurst, C.E. and J.M. Lynch. 1993. The role of
soil biota in sustainable agriculture. Pp 3-9. <i>In </i>C.E. Pankhurst, B.M.
Daube, V.V.S.R. Gupta, and P.R. Grace (<i>Eds</i>.) Soil Biota: Management in
Sustainable Farming Systems. CSIRO Press, Melbourne, Australia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Philips, S.H. and H.M. Young Jr. 1973. Notillage Farming.
Reiman Associate, Milwauke, Wisconsin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rachman, A., A. Dariah, dan E. Husen, 2004. Olah
Tanah Konservasi. Teknologi Konservasi Tanah pada Lahan Kering. Puslitbangtanak.
Badan Litbang Pertanian. Departemen Pertanian 2004.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rao, S.C. and T.H. Dao. 1991. Tillage and N manajemen
effects on the yield and Nuse efficiency in winter wheat. P. 339. In Agronomy
Abstract. Annual Meeting, ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Denver Colorado, Oct. 27-Nov. 1,
1991.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sinukaban, N. 1990. Pengaruh pengolahan tanah
konservasi dan pemberian mulsa jerami terhadap produksi tanaman pangan dan
erosi hara. Pembrit. Penel. Tanah dan Pupuk 9:32-38.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Suwardjo. 1981. Peranan Sisa-sisa Tanaman dalam
Konservasi Tanah dan Air pada Usaha Tani Tanaman Semusim. Disertasi doctor
Sekolah Pasca Sarjana. IPB.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Suwardjo, H., A. Abdurachman, and S. Abujamin. 1989.
The use of c mulch to minimize tillage frequency. Pembrit. Penel. Tanah dan
Pupuk 31-37.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Swan, J.B., W.H. Paulson, A.E. Peterson, and R.L.
Higgs. 1991. Tillage management effetcs on seedbed physical conditions corn gr
yield. p. 343. <i>In </i>Agronomy Abstract. Annual Meetings, ASA, CSS SSSA,
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Utomo, M. 1995. Kekerasan tanah dan serapan hara
tanaman jagung pada olah tanah konservasi jangka panjang. J. Tanah Trop. 1:1-7.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Wagger, M.G., and H.P. Denton. 1991. Consequences of
continuous and alternating tillage regimes on residue cover and grain yield in
a corn-soybean rotation. p. 344 In Agronomy Abstracts. Annual Meetings ASA,
CSSA, SSSA, Denver Colorado, Oct 27 - Nov 1, 1991.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4414864719232378661.post-41779004867799582312013-04-20T23:10:00.000+07:002013-04-20T23:10:20.031+07:00fotoperiodisme pada tomat<br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">HUBUNGAN
FOTOPERIODISME TERHADAP LAJU FOTOSINTESIS PADA TOMAT (</span></b><i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lycopersicum esculentum </span></i></span><b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Mill)</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>P A P E R</b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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HARAHAP<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b> 110301008<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b> AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI I A / VII<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>LABORATORIUM AGROKLIMATOLOGI<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI</b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>MEDAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>2012<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 400%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 400%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Puji dan syukur
penulis panjatkan kehadirat Tuhan Yang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Maha Esa karena
berkat rahmat dan lindungan-Nya maka penulis dapat menyelesaikan paper
ini tepat pada waktunya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Adapun</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> judul</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> dari
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span lang="IN">paper </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ini </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">adalah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> “<b>Hubungan
Fotoperiodisme terhadap Laju Fotosintesis pada Tomat </b><i>(</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lycopersicum esculentum </span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Mill</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">)</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">”</span></b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">yang
merupakan salah satu
syarat untuk<b> </b>dapat mengikuti Pratikal Tes di</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Laboratorium </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Agroklimatologi,
Program Studi Agroekoteknologi, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada
kesempatan ini penulis
mengucapkan terima kasih
kepada </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">dosen
mata kuliah Agroklimatologi yakni : Dr. Ir. Dra. Chairani Hanum, MP; Nini Rahmawati, SP, M.Si. ; Ir. Irsal, MP;
Ir. Yaya Hasanah, M.Si., dan Ir. Lisa Mawarni, MP </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">serta </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">A</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">bang dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">K</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">akak </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">A</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">sisten </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">L</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">aboratorium </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Agroklimatologi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> yang telah membantu penulis sehingga paper ini dapat
diselesaikan tepat pada waktunya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Penulis menyadari
bahwa paper ini jauh dari </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">sempurna</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">. Oleh karena itu, penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran
yang bersifat membangun demi kesempurnaan paper ini. Akhir kata, penulis
mengucapkan terima kasih</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Medan, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> Desember 2012 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Penulis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">,<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 400%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 400%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Hal.</div>
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<b>KATA PENGANTAR</b>.......................................................................................... i<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>DAFTAR ISI</b>......................................................................................................... ii</div>
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<b>DAFTAR GAMBAR</b>.......................................................................................... iii</div>
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<b>PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Latar
Belakang............................................................................................... 1</div>
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Tujuan
Penulisan............................................................................................ 3</div>
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Kegunaan Penulisan....................................................................................... 3</div>
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<b>TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Botani
Tanaman............................................................................................. 5</div>
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Syarat
Tumbuh............................................................................................... 5</div>
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Iklim...................................................................................................... 6</div>
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Tanah..................................................................................................... 7</div>
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Fotoperiodisme.............................................................................................. 8</div>
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<b>HUBUNGAN FOTOPERIODISME TERHADAP LAJU
FOTOSINTESIS<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PADA TOMAT </b>(<i>Lycopersicum esculentum </i><b>Mill</b>)</div>
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Laju
Fotosintesis Tanaman.......................................................................... 11</div>
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Faktor
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Hubungan
Fotoperiodisme terhadap Laju Fotosintesis............................... 13</div>
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<b style="line-height: 200%;">KESIMPULAN</b><span style="line-height: 200%;">................................................................................................... </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">17</span></div>
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<b>DAFTAR PUSTAKA</b>........................................................................................ 18<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>LAMPIRAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar
Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Tomat
(<i>Lycopersicum esculentum </i>Mill)
merupakan sayuran dan buah yang tergolong tanaman semusim berbentuk perdu dan
termasuk kedalam family <i>solanaceae</i>.
Tomat merupakan sayuran penting di Indonesia, rata-rata produksi tomat di
Indonesia pada tahun 1999-2003 mencapai 574.153 ton/tahun dengan rata-rata
produktivitasnya 12 ton/ha. Nilai ini masih jauh di bawah rata-rata
produktivitas tomat di Negara maju seperti Amerika Serikat yang mencapai 39
ton/ha. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan perhatian serius dan kekhususan untuk
pengelolaan tanaman tomat (Solfiyeni, <i>dkk.,
</i>2011).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Kemampuan
tomat untuk dapat menghasilkan buah sangat bergantung pada interaksi antara
pertumbuhan tanaman dan kondisi lingkungan. Faktor lain yang menyebabkan
produksi tomat rendah adalah penggunaan pupuk yang belum optimal serta pola
tanam yang belum tepat. Upaya untuk menanggulangi kendala tersebut adalah
dengan perbaikan teknik budidaya. Pencapaian hasil yang tinggi, akan
mempengaruhi daya saing dalam produksi dan konsumsi konsumen baik nasional
maupun global (Tripama, <i>dkk., </i>2008).
Sebagian besar konsumsi sayuran family <i>Solanaceae</i>
diminati di pasaran sebagai bahan makanan yang mengandung zat <i>coumarin</i>
(Lakitan, 1999).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Cahaya mutlak dibutuhkan sebagai energi penggerak
fotosintesis, namun demikian tingkat kebutuhan antar kelompok tumbuhan akan
berbeda. Tidak pada setiap kondisi meningkatnya intensitas akan diikuti atau
menyebabkan meningkatnya laju fotosintesis. Terdapat perbedaan tingkat
kebutuhan cahaya, terutama antara tumbuhan tipe C-3 dan C4. Pada tumbuhan C-3
terjadi kondisi yang disebut titik jenuh cahaya Pada kondisi tersebut, laju
fotosintesis telah mencapai maksimum, dan tidak meningkat lagi lajunya walau intensitas
cahayanya bertambah (Suyitno, 2006).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span class="hps">S</span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">uhu</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">mempengaruhi</span> <span class="hps">produktivitas
dan</span> <span class="hps">pertumbuhan</span> <span class="hps">tanaman</span>, </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">namun
tergantung tanaman tersebut di budidayakan pada saat musim panas atau musim
dingin</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. <span class="hps">Jika</span>
<span class="hps">suhu</span> <span class="hps">tinggi </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dan
tanaman memiliki tipe tanaman hari panjang seperti bayam, s</span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">uhu</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">yang terlalu</span> <span class="hps">rendah
untuk</span> <span class="hps">tanaman</span> <span class="hps">musim </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">panas
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps"><span lang="IN">seperti tomat</span></span><span lang="IN"> <span class="hps">akan mencegah</span>
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">pertumbuhan buah</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. <span class="hps">Suhu</span> <span class="hps">juga
menyebabkan</span> <span class="hps">pertumbuhan </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">kuantitas</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps"><span lang="IN">dan</span></span><span lang="IN"> <span class="hps">kualitas produksi</span> <span class="hps">sayuran</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(Parker,
1998).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor cahaya, suhu, CO<sub>2</sub>,bair
dan zat hara mempengaruhi laju fotosintesis tanaman dan berpengaruh pada
kepadatan kanopi ,ukuran dan bentuk daun serta sudut letak daun . Apabila
lingkungan subur, tersedia dan suhu yang sesuai ,maka radiasi merupakan faktor
utama yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman dan terdapat hubungan yang erat antara
radiasi dengan fotosintesis bersih. Terdapat perbedaan morfologi daun yang
berhubungan dengan proses fotosintesis: ketebalan daun, kloroplas, anatomi daun,
dan enzim siklus Calvin. perubahan ini di respon tumbuhan dengan laju
fotosintesis turun, berfotosintesis dengan laju tinggi walaupun dengan cahaya
rendah, titik kompensasi cahayanya sangat rendah sehingga pertumbuhannya sangat
lambat (Khoiri, 2012).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembungaan,
pembuahan, dan set biji merupakan peristiwa-peristiwa penting dalam produksi
tanaman. Proses-proses ini dikendalikan baik oleh lingkungan terutama
fotoperiode dan temperatur, maupun oleh faktor-faktor genetik atau internal.
Salah satu proses perkembangan yang harus tepat waktu adalah proses pembungaan.
Sebaliknya tumbuhan tidak dapat berbunga dengan lambat, sehingga buahnya tidak
sempurna misalnya datangnya musim dingin. Kejadian tersebut penting artinya
bagi tumbuhan yang hidup di daerah 4 musim, sehingga mereka harus benar-benar dapat
memanfaatkan saat yang tepat untuk melakukan perkembangaan nya. Tmbuhan semusim
(<i>annual plant</i>) harus memanfaatkan
waktu diantara musim dingin. Tumbuhan dua musim (<i>biennial plant</i>) pada musim pertama menghasilkan organ-organ
persediaan makanan di dalam tanah, dan pada musim berikutnya melakukan
pertumbuhan yang di akhiri dengan pembungaan. Tumbuhan menahun (<i>perennial plant</i>) akan menghentikan
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan (dorman) pada musim dingin, berbunga pada musim
berikutnya agar cukup waktu bagi buah untuk berkembang dan matang sebelum atau
di awal musim gugur (Wilmer, 1985).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penemuan
fotoperiodisme merangsang banyak sekali ahli fisiologi tanaman untuk mengadakan
penyelidikan tentang proses itu lebih jauh dalam usahanya untuk menentukan
mekanisme aksi. Mereka segera menemukan bahwa istilah hari pendek dan hari
panjang merupakan salah kaprah (misnomer). Interupsi periode hari terang dengan
interval kegelapan tidak mempunyai efek mutlak pada proses pembungaan<span class="apple-converted-space"> (Syakur, 2002).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">T</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ujuan
Penulisan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk mengetahui Hubungan
Fotoperiodisme Terhadap Laju Fotosintesis pasa Tanaman Tomat (<i>Lycopersicum esculentum</i> <b>Mill</b>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan
Penulisan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai salah satu syarat untuk
dapat mengikuti praktikal test di Laboratorium Agroklimatologi, Program Studi
Agroekoteknologi, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan dan sebagai
bahan informasi bagi pihak yang membutuhkannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Botani Tanaman <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Tugiyono (1999) Tanaman
tomat diklasifikasikan ke dalam golongan sebagai berikut: Kingdom: Plantae; Divisio: Spermatophyta;
Subdivisi: Angiospermae; Kelas: Dicotyledoneae; Ordo: Tubiflorae; Famili:
Solanaceae; Genus: Lycopersicum; Spesies : <i>Licopersicum esculentum </i><b>Mill</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman tomat memiliki akar
tunggang, akar cabang, serta akar serabut<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang
berwarna keputih-putihan dan berbau khas. Perakaran tanaman tidak terlalu<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dalam, menyebar ke semua arah hingga
kedalaman rata-rata 30 - 40 cm, namun<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dapat
mencapai kedalaman hingga 60 – 70 cm. Akar tanaman tomat berfungsi untuk<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>menopang berdirinya tanaman serta
menyerap air dan unsur hara dari dalam tanah. Oleh karena itu tingkat kesuburan
tanah di bagian atas sangat berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman dan
produksi buah, serta benih tomat yang dihasilkan. (Tugiyono, 1999)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bentuk batangnya bulat dan membengkak
pada buku-buku, Bagian yang masih muda berambut biasa dan ada yang berkelenjar.
Mudah patah, dapat naik bersandar pada turus atau merambat pada tali, namun
harus dibantu dengan bebrapa ikatan (Rismunandar,
1997).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Daunnya yang berwarna hijau dan berbulu
memiliki panjang 20 - 30 cm dan lebar 15 - 20 cm. Daun tomat tumbuh dekat ujung
dahan atau cabang sementara tangkai daunnya berbentuk bulat memanjang sekitar 7
- 10 cm dan ketebalan 0,3 - 0,5 cm.Bentuk daunnya bercelah menyirip tanpa
stippelae (daun penumpu). Jumlah daunnya ganjil, antara 5-7 helai, Disela-sela
pasangan daun terdapat 1-2 pasang daun kecil yang berbentuk delta (Tugiyono, 1999)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bunga tanaman tomat termasuk jenis bunga berkelamin dua atau
hermaprodit. Bunga tanaman tomat berwarna kuning, terdiri dari lima helai daun
kelopak dan lima helai mahkota. Pada serbuk sari bunga terdapat kantong yang
letaknya menjadi satu dan membentuk bumbung yang mengelilingi tangkai kepala
putik. Bunga tomat dapat melakukan penyerbukan sendiri karena tipe bunganya
berumah satu. Meskipun demikian tidak menutup kemungkinan terjadi penyerbukan
silang (Rismunandar, 1997).</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Buah tomat adalah buah buni, selagi
masih muda berwarna hijau dan berbulu serta relatif keras, setelah tua berwarna
merah muda, merah atau kuning cerah dan mengkilat, serta relatif lunak. Bentuk
buah tomat beragam: lonjong, oval, pipih, meruncing, dan bulat. Diameter buah
tomat antara 2 - 15 cm, tergantung varietasnya. Jumlah ruang di dalam buah juga
bervariasi, ada yang hanya dua seperti pada buah tomat cherry dan tomat roma
atau lebih dari dua seperti tomat marmade yang beruang delapan. Pada buah masih
terdapat tangkai bunga yang berubah fungsi menjadi sebagai tangkai buah serta
kelopak bunga yang beralih fungsi kelopak bunga.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Tugiyono, 1999)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Syarat
Tumbuh</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Iklim<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tomat dapat tumbuh dalam musim
hujan ataupun musim kemarau, namun dalam musim yang basah tidak akan terjamin
baik hasilnya. iklim yang basah akan membentuk tanaman yang rimbun, tetapi
bunganya berkurang, dan didaerah pegunungan akan timbul penyakit daun yang
dapat membuat fatal pertumbuhannya. Musim kemarau yang terik dengan angin yang
kencang akan menghambat pertumbuhan bunga (mengering dan berguguran). Walaupun
tomat tahan terhadap kekeringan, namun tidak berarti tomat dapat tumbuh subur
dalam keadaan yang kering tanpa pengairan. Oleh karena itu baik di dataran
tinggi maupun dataran rendah dalam musim kemarau, tomat memerlukan penyiraman
atau pengairan demi kelangsungan hidup dan produksinya (Rismunandar, 2001). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tomat
juga menyenangi tempat yang terbuka dan cukup sinar matahari. Kurangnya sinar
matahari menyebabkan pertumbuhan memanjang (etiolasi), lemah, dan pucat karena
pembentukan zat hijau daun (klorofil) tidak sempurna. Namun, sinar matahari
yang terlalu terik juga kurang baik karena transpirasi akan meningkat serta
buah dan bunga akan mudah gugur (Tim penulis PS, 1999)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suhu
yang terbaik bagi pertumbuhan tomat adalah 23 derajat celcius pada siang hari
dan 17 derajat celcius pada malam hari. Selisihnya adalah 6 derajat celcius. Suhu
yang tinggi yang diikuti kelembapan yang relative tinggi dapat menyebabkan
penyakit daun berkembang, sedangkan kelembapan yang relative rendah dapat
mengganggu pembentukan buah (Tugiyono, 1999).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">T</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">anah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tomat merupakan tanaman yang tidak rewel memilih tempat hidup,
Tanaman ini bias hidup di dataran rendah sampai dataran tinggi, asal tanahnya
tidak becek atau tergenang. Sifat tanah yang cocok untuk tomat adalah tanah
dengan Ph 5,5-6,5. Bila target tanamna tomat adalah kegenjahannya, maka tomat
cocok ditanamn pada tanah lempung berpassir yang baik drainasenya (Tim penulis PS, 1999).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah yang gembur dan kaya unsure hara sangat disukai tomat untuk
pertumbuhan yang optimal. Tak sepert sayur lainnya yang menyukai tanah ber-pH
netral, tomat menyukai tanah yang yang tergolong asam dengan Ph 5-6. Air
merupakan kebutuhan mutlak bagi tomat, namun kelebihan air tidak disukainya.
Penyakit layu bakteri mudah sekali menyerang bila lahan tergenang air
(Nazaruddin, 2000).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman tomat akan tumbuh subur di tanah yang banyak mengandung
humus. Pembuangan air hujan atau pengairan harus terjamin. Keasaman tanah yang
baik adalah Ph 5-7,5 (Rismunandar, 1997).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fotoperiodisme<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fotoperodisme didefinisikan oleh
Gardner dan Allard (1920) sebagai
tanggap tanaman terhadap panjang relative siang dan malam sedangkan
menurut Geise (1964) sebagai kontrol kegiatan tumbuh-tumbuhan dan hewan oleh
panjang masa terang (atau gelap) dari hari.
Dalam fotoperiodisme diketahui bahwa yang terpenting bukanlah intensitas
cahaya melainkan lama ada cahaya (bukan sinar matahari). Di alam banyak
dijumpai tanaman yang tidak mau berbunga bila panjang hari kurang, atau pula
lebih dari apa yang seharusnya dibutuhkan (Guslim, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Letak lintang dibumi akan
mempengaruhi perbedaan panjang hari. Perbedaan panjang hari ini akan jelas
terlihat pada daerah lintang timggi yang mengalami musim summer (dengan hari
panjang) dan winter (dengan hari pendek). Untuk daerah tropis perbedaan ini
tidak terlalu jelas. Panjang hari mempengaruhi perkembangan tanaman-tanaman
yang sensitive terhadap panjang hari (Bey, 1991).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Energi matahari ialah penyebab
utama semua kegiatan perubahan maupun pergerakan di atmosfer. Oleh karena itu,
penyebaran energi radiasi matahari di permukaan bumi merupakan faktor pengendali
cuaca dan iklim yang terpenting. Radiasi matahari yang sampai ke bumi tidak
seluruhnya dapat diserap oleh permukaan bumi, yaitu sekitar 50% saja, 20%
diserap oleh atmosfer dan sisanya sekitar 30% dipantulkan kembali. Namun hal
tersebut tergantung pada kondisi atmosfer pada saat tersebut. Radiasi matahari
yang sampai ke permukaan bumi mempunyai beberapa pengaruh, antara lain: (1) Pada
tanaman hijau, berperan sebagai energi dalam proses Fotosintesis sehingga
mempengaruhi kecepatan pertumbuhan tanaman. Proses Fotosintesis merupakan
aktivitas utama bagi tanaman berhijau daun dalam selama pertumbuhannya; (2) Mempengaruhi
kecepatan transpirasi tanaman; (3) Pada keadaan kritis pertumbuhan tanaman,
tingkat energi radiasi yang tinggi dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya pembakaran;
(4) Mempengaruhi perubahan unsur cuaca lain, seperti: suhu, kelembaban, angin,
dll. (Arifin, <i>dkk</i>., 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan persamaan wien, semakin
tinggi suhu permukaan benda menyebabkan pancaran radiasinya juga tinggi dan
sebaliknya. Bila kita perhatikan untuk daerah tropic, bahwa tambahan energi
dari matahari tidak begitu penting karena peningkatan energi akan diikuti oleh
peningkatan evaporasi sehingga sedikit memicu peningkatan suhu udara. Jadi
tamabahan energi sebenarnya bukan untuk peningkatan suhu melai kan untuk
kebutuhan panas laten yang tersimpan diperut bumi (karena adanya sumberdaya
air) dan sebagai cadangan energi (Sabaruddin, 2012).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fototropi ujung batang adalah membengkoknya
ujung batang menuju cahaya. Hal ini dapat kita saksikan pada tanaman pot yang
kita tempatkan di dekat jendela atau dibawah tuturan, dimana cahaya hanya datang
pada bagian tertentu saja, kalau gerak ujung batang bergerak menuju cahaya itu
kita katakan suatu fototropi yang positif maka gerak akar yang menjauh dari
cahaya kita sebut fototropi yang negative (Dwidjoseputro, 1994).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">HUBUNGAN FOTOPERIODISME TERHADAP LAJU FOTOSINTESIS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">PADA TANAMAN TOMAT</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">
(<i>Lycopersicum esculentum</i> <b>Mill</b>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Laju
Fotosintesis Tanaman<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dialam raya ini sering kita melihat
warna daun yang berlainan antara yang satu dengan yang lainnya. Perbedaan ini
adalah karena adanya pengaruhpigment yang berlainan. Pigment yang menberi warna
hijau pada daun adalah pigment chlorophyll. Dengan hadirnya pigment tersebut
pada daun, akan menyebabkan cell-cell itu berkemampuan menyerap energi cahaya
sehingga terjadi proses fotosintesis yang kemudian menghasilkan gula atau
karbohidrat. Jenis pigmen yang kita ketahui pada tanaman yaitu <i>chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, xanthophylls,</i>
dan <i>carotene</i>. Apabila persentase <i>chlorophyll a </i>itu lebih besar disbanding
dengan pigment lainnya, maka warna menjadi kuning-hijau. Adapun pigment <i>zanthophyll </i>mempunyai warna kuning atau
orange sedangkan carotene mempunyai warna kuning cerah. Jenis pigment lainnya
yang terdapat dalam cairan <i>cell</i> yaitu
anthocyanin yang memberikan warna biru-meah (Abidin, 1991).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Laju Fotosintesis Tanaman
Pertumbuhan akan optimal apabila semua komponen tersedia dalam jumlah yang
seharusnya. Suhu ,ketersediaan CO<sub>2</sub>, dan cahaya merupakan unsure
dalam kegiatan fotosintesis. Pada umumnya tumbuhan daerah tropis tidak mampu
melakukan fotosintesis pada suhu 5oC, maka meskipun sinar ada, CO<sub>2</sub>
terpenuhi kegiatan fotosintesis akan terhambat dalam hal ini dapat dikatakan
bahwa temperatur merupakan faktor penghambat (<i>limiting faktor</i>). Demikian
pula CO<sub>2</sub> terpenuhi, suhu optimum (antara 10-35<sup>0</sup>C) tetapi
sinar kurang banyak maka fotosintesis juga akan menjadi terhambat, hal ini
dikatakan bahwa sinar juga menjadi faktor penghambat proses fotosintesis.
(Khoiri, 2012).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Secara fisiologis, cahaya mempunyai
pengaruh yang baik langsung maupun tidak langsung. Pengaruhnya pada metabolisme
secara langsung melalui fotosintesis serta secara tidak langsung melalui
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman, keduanya sebagau akibat respons metabolic
yang langsung, dan lebih komplek oleh pengendalian morfogenesis (Fitter <i>and</i> Hay, 1991).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Proses
fotosintesis masih terus diselidiki karena masih ada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">sejumlah tahap yang belum bisa dijelaskan, meskipun
sudah sangat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">banyak
yang diketahui tentang proses vital ini. Proses fotosintesis sangat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">kompleks karena melibatkan semua cabang ilmu
pengetahuan alam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">utama, seperti fisika, kimia, maupun biologi sendiri. Pada tumbuhan,
organ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">utama tempat berlangsungnya fotosintesis adalah
daun. Namun secara</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">umum, semua sel yang memiliki kloroplast berpotensi untuk</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">melangsungkan reaksi ini. Di organel inilah tempat
berlangsungnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">fotosintesis,
tepatnya pada bagian stroma. Hasil fotosintesis (disebut</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">fotosintat) biasanya dikirim ke jaringan-jaringan
terdekat terlebih dahulu (Djukri dan Bambang,
2003)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor
Yang Mempengaruhi Laju Fotosintesis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Fotosintesis
merupakan aktivitas kompleks, dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor, baik faktor
internal maupun eksternal. Faktor internal menyangkut kondisi jaringan/ organ
fotosintetik, kandungan klorofil, umur jaringan, aktivitas fisiologi yang lain
seperti transpirasi, respirasi dan adaptasi fisiologis yang lain yang saling
kait mengkait. Faktor eksternal meliputi faktor klimatik seperti suhu,
kelembaban, kecepatan angin, hujan, dan juga faktor cahaya, konsentrasi CO<sub>2</sub>,
O<sub>2</sub>, kompetitor, dan organisme pathogen. Selain itu juga faktor
penyebab timbulnya stress seperti ketersediaan air, ada polutan biosida dan
zat-zat beracun lain. Kondisi excess pada berbagai faktor yang dibutuhkan dari
lingkungan juga berpengaruh terhadap fotosintesis. Misal, logam-logam berat
beracun, biosida , SO<sub>2</sub> dan juga O<sub>2 </sub>(Suyitno, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Faktor
yang mempengaruhi laju fotosintesis terutama faktor lingkungan yaitu (1) ketersediaan
air, Untuk tumbuhan tingkat tinggi, agaknya laju fotosintesis paling dibatasi
oleh ketersediaan air, Kekurangan air dapat menghambat laju fotosintesis,
terutama pengaruhnya terhadap turgiditas sel penjaga stomata. Jika kekurangan air
maka turgiditas sel penjaga kaan menurun; (2) Ketersediaan CO<sub>2 ,</sub>CO<sub>2
</sub>merupakan bahan baku sintesis karbohidrat. Kekurangan CO<sub>2</sub> akan
menyebabkan penurunan laju fotosintesis. Akan tetapi, CO<sub>2 </sub>tersedia
dalam jumlah yang besar diudara yaitu 335 ppm; (3) Pengaruh cahaya, Cahaya
sebagai sumber enegi untuk reaksi anabolic fotosintesis jelas akan berpengaruh
terhadap laju fotosintesis tersebut. Secara umum fiksasi CO<sub>2</sub>
maksimum terjadi tengah hari, yakni pada sat intensitas cahaya mencapai
puncaknya. Penutupan cahaya matahari oleh awan juga akan mengurangi laju
fotosintesis (4) Pengaruh Suhu, Kisaran suhu dimana tumbuhan dapat
melangsungkan fotosintesis cukup besar. Bakteri dan ganggang hijau biru
tertentu dapat berfotosintesis pada suhu 70<sup>0</sup>C. (Lakitan, 1993).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Hubungan Laju Fotoperiodisme terhadap Laju
Fotosintesis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Pada
dasarnya pengaruh radiasi terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman terdapat dalam
proses-proses: Fotosintesis dan Fostimulus artinya Fotoperiodisme. Fotosintesis
memerlukan intensitas radiasi yang lebih besar daripada fotoperiodisme. Pada
umumnya kecepatan fotosintesis tanaman
bertambah tinggi dengan naiknya intensitas cahaya, hubungan ini bersifat hampir
linear dengan kisaran yang kecil. Pada nilai-nilai intensitas cahaya tertentu,
kecepatan fotosintesis tidak dipengaruhi oleh intensitas cahaya karena daun
telah jenuh dengan cahaya (Guslim, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Cahaya sebagai sumber energi untuk
reaksi anabolik fotosintesis jelas akan berpengaruh terhadap laju fotosintesis.
Secara umum fiksasi CO<sub>2 </sub>maksimum terjadi sekitar tengah hari, yakni
pada saat intensitas cahaya mencapai puncaknya. Penutupan cahaya matahari oleh
awan juga akan mengurangi fotosintesis. Pengatuh suhu terhadap fotosintesis
tergantung pada spesies dan kondisi lingkungan tempat tumbuhnya. Spesies yang
tumbuh disurun mempunyai suhu optimum untuk fotosintesis lebih tinggi dari
spesies tumbuha yang tumbuh ditempat lain (Lakitan, 1993).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Cahaya merupakan faktor lingkungan
yang sangat penting sebagai sumber energi utama bagi ekosistem. Struktur dan
fungsi dari ekosistem utamanya sangat ditentukan oleh radiasi matahari yang
sampai di sistem ekologi tersebut, tetapi radiasi yang berlebihan dapat pula
menjadi faktor pembatas, menghancurkan sistem jaringan tertentu. Ada tiga aspek
penting yang perlu dibahas dari faktor cahaya ini, yang erat kaitannya dengan
sistem ekologi, yaitu: a). Kualitas cahaya atau komposisi panjang gelombang,
b). Intensitas cahaya atau kandungan energi dari cahaya, c). Lama penyinaran,
seperti panjang hari atau jumlah jam cahaya yang bersinar setiap hari. Variasi
dari ketiga parameter tadi akan menentukan berbagai proses fisiologi dan
morfologi dari tumbuhan. Memang pada dasarnya pengaruh dari penyinaran sering
berkaitan erat dengan faktor-faktor lainnya seperti suhu dan suplai air, tetapi
pengaruh yang khusus sering merupakan pengendali yang sangat penting dalam
lingkungannya (Harjadi, 1984).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Umumnya tumbuhan teradaptasi untuk mengelola cahaya dengan
panjang gelombang antara 0,39 sampai 7,60 mikron. Utraviolet dan infrared tidak
dimanfaatkan dalam proses fotosintesis. Klorofil yang berwarna hijau
mengabsorbsi cahaya merah dan biru, dengan demikian panjang gelombang itulah
merupakan bagian dari spektrum cahaya yang sangat bermanfaat bagi fotosintesis.
Di ekosistem daratan kualitas cahaya tidak mempunyai variasi yang berarti untuk
mempengaruhi fotosintesis, kecuali apabila kanopi vegetasi meneyrap sejumlah
cahaya maka cahaya yang sampai di dasar akan jauh berbeda dengan cahaya yang
sampai di kanopi, akan terjadi pengurangan cahaya merah dan biru. Dengan
demikian tumbuhan yang hidup di bawah naungan kanopi harus teradaptasi dengan
kondisi cahaya yang rendah energinya (Rao, 2000).</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Beberapa tumbuhan mempunyai
karakteristik yang dianggap sebagai adaptasinya dalam mereduksi kerusakan
akibat cahaya yang terlalu kuat atau supra-optimal. Dedaunan yang mendapat
cahaya dengan intensitas yang tinggi kloroplast berbentuk cakram, posisinya
sedemikian rupa sehingga cahaya yang diterima hanya oleh dinding vertikalnya. Bahkan
pada beberapa jenis tertentu letak daun secara keseluruhan sering tidak berada
dalam keadaan horisontal, hal ini untuk menghindar dari arah cahaya yang tegak
lurus pada permukaan daun dan ini berarti mengurangi kuat cahaya yang masuk.
Berkurangnya kadar klorofil pada intensitas cahaya yang tinggi mengandung aspek
yang menguntungkan, cahaya yang diserap atau diabsorpsi akan mempertinggi
energi ayng diubah menjadi panas akibat efisiensi ekologi yang rendah. Hal ini
akan tidak saja menggenggui keseimbangan air tetapi juga akan mengganggu
keseimbangan fotosintesis dengan respirasi dalam tumbuhan (Kartasapoetra,
2004).</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Telah banyak dipelajari bahwa
umumnya tumbuhan tropika intensitas cahaya yang diterima mempunyai hubungan
langsung dengan kadar anthocyanin. Pigmen ini yang biasanya terletak pada
lapisan permukaan dari sel berperan sebagai pemantul cahaya sehingga menghambat
atau mengurangi penembusan cahaya ke jaringan yang lebih dalam. Pigmen-pigmen
yang berwarna merah ini akan memantulkan terutama cahaya merah yang berkadar
panas. Dengan dipantulkannya cahaya merah ini maka akan mereduksi kemungkinan
kerusakan-kerusakan sel sebagai akibat pemanasan. Ternyata suhu di bawah
lapisan berwarna merah dari suatu buah mempunyai suhu lebih rendah jika
dibandingkan dengan bagian lainnya yang berwarna hijau. Beberapa ganggang yang
bebas bergerak akan menghindar dari cahaya yang terlalu kuat dengan jalan
pergerakan secara vertikal, bermigrasi ke kedalaman air (Mukherji <i>and </i>Ghosh, 1996).</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><b style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Fotosintesis memerlukan intensitas cahaya matahari yang
lebih besar daripada fotoperiodisme.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fotoperiodisme
merupakan tinjauan lamanya penyinaran terhadap tanaman oleh cahaya matahari
yang ditanggap tanaman saat siang dan malam hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tomat optimum tumbuh di tempat yang
terbuka dan cukup sinar matahari. Kekurangnya sinar matahari menyebabkan
pertumbuhan memanjang (etiolasi), lemah, dan pucat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Fotosintesis dipengaruhi oleh faktor internal (kondisi
jaringan/ organ fotosintetik, kandungan klorofil, umur jaringan, dan respirasi)
dan Faktor eksternal (klimatik seperti suhu, kelembaban, kecepatan angin,
hujan, dan juga cahaya).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman
tomat (<i>Lycopersicum esculentum </i><b>Mill</b>) optimum tumbuh dengan lamanya
penyinaran (fotoperiodisme) yang relatif lama karena tanaman ini merupakan
tanaman berhari panjang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><b style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Abidin, Z.,
1991. Ilmu Tanaman Fakultas Pertanian. Penerbit Angkasa, Bandung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arifin, B.L, Roedy D. U. Laminarty, MZ, Nunuk, dan
Zijah N, 2010. Modul Klimatologi. Diakses
dari </span><a href="http://www.ub.ac.id/pdf.%20(2"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://www.ub.ac.id/pdf.
(2</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
Desember 2012).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bey, 1991. Kapita Selekta Dalam Agrometeorologi.
Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Djukri dan Bambang, 2003. Proses Fotosintesis, Respirasi dan Fikasasi Nitrogen oleh Tanaman. </span><a href="http://agrisci.ugm.ac.id/vol10_2/3_djukri_talas.pdf"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://agrisci.ugm.ac.id/votalas.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dwidjoseputro,
1994. Pengantar Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama,
Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Fitter dan Hay,
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Guslim. 2007. Agroklimatologi. USU Press. Medan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Harjadi, S., S., 1984. Pengantar Agronomi. PT
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kartasapoetra, A.G., 2004. Klimatologi Pengaruh
Iklim terhadap Tanah dan Tanaman. Penerbit Bumi Aksara, Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Khoiri, 2012. Pengaruh
Naungan Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Laju Fotosintesis Tanaman cabe merah (Capsicum
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Metro dan Dosen Pendidikan Biologi FKIP Universitas Muhammadiyah Metro,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lakitan, B. 1993. Dasar-Dasar Fisiologi Tumbuhan. PT
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lakitan, B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">., 1999. Dasar-Dasar Fisiologi
Tumbuhan. PT Radjagravindo Persada, Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mukherji, S. and A. K. Ghosh, 1996. <i>Plant Physiology</i>. Vikas Publishing
House, Pvt Ltd., India.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nazaruddin, 2000. Budidaya dan Pengaturan panen
Sayuran Dataran Rendah. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Parker, R. 1998. Introduction to plant Science.
Pelmar Publisher, Washington.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rao, K. M., 2000. <i>Text Book of Horticulture</i>. ACMillan, India Limited, New Delhi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rismunandar, 1997. Tanaman Tomat. Sinar Baru
Algensindo, Bandung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sabaruddin, L. 2012. Agroklimatologi (Aspek-aspek Klimatik
untuk System Budidaya Tanaman). Penerbit Alfabeta, Bandung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Solfiyeni, F.
Safitri, dan Z. Syam, 2011. Uji Mulsa <i>Tithonia
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Suyitno, 2006.
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Syakur, A.,
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2012).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tim Penulis PS,
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tugiyono, H., 1999.
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Wilmer, 1985. <i>Principle of in Higher Plants</i>. John
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4414864719232378661.post-32669197598581645702012-10-28T18:42:00.001+07:002012-10-28T18:42:15.779+07:00HAMA PENGGEREK BATANG TEBU RAKSASA<br />
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<b><b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">HAMA PENGGEREK
BATANG TEBU RAKSASA<o:p></o:p></span></b></b></div>
<b>
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<b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> (</span></b><i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Phracmatoecia castaneae </span></i><b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Hubner)
</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PADA TEBU <i>(</i></span></b><i>Saccharum officinarum </i><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">L.)<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><br />LAPORAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Oleh :<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Revina
Syah Dewi Pratiwi<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b> 110301194<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b> AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>LABORATORIUM DASAR PERLINDUNGAN TANAMAN SUB
HAMA</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>MEDAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>2012<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">HAMA PENGGEREK
BATANG TEBU RAKSASA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> (</span></b><i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Phracmatoecia castaneae </span></i><b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Hubner)
</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PADA TEBU <i>(</i></span></b><i>Saccharum officinarum </i><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">L.)<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><br />LAPORAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Oleh :<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b>Revina
Syah Dewi Pratiwi<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b> 110301194<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b> AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Laporan ini
sebagai salah satu syarat untuk dapat mengikuti <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">Praktikal tes <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">di Laboratorium Dasar Perlindungan Tanaman Sub Hama</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara
Medan<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">Ditugaskan oleh :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">Dosen penanggung jawab<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><u><span lang="SV">( Ir. Fatimah Zahara )</span></u></b></div>
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<b style="line-height: 400%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="line-height: 400%;"><b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">NIP :</span></b><span lang="SV" style="background: white; color: #000099; font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1959 0710 1989 03 200 1</span></b></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV"> Diketahui oleh : Diperiksa oleh :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV"> Asisten Koordinator Asisten Korektor</span></b><b><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><u><span lang="SV">(Ruomenson D.J. Bakara)</span></u></b><b><span lang="SV"> <u>(Ade
Sartika R)</u> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV"> NIM :
080302037 NIM : 080302004<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>LABORATORIUM DASAR PERLINDUNGAN TANAMAN SUB
HAMA</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>MEDAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2012</span></b><br />
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<b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 400%;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">Puji dan syukur
penulis panjatkan kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa karena berkat rahmat dan lindungan-Nya maka penulis
dapat menyelesaikan laporan ini tepat pada waktunya.</span><span style="line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Adapun</span>
<span lang="IN"> judul</span> dari
<span lang="IN"> laporan </span> <span lang="IN">ini </span> <span lang="IN">adalah </span> “<b>Hama</b>
<b>Penggerek Batang</b> <b>Tebu Raksasa</b> (<i>Phracmatoecia castaneae </i><b>Hubner)</b>
<b>pada Tebu</b> <i>(Saccharum officinarum </i><b>L.)</b><b>”</b><i><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;"> </span></i><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">yang
merupakan salah satu
syarat untuk<b> </b>dapat mengikuti Pratikal Tes di</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">Laboratorium Dasar
Perlindungan Tumbuhan Sub </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">Hama Program Studi Agroekoteknologi</span><span style="line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">Pada
kesempatan ini penulis
mengucapkan terima kasih
kepada </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">Prof.
Dr. Dra. M. Cyccu Tobing, MS, Ir. Fatimah Zahara, Ir. Muhktar Iskandar Pinem,
M.Agr., Ir. Lahmuddin Lubis, MP, </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">dan Ir.Mena Uly Tarigan MS, serta </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">A</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">bang dan </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">K</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">akak </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">A</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">sisten </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">L</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">aboratorium </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">D</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">asar </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">erlindungan </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">T</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">anaman yang telah membantu penulis sehingga laporan ini
dapat diselesaikan tepat pada waktunya.</span><span style="line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">Penulis menyadari
bahwa laporan ini jauh dari kesempurnaan. Oleh karena itu, penulis mengharapkan
kritik dan saran yang bersifat membangun demi kesempurnaan laporan ini. Akhir
kata, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih</span><span style="line-height: 200%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Medan, </span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> Mei 2012</span></div>
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<b style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Penulis</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 400%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>KATA PENGANTAR</b>.......................................................................................... i<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>DAFTAR ISI</b>......................................................................................................... ii</div>
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<b>DAFTAR GAMBAR</b>.......................................................................................... iii</div>
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<b>PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Latar
Belakang............................................................................................... 1 </div>
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Tujuan
Penulisan............................................................................................ 2</div>
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Kegunaan Penulisan....................................................................................... 2</div>
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<b>TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Botani
Tanaman............................................................................................. 3</div>
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Syarat
Tumbuh............................................................................................... 5</div>
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Iklim...................................................................................................... 5</div>
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Tanah..................................................................................................... 6</div>
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Biologi
hama.................................................................................................. 7</div>
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Gejala
Serangan........................................................................................... 10</div>
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Pengendalian................................................................................................ 11</div>
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<b>PERMASALAHAN</b>........................................................................................... 13<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PEMBAHASAN</b>................................................................................................. 14<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>KESIMPULAN</b>................................................................................................... 17<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>DAFTAR PUSTAKA</b>........................................................................................ 18<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">LAMPIRAN</span></b><br />
PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Tebu merupakan bahan baku
gula yang mengandung 20% cairan gula. Olahan tebu akan menghasilkan gula 5%,
ampas tebu 90% dan sisanya berupa tetes (molasse) dan air. Beberapa tahun
terakhir industri gula mengalami penurunan produksi hingga mencapai 1,48 juta
ton pada tahun 1999. Sementara itu pada tahun 2002 produksi gula mencapai 1,76
juta ton, sedangkan konsumsi gula nasional mencapai 3,3 juta ton, sehingga
mencapai defisit sebesar 1,54 juta ton (P3GI, 2008).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kebutuhan gula di Indonesia selalu meningkat dari tahun ke tahun
dan belum mampu dipenuhi hingga saat ini, salah satu kendala dalam budidaya
tebu adalah adanya serangan berbagai jenis hama disepanjang pertumbuhan
tanaman. Kerugian gula yang disebabkan oleh hama tebu di Indonesia ditaksir
dapat mencapai 75%. Lebih dari 100 jenis binatang dapat mengganggu dan merusak
tanaman tebu di lapangan. Namun hanya beberapa diantaranya yang sering merusak
dan menimbulkan kerugian yang cukup besar seperti serangga hama Penggerek
Batang Tebu Bergaris (<i>Chilo sacchariphagus</i>), Penggerek Batang Tebu
Berkilat (<i>Chilo auricilius</i>), Penggerek Batang Jambon (<i>Sesamia
inferens</i>) dan oleh serangan Penggerek Batang Tebu Raksasa (<i>Phragmatoecia
castaneae</i>) (Nugroho, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Phragmatoecia castaneae </span></i><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hubner</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> (Penggerek Batang Raksasa)
(Lepidoptera; Cossidae) merupakan salah satu kendala produksi terhadap
perindustrian gula di Sumatera Utara. Serangan hama ini menjadi kendala dalam </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">peningkatan
produktivitas tebu, karena menyebabkan kerugian dan kehilangan hasil gula yang
cukup tinggi yaitu sekitar 15%. Tingginya intensitas serangan hama ini pula
yang menjadi salah satu faktor penyebab turunnya produktivitas rata-rata tebu
giling PTPN II dari 70 ton/ha menjadi hanya 40 ton/hektar. Kerugian gula akibat
serangan hama ini ditentukan oleh jarak waktu antara saat penyerangan dan saat
tebang. Kehilangan rendemen dapat mencapai 50 % jika menyerang tanaman tebu
umur 4-5 bulan dan 4-15 % pada tebu yang berumur 10 bulan (Diyasti, 2000). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ph.
castaneae </span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hubner
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(Penggerek
Batang Raksasa) termasuk dalam Ordo: Lepidoptera, Family: Cossidae. <i>Ph.
castaneae </i>masuk kedalam batang dengan membuat lorong gerekan pada pelepah
daun. Pada serangan berat, bagian dalam batang akan hancur. Hama ini juga dapat
merusak tebu-tebu liar (Saefudin, 2009). Pada serangan awal akan tampak adanya
titik putih dibawah pelepah daun ke 3 atau 4 disertai dengan adanya gerekan
larva yang baru menetas, selanjutnya terdapat lorong gerekan pada ruas muda
maupun tua. Pada serangan berat tanaman tebu akan mati pucuk (PTPN II, 2001).
Kalshoven (1981) mencatat hama ini telah ada di Sumatera Utara sejak tahun
1977. Sampai saat ini penggerek batang tebu raksasa hanya ditemukan di
Perkebunan Tebu Sumatera Utara. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kerugian
yang disebabkan oleh hama dan penyakit tanaman tebu diperkirakan mencapai 37%
dari total produksi, dan 13% di antaranya karena serangan hama. Di Amerika
Serikat, kerugian akibat serangan hama jika diuangkan mencapai US$7,70 miliar
per tahun atau Rp61,60 triliun per tahun (Aritonang, 2011)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ada banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi perkembangan populasi hama
dilapangan, diantaranya adalah faktor cara pengelolaan hama itu sendiri oleh
manusia. Cara pengelolaan hama yang tidak tepat menyebabkan masalah hama tidak
pernah selesai. Oleh karena itu sering terjadi tindakan pengendalian yang tidak
efektif, sebaliknya pengelolaan hama yang bijaksana dapat memberikan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">kontribusi
yang besar dalam menekan populasi hama hingga dibawah ambang ekonomi (Pramono,
2007). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berbagai
upaya pengendalian telah dilakukan, dengan penggunaan varietas tahan, teknik
bercocok tanam dan penggunaan insektisida dengan alasan bahwa insektisida dapat
secepatnya menurunkan populasi hama. Penggunaan pestisida secara terus-menerus
justru mengkibatkan hama menjadi resisten, resugensi hama sasaran, terbunuhnya
musuh alami bahkan residu pada tanaman, tanah bahkan pencemaran air tanah
(Isbagio, 1998). Pemakaian pestisida dalam pengendalian <i>Ph. castaneae </i>(Penggerek
Batang Raksasa) cukup sulit dilaksanakan, karena kebiasaan larva yang menggerek
kedalam batang sehingga sulit dicapai pestisida (Purnama, 2007). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengendalian
biologi merupakan pengendalian dengan memanfaatkan musuh alami, sehingga
menghasilkan suatu keseimbangan umum. Pengendalian biologi merupakan salah satu
pengendalian yang dinilai cukup aman karena mempunyai beberapa keuntungan,
yaitu: selektifitas tinggi dan tidak menimbulkan hama baru, organisme yang
digunakan sudah ada dialam, organisme yang digunakan dapat mencari dan
menemukan inangnya, dapat berkembang biak dan menyebar, hama tidak menjadi resisten
dan pengendalian akan berjalan dengan sendirinya (Isbagio, 1998).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk mengetahui
bagaimana pengendalian hama Penggerek Batang
(<i>Chilo sp) </i>pada Tanaman Tebu (<i>Saccharum officinarum </i><b>L.</b>).</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai salah satu syarat untuk dapat mengikuti praktikal tes
dilaboratorium Dasar Perlindungan Tanaman Departemen Hama dan Penyakit
tumbuhan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; line-height: 200%;">B</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">n</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> T</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>an</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>ut <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">C</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>nn<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span>2005<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><i>Sa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cc</span>ha<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>um<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">f</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>ina<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>um<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">L</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">.</span>)<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>kut<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>:
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">K<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ngd<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span>m :<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>e<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">v<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i :<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">to</span>ph<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 200%;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i :<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">An</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ae</span>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; line-height: 200%;">C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.45pt; line-height: 200%;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">s :<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">c</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>e <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">O<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>do :<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">F</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">mily :<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aceae</span>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">G<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>s :<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">acc</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 200%;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s :<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><i>S. <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">o</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">f</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>ina<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>um<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span></i><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">L.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>ut<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ngga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ngga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>1<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>6<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>m,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k. <span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>uku<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">-</span>buku,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>uku<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span>uku<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>uku<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>up<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>im<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>D<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>mil<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>a p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>nn<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>bi<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>pe <span style="letter-spacing: -1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">im</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> (</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>1999<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">gg<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">mi</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u, <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>us <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>us <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span>ya <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>k,
k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>l
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">O</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>na <span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u, <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>nd<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>up<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: -.95pt;"> </span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>pk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>V<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>ikn<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>8 <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>, 2009<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">F</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; line-height: 200%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">e p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">at </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">mi</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>ud<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ua
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>j<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>ga
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>ud<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;">a</span>m
p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>. K<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>uhi
<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;">s</span>i p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>hn<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>mi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">im</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>or <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">li</span>ngk<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">im</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">tu</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">im</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>200<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">9</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ng, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>pi <span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>uga
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>uku<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>nn<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">il</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.9pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>e
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>ggu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>U<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>nd<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>nn<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u,
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ka <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>kuk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>r p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><i>Hot<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">W</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>atm<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nt</i>,<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>H<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">W</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">T)</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>D<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>pop<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>nn<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>ggu<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>ud<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ng
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>pa<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>nh<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ngga p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">(</span>A<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>2008<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 200%;">S</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ya<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">r</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">buh</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">I</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 200%;">k</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">l</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 200%;">i</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">m</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>ur <span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>8 <span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: -.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ae</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>lim<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>70<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">%</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ud<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>28<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">-</span>34<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><i><span style="mso-text-raise: 5.5pt; position: relative; top: -5.5pt;">o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span></span></i>C<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span>A<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>2007<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>us
<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gup<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">variable</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span>ukup<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>r
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>up<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gu<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>nn<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>D<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ngk<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: -.95pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span>DA<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>lim,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">im</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">wa</span>l
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>de <span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>im <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u.
<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">tu</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>nn<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l <span style="letter-spacing: -.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk
<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">bu</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>200<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>/<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>5<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span>6<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">u</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>-<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>125<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.95pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>2
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>75<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>mm<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>/<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>4<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>-<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>5<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>ut
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>lim<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">O</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">z</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>lim<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">C</span>2 d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">C</span>3.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>D<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>nn<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>dua<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>im<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>ut
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>pa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>pe
<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>lim<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">og</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span>2,
<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">C</span>2, <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">C</span>3,
<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>D2,
<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">E</span>3. <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">L</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>ukup <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span>1,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">C</span>1,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>D1<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">E</span>1<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">An</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>2009<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">T</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">n</span>ah</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 200%;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">tu</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>ukk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>il<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>duk<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k. <span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da
k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">to</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>il g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>a
u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>il<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>kuk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>up<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>kuk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">u</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span>i p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i k<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ngk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>kuk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>upuk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>200<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">9</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 200%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>id<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u, <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gkut
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">to</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;">o</span>l <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>/
<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>bil<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">u</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ia</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>pH,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">T</span>K<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">.</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span>pH)<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>6<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">–<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>7<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>0<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>pH<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>4<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>5<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>-<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">7</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>5.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>il<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span>3GI<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>N<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>1<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>5,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span>2O5<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>75<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">K</span>2O<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>><span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>150<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>Al<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>><span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>4<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">im</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">al</span> p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>kh<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>im<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>im<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>Ok<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>r
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>im<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>im<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">II</span>)<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ae</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>≤<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>2<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>)<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>bu <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>im<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> (</span>A<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>2009<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; line-height: 200%;">B</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">io<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>ogi<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>Ha<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Kalshoven (1981), klasifikasi penggerek batang tebu
raksasa adalah sebagai berikut : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kingdom : Animalia <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Filum :
Arthropoda <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Class :
Insecta <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ordo :
Lepidoptera <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Famili :
Cossidae <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Genus :
Phragmatoecia <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Spesies : <i>P</i>.
<i>castanae </i><b>Hubner.</b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">T</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">e</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">l</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt; line-height: 200%;">u</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">r</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bentuk telur oval dan dapat menghasilkan telur sebanyak 282-376
butir perbetina. Peletakan telur dalam gulungan daun kering, terutama pada
pucuk tanaman yang mati puser. Masa hidup stadia telur antara 9-10 hari (Pramono, 2007).</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">L</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 200%; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">a</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 200%; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">r</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">va</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">L</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 200%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">va<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><u>+</u><span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>2<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>5<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>mm,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u.
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ua <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>ur <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">w</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ng
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">ok</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da
<span style="mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span>uga<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>2009<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Selanjutnya
larva menggerek dan masuk ke dalam ruas tebu. Stadia larva terdiri dari 10
instar. Lama stadia larva sekitar 78-82 hari (Pramono, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 200%;">upa</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Stadia
pupa berlangsung selama 14-19 hari di dalam ruas batang tebu. Pada awalnya pupa
berwarna kuning muda kemudian menjadi coklat tua dengan panjang 2,5-3 cm
(jantan) dan 3,5-4 cm (betina) (Gambar 3). Gambar 3. Pupa <i>P</i>. <i>Castanae
</i>Hubner. Apabila pupa ini menetas menjadi imago, maka kulit pupa tertinggal
dan menonjol ke luar dari lubang gerekan (Pramono, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">I</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">m</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">ago</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Stadia
imago ditandai dengan warna sayap depan coklat kelabu dan ujung sayap terdapat
noktah berwarna ungu kehitaman. Bagian atas kepala terdapat rambut-rambut
semacam jambul yang berwarna putih kuning (Gambar 4).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">G<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">n</span>gan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hama
penggerek batang raksasa menyerang tanaman tua maupun muda. Serangan pada tanaman
muda menyebabkan tanaman mati pucuk. Pada serangan berat, bagian dalam batang
tebu hancur dimakan oleh larva PBR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Larva
masuk ke dalam batang dengan membuat lorong gerekan dari pelepah daun. Bila
populasi hama tinggi, juga dapat menyebabkan kematian pada tanaman tua.
Kerugian yang ditimbulkan mengakibatkan penurunan bobot batang, serta penurunan
kualitas dan kuantitas nira (Diyasti, 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">e</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 200%;">n</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">nd</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>ian</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Secara
umum pengendalian hama penggerek batang tebu raksasa (P. <i>castanae </i>Hubner.)
yaitu: 1. Sanitasi Kebun dengan memusnahkan sumber inokulum berupa serasah daun
kering, sisa batang dan pucuk tebu pasca tebangan, serta memusnahkan gelagah
yang merupakan inang hama PBR. 2. Eradikasi tanaman dengan memanen tebu lebih
awal yaitu sekitar umur 7-8 bulan. 3. Secara hayati dengan melepas musuh alami
yaitu <i>Tumidiclava </i>sp. dan S. <i>inferens </i>serta penggunaan cendawan
entomopatogen <i>Beauveria bassiana </i>dan <i>Metarhizium anisopliae </i>(Diyasti,
2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1028" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:368.75pt;margin-top:-72.25pt;width:77.25pt;height:60.55pt;
z-index:251657216' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251657216;"><span style="height: 80px; left: 0px; left: 492px; position: absolute; top: -96px; width: 103px;"><img height="80" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1028" width="103" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">PERMASALAHAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kerugian
yang disebabkan oleh hama dan penyakit tanaman tebu diperkirakan mencapai 37%
dari total produksi, dan 13% di antaranya karena serangan hama. Di Amerika
Serikat, kerugian akibat serangan hama jika diuangkan mencapai US$7,70 miliar
per tahun atau Rp61,60 triliun per tahun. <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">F</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>e
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m
p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">at </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">mi</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>ud<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ua
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>j<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>ga
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>ud<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;">a</span>m
p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>. K<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>uhi
<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;">s</span>i p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> M</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>hn<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>mi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">im</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>or <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">li</span>ngk<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da
<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>de <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">im</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1029" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:360.6pt;margin-top:-66.1pt;width:77.25pt;height:60.55pt;z-index:251658240'
stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251658240;"><span style="height: 81px; left: 0px; left: 481px; position: absolute; top: -88px; width: 103px;"><img height="81" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1029" width="103" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kerugian
yang disebabkan oleh hama dan penyakit tanaman tebu diperkirakan mencapai 37%
dari total produksi, dan 13% di antaranya karena serangan hama. Hal ini sesuari
dengan Aritonang (2011) yang menyatakan bahwa Kerugian yang disebabkan oleh
hama dan penyakit tanaman tebu diperkirakan mencapai 37% dari total produksi,
dan 13% di antaranya karena serangan hama. Di Amerika Serikat, kerugian akibat
serangan hama jika diuangkan mencapai US$7,70 miliar per tahun atau Rp61,60
triliun per tahun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">F</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; line-height: 200%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">e p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">at </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k. Hal ini sesuai dengan Soedhono (2009)
yang menyatakan bahwa <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">F</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>e p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">at </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">mi</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>ud<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ua <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>j<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>ga <span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>ud<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a
k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;">a</span>m p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.
K<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>uhi
<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;">s</span>i p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> M</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>hn<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>mi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">im</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>or <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">li</span>ngk<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da
<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>de <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">im</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 200%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">Hal ini sesuai dengan David (1986) yang menyatakan
bahwa </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>il<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>0<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>75<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>-<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>1<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>25<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>mm d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>0<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>95<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>nk<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>4<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>-<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>6<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>- <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>5<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>13<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>±<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>0<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>78.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">L</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 200%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">va<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><u>+</u><span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>2<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>5<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>mm,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u.
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ua <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>ur <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.
Hal ini sesuai dengan Pratama (2009) yang menyatakan bahwa <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">L</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>va<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><u>+</u><span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>2<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>5<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>mm,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u.
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ua <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>ur <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">w</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ng
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">ok</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da
<span style="mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span>uga<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>Ng<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>go<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">. </span>Hal
ini sesuai dengan David (1986) yang menyatakan bahwa Ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>Ng<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>go<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">.</span>A<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n
i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>go<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>uga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">w</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>mil<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>4<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>-<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>9 <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>6<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>37<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>7<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>22<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">J</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">im</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>kk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>400.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">L</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 200%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">va <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>uda
<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>dup <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;">a</span>m pupus d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>ngg<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ngga<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>bi<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>buka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">li</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>uka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>upa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ur
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>pa <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>dup <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m pupus <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span>a
k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r
<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>ke
<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n
h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ngga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>dup<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">am</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u.<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> Hal ini sesuai dengan Pratama, Dkk. Yang
menyatakan bahwa </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">L</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>va
<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>uda <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>dup
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;">a</span>m
pupus d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>ngg<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ngga<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>bi<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>buka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">li</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>uka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>upa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ur
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>pa <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>dup <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m pupus <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span>a
k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r
<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>ke
<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n
h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ngga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>dup<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">am</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u.<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">D</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>uda<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>D<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s
g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>G<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>la <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">aa</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g.
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">A</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>bi<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>ut<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">bu</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">li</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g-
<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>G<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>k
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>uda<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">e</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">U</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.45pt; line-height: 200%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 200%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 200%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">y</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a
p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">tebu raksasa</span><span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h: </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ur
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>kn<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n.</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gu<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a b<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">og</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aa</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>upa p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>ur <i><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>hog<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>amma <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>pp<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">.</span></i>, d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>va
<i>Diat<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ophaga<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>iatalis
</i><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">imi</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">aw</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">A</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">ot</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>50<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> E</span>C
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span>3<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">z</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>15<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">W</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span>C<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>(<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>5<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>)<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">hal ini
sesuai dengan Pratama (2009) yang menyatakan bahwa </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">U</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a
p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">C</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cc</span>ha<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>iphagu<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span></i>)<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h: </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ur <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>kn<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>m
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gu<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a
b<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">og</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aa</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>upa p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>ur <i><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>hog<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>amma <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>pp<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">.</span></i>, d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>va
<i>Diat<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ophaga<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>iatalis
</i><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">imi</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">aw</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">A</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">ot</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>50<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> E</span>C
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span>3<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">z</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>15<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">W</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span>C<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>(<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>5<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>)<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">.<span style="mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><b style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 400%;"> </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1030" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:370.15pt;margin-top:-79.9pt;width:77.25pt;height:60.55pt;
z-index:251659264' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251659264;"><span style="height: 81px; left: 0px; left: 494px; position: absolute; top: -107px; width: 103px;"><img height="81" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1030" width="103" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 400%;">KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kerugian yang disebabkan oleh hama dan
penyakit tanaman tebu diperkirakan mencapai 37% dari total produksi, dan 13% di
antaranya karena serangan hama.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">F</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; line-height: 200%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">e
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m
p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">at </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">G<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>la
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">aa</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">U</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.45pt; line-height: 200%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 200%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 200%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">y</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">raksasa</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h: </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ur <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>kn<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>m
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gu<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a
b<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">og</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aa</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>upa p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>ur <i><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>hog<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>amma <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>pp<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">.</span></i>, d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>va
<i>Diat<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ophaga<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>iatalis
</i><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1031" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:359.2pt;margin-top:-77.95pt;width:77.25pt;height:60.55pt;
z-index:251660288' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251660288;"><span style="height: 81px; left: 0px; left: 479px; position: absolute; top: -104px; width: 103px;"><img height="81" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1031" width="103" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BPTTD. 1979. Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman Tebu. Balai
Penelitian Tanaman Tebu dan Tembakau
Deli, Medan. Hlm. 15-16 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditjenbun. 2011. Lalat Sturmiopsis
Sahabat Petani Tebu. (di unduh 3 September
2011) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Diyasti, F. 2010. Waspada Penggerek
Batang Tebu Raksasa. (di unduh 29 November
2010)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Easwakamoorthy, S., H. David, G.
Santhalakshmi, M. Shanmudasundaram, V. Nandagopal
and N. K. Kurup. 1990. Toxicity Of Certain Insecticides To Sturmiopsis inferens, A Larva Parasite Of
Sugarcane Moth Borers. Sugarcane
Breeding Institute, India.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ganeshan, S. and A. Rajabalee. 1997.
Parasitoid of The Sugarcane Spotted Borer, Chilo sacchariphagus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae),
in Mauritius. Mauritius Sugar Industry
Reasearch Institute, Riduit, Mauritius.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasyim, A., Kamisar dan K. Nakamura.
2003. Mortalitas Stadia Pradewasa Hama Penggulung
Daun Pisang Erionata thrax (L) yang Disebabkan oleh Parasitoid. J.Hort. 13(2). hlm. 114-199 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Indriyanti, D. R. 1987. Pengaruh
Pelepasan Ngengat Mandul Chilo auricilius Dudgeon (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Hasil Radiasi
Sinar Gamma dengan Empat Variasi Dosis, Terhadap Penurunan Populasi Ngengat
F-1. IPB, Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kalshoven, L.G.E. 1981. The Pest of Crop
in Indonesia. Revised and Translated by
PA. Vander Lean. PT. Ichtiar Baru-Van Hoove. Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mau, R.F.L. dan Martin L. Jayma Kessing.
1993. Pelopidas thrax L. Dep. Ento. Honolulu,
Hawai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nugroho, B. W. 1986. Pengamatan Hama Penting
Tanaman Tebu (Saccharum officinarum Linn.) di Kecamatan
Babakan, Wilayah Kerja <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pabrik Gula Tersana Baru PT. Perkebunan
XIV (Persero) Kabupaten Cirebon. IPB.
Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pramono, D. 2005. Pengelolaan Hama Tebu
Secara Terpadu-2. Penerbit Dioma, Malang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pramono, D. 2007. Program Early Warning
System (EWS) Sebagai Dasar Penentuan
Kebijakan dan Strategi Pengelolaan Hama Secara Terpadu (PHT) Pada Penggerek Batang Raksasa di Kawasan
PTPN II Persero, Sumatera Utara. Kelti
Proteksi Tanaman. P3GI Pasuruan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pratama, Z., Iwan dan M., Miftahul, Z.
2010. Pengaruh Kombinasi Waktu Pelepasan Yang Berbeda Antara Diatraeophaga striatalis Tns. Dan Trichogramma
chilonis Terhadap Persentase Kerusakan Tanaman Tebu (Saccharum officinarum Linn.) Yang Disebabkan
Oleh Chilo auricilus Dudgeon.
Universitas Negeri Surabaya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Purnomo, W. 2006. Parasitisasi Dan
Kapasitas Reproduksi Cotesia flavires Cameron (Hymenoptera:
Braconidae) Pada Inang dan Instar Yang
Berbeda Di Laboratorium. (di unduh 29 November 2010) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pusat Penelitian Perkebunan Gula
Indonesia (P3GI). 2008. Konsep Peningkatan Rendemen Industri Gula Indonesia. (di unduh 29
N0vember 2010)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sallam, NS and PG Allsopp. 1998. Chilo spp. Incursion Management Plan Version 2. BSES Limited Publication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Saragih, R., Harahap C. F. dan
Boedijono. 1982. Perkawinan S. inferens
Town. Lalat Parasit dari P. castanae
Hubner. BPPTD. Hlm. 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Saragih, R., Zuraida, B. dan Z. Abidin.
1986. Pembiakan S. inferens Town. dan Kemampuan
Memarasit P. castanae Hubner. Prosiding
Temu Ilmiah Entomologi Perkebunan
Indonesia 1986. hlm. 143<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sarwani, M. 2008. Teknologi Budidaya
Pisang. Balai Besar Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian. Lampung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Soma AG and S. Ganeshan. 1998. Status of
The Sugar Cane Spotted Borer, Chilo
saccharifagus Bojer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Crambinae ), In Mauritius.
Food and Agric. Research Council, Reduit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sunaryo, Suroyo, dan H. Ubandi. 1988.
Biologi Sturmiopsis inferens. Pertemuan Tengah Tahun II Budidaya Tebu Lahan
Kering P3GI, Pasuruan. 9p.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Suryana, A., 2007. Prospek Dan Arah
Pengembangan Agribisnis Tebu. Badan Penelitian
Dan Pengembangan Pertanian, Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Verly, G. C., Grandwell, G.N. and
Hassel, M. P. 1973. Insect Population Ecology and Analitical Approach Black Well. Publisher
Oxford, London. P. 209 Way, M. and S. Rutherford. 2011. Update On Chilo. South
African Sugarcane Reasearch Institute. P. 12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Wirioatmodjo, B. 1977. Biologi Lalat
Jatiroto, Diatraeophaga striatalis Townsend,
dan Penerapannya dalam Pengendalian Penggerek Berkilat, Chilo auricilius Dudgeon. IPB. Bogor. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4414864719232378661.post-45238361456133114402012-10-28T18:18:00.001+07:002012-10-28T18:18:02.528+07:00HAMA PENGGEREK BATANG (Chilo sacchariphagus bojer. )<br />
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<b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">HAMA PENGGEREK
BATANG (</span></b><i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Chilo
sacchariphagus </span></i><b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">bojer.</span></b><i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></i><b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">) <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 400%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PADA TANAMAN TEBU <i>( </i></span></b><i>Saccharum
officinarum </i><b><span style="line-height: 400%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">L.<i> </i>)<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<b>Oleh :<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>MUHAMMAD
HABIB SAMPURNO<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b> 110301072 <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<b> AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>LABORATORIUM DASAR PERLINDUNGAN TANAMAN SUB
HAMA</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>MEDAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>2012<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">HAMA PENGGEREK
BATANG (</span></b><i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Chilo
sacchariphagus </span></i><b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">bojer.</span></b><i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></i><b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">) <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 400%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PADA TANAMAN TEBU <i>( </i></span></b><i>Saccharum
officinarum </i><b><span style="line-height: 400%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">L.<i> </i>)<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><br />LAPORAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Oleh :<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<b>MUHAMMAD
HABIB SAMPURNO<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<b> 110301072 <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<b> AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Laporan ini sebagai
salah satu syarat untuk dapat mengikuti <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">Praktikal
tes <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">di Laboratorium Dasar Perlindungan Tanaman Sub Hama</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara
Medan<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">Ditugaskan oleh :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">Dosen penanggung jawab<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><u><span lang="SV">( Ir. Fatimah Zahara )<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> NIP :</span></b><span lang="SV" style="background: white; color: #000099; font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1959 0710 1989 03 200 1</span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span lang="SV"> Diketahui oleh : Diperiksa oleh :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span lang="SV"> Asisten Koordinator Asisten Korektor</span></b><b><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u><span lang="SV">(Ruomenson D.J. Bakara)</span></u></b><b><span lang="SV"> <u>(Ade
Sartika R)</u> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV"> NIM :
080302037 NIM : 080302004<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>LABORATORIUM DASAR PERLINDUNGAN TANAMAN SUB
HAMA</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>MEDAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>2012</b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 400%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>KATA PENGANTAR</b>.......................................................................................... i<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>DAFTAR ISI</b>......................................................................................................... ii</div>
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<b>DAFTAR GAMBAR</b>.......................................................................................... iii</div>
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<b>PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Latar
Belakang............................................................................................... 1 </div>
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Tujuan
Penulisan............................................................................................ 4</div>
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Kegunaan Penulisan....................................................................................... 4</div>
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<b>TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Botani
Tanaman............................................................................................. 5</div>
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Syarat
Tumbuh............................................................................................... 7</div>
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Iklim...................................................................................................... 7</div>
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Tanah..................................................................................................... 8</div>
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Biologi
hama.................................................................................................. 9</div>
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Gejala
Serangan........................................................................................... 10</div>
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Pengendalian................................................................................................ 11</div>
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<b>PEMBAHASAN</b>................................................................................................. 12<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>KESIMPULAN</b>................................................................................................... 17<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>DAFTAR PUSTAKA</b>........................................................................................ 20<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>LAMPIRAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman Tebu (<i>Saccharum
officinarum </i><b>L.</b>) adalah tanaman
penghasil gula. Gula sebagai salah satu bahan makan dan kebutuhan pokok bagi
Bangsa Indonesia yang selalu meningkat dari tahun ketahun karena meningkatnya
jumlah penduduk, bertambahnya pendapatan perkapita, serta terjadinya perubahan
pola konsumsi masyarakat (Aritonang, 2011).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Saat ini pemerintah sedang menggalakkan penanaman tebu untuk
mengatasi rendahnya produksi gula di Indonesia. Usaha pemerintah sangatlah
wajar dan tidak berlebihan mengingat dulu Indonesia pernah mengalami masa
kejayaan sebagai pengekspor gula sebelum perang. Untuk itu PT Natural Nusantara
berusaha ikut serta mengembalikan masa kejayaan melalui peningkatan produksi
tebu baik secara kuantitas, kualitas dan kelestarian (Aspek K-3) (Pulungan, 2012).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Salah
satu penghambat potensi produktivitas tebu adalah adanya serangan hama. Hama
penting tebu di Indonesia adalah penggerek pucuk (Tryporiza nivella) dan
penggerek batang berkilat (Chilo auricilius), penggerek batang bergaris (Chilo
sacchariphagus), penggerek batang raksasa (Phragmatocea castanae), kutu bulu
putih (Ceratovaguna lanigera) dan kutu perisai (Aulacaspis spp.), tikus (Rattus
srgentiventer dan R. exulans), lundi (Lepidiota stigma), rayap (Macrotermes gilvus),
serta belalang (Valanga nigricornis) (Suwita,
2011).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kerugian
yang disebabkan oleh hama dan penyakit tanaman tebu diperkirakan mencapai 37%
dari total produksi, dan 13% di antaranya karena serangan hama. Di Amerika
Serikat, kerugian akibat serangan hama jika diuangkan mencapai US$7,70 miliar
per tahun atau Rp61,60 triliun per tahun (Aritonang, 2011)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk mengetahui
bagaimana pengendalian hama Penggerek Batang
(<i>Chilo sp) </i>pada Tanaman Tebu (<i>Saccharum officinarum </i><b>L.</b>).</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai salah satu syarat untuk dapat mengikuti praktikal tes
dilaboratorium Dasar Perlindungan Tanaman Departemen Hama dan Penyakit
tumbuhan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai bahan informasi bagi
pihak yang membutuhkan informasi.</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 400%; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">T</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 400%; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">I</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 400%; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">N</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">J<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">AUA</span>N<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">U</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">TA</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">K</span>A</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; line-height: 200%;">B</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">n</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> T</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>an</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>ut <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">C</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>nn<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span>2005<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><i>Sa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cc</span>ha<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>um<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">f</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>ina<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>um<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">L</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">.</span>)<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>kut<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>:
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">K<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ngd<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span>m :<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>e<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">v<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i :<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">to</span>ph<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 200%;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i :<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">An</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ae</span>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; line-height: 200%;">C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.45pt; line-height: 200%;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">s :<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">c</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>e <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">O<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>do :<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">F</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">mily :<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aceae</span>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">G<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>s :<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">acc</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 200%;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s :<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><i>S. <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">o</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">f</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>ina<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>um<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span></i><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">L.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>ut<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ngga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ngga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>1<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>6<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>m,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k. <span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>uku<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">-</span>buku,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>uku<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span>uku<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>uku<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>up<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>im<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>D<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>mil<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>a p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>nn<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>bi<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>pe <span style="letter-spacing: -1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">im</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> (</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>1999<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">gg<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">mi</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u, <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>us <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>us <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span>ya <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>k,
k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>l
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">O</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>na <span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u, <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>nd<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>up<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: -.95pt;"> </span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>pk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>V<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>ikn<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>8 <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>, 2009<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">F</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; line-height: 200%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">e p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">at </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">mi</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>ud<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ua
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>j<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>ga
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>ud<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;">a</span>m
p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>. K<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>uhi
<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;">s</span>i p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>hn<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>mi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">im</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>or <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">li</span>ngk<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">im</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">tu</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">im</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>200<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">9</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ng, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>pi <span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>uga
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>uku<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>nn<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">il</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.9pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>e
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>ggu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>U<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>nd<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>nn<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u,
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ka <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>kuk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>r p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><i>Hot<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">W</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>atm<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nt</i>,<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>H<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">W</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">T)</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>D<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>pop<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>nn<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>ggu<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>ud<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ng
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>pa<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>nh<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ngga p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">(</span>A<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>2008<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 200%;">S</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ya<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">r</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">buh</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">I</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 200%;">k</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">l</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 200%;">i</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">m</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>ur <span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>8 <span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: -.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ae</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>lim<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>70<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">%</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ud<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>28<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">-</span>34<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><i><span style="mso-text-raise: 5.5pt; position: relative; top: -5.5pt;">o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span></span></i>C<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span>A<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>2007<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>us
<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gup<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">variable</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span>ukup<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>r
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>up<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gu<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>nn<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>D<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ngk<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: -.95pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span>DA<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>lim,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">im</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">wa</span>l
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>de <span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>im <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u.
<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">tu</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>nn<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l <span style="letter-spacing: -.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk
<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">bu</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>200<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>/<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>5<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span>6<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">u</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>-<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>125<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.95pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>2
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>75<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>mm<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>/<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>4<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>-<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>5<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>ut
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>lim<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">O</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">z</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>lim<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">C</span>2 d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">C</span>3.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>D<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>nn<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>dua<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>im<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>ut
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>pa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>pe
<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>lim<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">og</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span>2,
<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">C</span>2, <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">C</span>3,
<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>D2,
<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">E</span>3. <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">L</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>ukup <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span>1,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">C</span>1,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>D1<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">E</span>1<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">An</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>2009<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">T</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">n</span>ah</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 200%;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">tu</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>ukk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>il<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>duk<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k. <span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da
k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">to</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>il g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>a
u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>il<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>kuk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>up<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>kuk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">u</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span>i p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i k<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ngk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>kuk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>upuk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>200<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">9</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 200%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>id<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u, <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gkut
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">to</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;">o</span>l <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>/
<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>bil<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">u</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ia</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>pH,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">T</span>K<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">.</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span>pH)<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>6<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">–<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>7<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>0<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>pH<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>4<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>5<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>-<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">7</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>5.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>il<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span>3GI<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>N<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>1<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>5,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span>2O5<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>75<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">K</span>2O<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>><span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>150<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>Al<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>><span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>4<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">im</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">al</span> p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>kh<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>im<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>im<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>Ok<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>r
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>im<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>im<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">II</span>)<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ae</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>≤<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>2<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>)<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>bu <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>im<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> (</span>A<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>2009<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; line-height: 200%;">B</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">io<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>ogi<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>Ha<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>ut N<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">tt</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><i>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">k</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span></i><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span>1980<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>pun<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">C</span>hilo<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cc</span>ha<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>iphagus
</i><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r.</span>)<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>kut<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>:<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">K<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ngd<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span>m :<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">A</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>a
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 200%;">F</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m :<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>da <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; line-height: 200%;">C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.45pt; line-height: 200%;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">s :<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">O<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>do :<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">L</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">F</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">mily :<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>e <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">G<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>s :<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">C</span>hi<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>o<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 200%;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s :<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">C</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cc</span>ha<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>iphagus
</i><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">T</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">e</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">l</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt; line-height: 200%;">u</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">r</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 200%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>il<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>0<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>75<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>-<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>1<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>25<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>mm
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>0<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>95<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>nk<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>4<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>-<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>6<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>-
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>5<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>13<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>±<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>0<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>78.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">il</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>kk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;">a</span>n d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span>9<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span>12<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>/<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>)<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span>D<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>d,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>1986<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">L</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 200%; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">a</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 200%; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">r</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">va</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">L</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 200%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">va<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><u>+</u><span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>2<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>5<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>mm,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u.
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ua <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>ur <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">w</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ng
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">ok</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da
<span style="mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span>uga<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>2009<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt; line-height: 200%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.45pt; line-height: 200%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">de <span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>35<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span>54
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">L</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>5 <span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>mi<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>6
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">L</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>na
<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>kun<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>ng
<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>V<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">I</span>)<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>7<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>81,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>1<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">3</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>1,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">18</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">28, 23</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">8</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">8</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">29</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">d</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">n</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">32</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">86</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">(</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">D</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">v</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt; line-height: 200%;">i</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">d,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1986</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">)</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 200%;">upa</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">p<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">ok</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pupa<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>8<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span>10<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">8</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>28<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span>D<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>d,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>1986<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">I</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">m</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">ago</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>Ng<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>go<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">.</span>A<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n
i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>go<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>uga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">w</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>mil<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>4<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>-<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>9 <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>6<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>37<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>7<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>22<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">J</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">im</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>kk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>400.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>dup<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;">r</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>43<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span>64<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>5<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">3</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>5<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span>D<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>d,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>1986<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">G<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">n</span>gan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">L</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 200%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">va <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>uda
<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>dup <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;">a</span>m pupus d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>ngg<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ngga<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>bi<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>buka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">li</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>uka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>upa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ur
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>pa <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>dup <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m pupus <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span>a
k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r
<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>ke
<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n
h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ngga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>dup<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">am</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u.<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">D</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>uda<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>D<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s
g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>G<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>la <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">aa</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g.
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">A</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>bi<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>ut<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">bu</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">li</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g-
<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>G<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>k
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>uda<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">e</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> (</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><i>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">kk</span></i>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>2009<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">)</span>.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">e</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 200%;">n</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">nd</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>ian</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">U</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.45pt; line-height: 200%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 200%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 200%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">y</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">C</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cc</span>ha<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>iphagu<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span></i>)<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h:</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 200%;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">eca</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 200%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ur
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>kn<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.45pt; line-height: 200%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">t<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 200%;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">eca</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 200%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gu<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 200%;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">eca</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 200%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a b<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">og</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aa</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>upa
p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>ur <i><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>hog<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>amma <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>pp<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">.</span></i>, d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>va <i>Diat<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ophaga<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>iatalis
</i><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 200%;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">eca</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 200%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">imi</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">aw</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">A</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">ot</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>50<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> E</span>C <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span>3<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">z</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>15<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">W</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span>C<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>(<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>5<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>)<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>2009<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kerugian
yang disebabkan oleh hama dan penyakit tanaman tebu diperkirakan mencapai 37%
dari total produksi, dan 13% di antaranya karena serangan hama. Hal ini sesuari
dengan Aritonang (2011) yang menyatakan bahwa Kerugian yang disebabkan oleh
hama dan penyakit tanaman tebu diperkirakan mencapai 37% dari total produksi,
dan 13% di antaranya karena serangan hama. Di Amerika Serikat, kerugian akibat
serangan hama jika diuangkan mencapai US$7,70 miliar per tahun atau Rp61,60
triliun per tahun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">F</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; line-height: 200%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">e p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">at </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k. Hal ini sesuai dengan Soedhono (2009)
yang menyatakan bahwa <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">F</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>e p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">at </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">mi</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>ud<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ua <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>j<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>ga <span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>ud<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a
k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;">a</span>m p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.
K<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>uhi
<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;">s</span>i p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> M</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>hn<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>mi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">im</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>or <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">li</span>ngk<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da
<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>de <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">im</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 200%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">Hal ini sesuai dengan David (1986) yang menyatakan
bahwa </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>il<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>0<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>75<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>-<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>1<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>25<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>mm d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>0<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>95<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>nk<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>4<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>-<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>6<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>- <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>5<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>13<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>±<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>0<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>78.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">L</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 200%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">va<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><u>+</u><span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>2<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>5<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>mm,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u.
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ua <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>ur <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.
Hal ini sesuai dengan Pratama (2009) yang menyatakan bahwa <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">L</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>va<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><u>+</u><span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>2<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>5<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>mm,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u.
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ua <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>ur <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">w</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ng
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">ok</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da
<span style="mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span>uga<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>Ng<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>go<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">. </span>Hal
ini sesuai dengan David (1986) yang menyatakan bahwa Ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>Ng<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>go<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">.</span>A<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n
i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>go<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>uga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">w</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>mil<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>4<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>-<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>9 <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>6<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>37<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>7<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span>22<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">J</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">im</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>kk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>400.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">L</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 200%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">va <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>uda
<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>dup <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;">a</span>m pupus d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>ngg<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ngga<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>bi<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>buka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">li</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>uka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>upa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ur
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>pa <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>dup <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m pupus <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span>a
k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r
<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>ke
<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n
h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ngga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>dup<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">am</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u.<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> Hal ini sesuai dengan Pratama, Dkk. Yang
menyatakan bahwa </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">L</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>va
<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>uda <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>dup
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;">a</span>m
pupus d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>ngg<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ngga<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>bi<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>buka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">li</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>uka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>upa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ur
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>pa <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>dup <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m pupus <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span>a
k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r
<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>ke
<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n
h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ngga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">v</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>dup<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">am</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u.<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">D</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>uda<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>D<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>s
g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>G<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>la <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">aa</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g.
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">A</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>bi<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-r</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>ut<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">bu</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">j</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">li</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g-
<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>G<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>k
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>uda<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">e</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: .5pt;">b<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">U</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.45pt; line-height: 200%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 200%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 200%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">y</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a
p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">C</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cc</span>ha<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>iphagu<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span></i>)<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h: </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ur <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>kn<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>m
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gu<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a
b<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">og</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aa</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>upa p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>ur <i><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>hog<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>amma <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>pp<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">.</span></i>,
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>va
<i>Diat<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ophaga<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>iatalis
</i><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">imi</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">aw</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">A</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">ot</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>50<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> E</span>C
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span>3<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">z</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>15<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">W</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span>C<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>(<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>5<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>)<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">hal ini
sesuai dengan Pratama (2009) yang menyatakan bahwa </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">U</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a
p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">C</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cc</span>ha<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>iphagu<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span></i>)<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h: </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ur <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>kn<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>m
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gu<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a
b<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">og</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aa</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>upa p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>ur <i><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>hog<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>amma <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>pp<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">.</span></i>, d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>va
<i>Diat<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ophaga<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>iatalis
</i><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">imi</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">aw</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">A</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">ot</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>50<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> E</span>C
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span>3<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">)</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">z</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>15<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">W</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span>C<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>(<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>5<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>)<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 400%;">KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kerugian yang disebabkan oleh hama dan
penyakit tanaman tebu diperkirakan mencapai 37% dari total produksi, dan 13% di
antaranya karena serangan hama.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">F</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; line-height: 200%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">e
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m
p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">at </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">G<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>la
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">aa</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 200%;">U</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.45pt; line-height: 200%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 200%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 200%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">y</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">C</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cc</span>ha<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>iphagu<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span></i>)<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h: </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>ur
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>kn<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n.</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>gu<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a b<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">og</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">i</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>u
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aa</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">u</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">m</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>upa
p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span>n
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span>ur
<i><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>hog<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>amma
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>pp<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">.</span></i>,
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>va
<i>Diat<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ophaga<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span>iatalis
</i><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4414864719232378661.post-25493500973201819892012-10-28T17:44:00.000+07:002012-10-28T17:45:38.993+07:00HAMA ULAT KROP KUBIS (Crocidolomia pavonana F.)<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
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</div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4414864719232378661" name="OLE_LINK1"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">HAMA ULAT KROP KUBIS (</span></b></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Crocidolomia
pavonana </span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">F.) (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PADA TANAMAN KUBIS
(</span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Brassica
oleracea<b> </b></span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">L.<i>)</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />LAPORAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Oleh:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MIRANDA
AMALIA NASUTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">110301065<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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height:162.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\george\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg"
o:title="pertanian"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://reensaikoe.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/pertanian.jpg" height="217" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" width="221" /><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LABORATORIUM
DASAR PERLINDUNGAN TANAMAN SUB HAMA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PROGRAM
STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FAKULTAS
PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">UNIVERSITAS
SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MEDAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">HAMA ULAT KROP KUBIS (</span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Crocidolomia pavonana </span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">F.) (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PADA TANAMAN KUBIS (</span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Brassica
oleracea<b> </b></span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">L.<i>)</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:185.6pt;margin-top:18.75pt;
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<td></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />LAPORAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Oleh:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MIRANDA
AMALIA NASUTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">110301065<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AET<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Makalah Sebagai Salah Satu Syarat
Untuk Mengikuti Praktikal Test di Laboratorium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dasar Perlindungan Tanaman Sub Hama
Program Studi Agroekoteknologi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fakultas Pertanian Universitas
Sumatera Utara Medan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ditugaskan
Oleh:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dosen
Penanggungjawab Laboratorium<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(<u>Ir.
Fatimah Zahara</u>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NIP
: 1959 0710 1989 032001<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Disetujui Oleh : Diperiksa
Oleh :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asisten Koordinator Asisten
Korektor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(<u>Ruomenson D. J Bakara</u>) (<u>Ary Hutama Samosir</u>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
NIM: 080302037 NIM:
080302005<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LABORATORIUM
DASAR PERLINDUNGAN TANAMAN SUB HAMA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PROGRAM
STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">FAKULTAS
PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UNIVERSITAS
SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MEDAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 400%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">KATA
PENGANTAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Puji syukur kehadirat
Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, karena-Nya lah kita masih dapat merasakan indahnya ilmu
pengetahuan. Dan karena-Nya lah penulis dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun judul laporan
adalah <b>Hama Ulat Krop Kubis (</b><i>Crocidolomia pavonana </i><b>F.) (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae)</b> <b>Pada Tanaman Kubis </b>(<i>Brassica oleracea<b> </b></i><b>L.</b>). Pembuatan
laporan ini bertujuan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk dapat mengikuti ujian
Praktikal Test di Laboratorium Dasar Perlindungan Tanaman Sub Hama Fakultas
Pertanian Sumatera Utara, Medan.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada kesempatan ini
penulis ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Ir. Fatimah Zahara., selaku dosen
penanggung jawab Laboratorium Dasar Perlindungan Tanaman Sub Hama, serta para
asisten yang telah memberikan bimbingan dalam penyelesaian makalah ini.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penulis menyadari bahwa
laporan ini belum sempurna, oleh karena itu penulis mengharapkan kritik dan
saran yang membangun demi kesempurnaan makalah ini. Akhir kata penulis
mengucapkan terima kasih.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 27.0pt 301.5pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Medan, 23 Mei 2012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penulis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<b>DAFTAR ISI<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: decimal dotted 13.0cm;">
<b>KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................. i</b><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: decimal dotted 13.0cm;">
<b>DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................... ii</b><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: decimal dotted 13.0cm;">
<b>DAFTAR
GAMBAR ................................................................................. iii</b><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<b>PENDAHULUAN </b><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Latar Belakang .............................................................................................. 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Tujuan Penulisan ............................................................................................ 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: decimal dotted 13.0cm;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Kegunaan Penulisan ...................................................................................... 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<b>TINJAUAN PUSTAKA <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Botani Tanaman ............................................................................................. 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Syarat Tumbuh .............................................................................................. 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext;">Iklim ................................................................................................... 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext;">Tanah ................................................................................................. 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="tab-stops: decimal dotted 13.0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Biologi Hama ..................................................................................... 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="tab-stops: decimal dotted 13.0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Gejala Serangan.................................................................................. 8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext;">Pengendalian...................................................................................... 9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>PERMASALAHAN .................................................................................. 11<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PEMBAHASAN ........................................................................................ 13</b><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>KESIMPULAN</b><span style="color: windowtext;"> ......................................................................................... 14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................... 15</b><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LAMPIRAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Sebelum dibudidayakan kubis
merupakan tumbuhan liar disepanjang Pantai Laut Tengah, Inggris, Denmark, dan
pantai barat Perancis sebelah utara. Kubis yang tumbuh liar ini sering disebut
gulma. Kubis telah dikenal manusia sejak tahun 2.500-2.000 sebelum Masehi. Oleh
orang Mesir dan Yunani Kuno, tanaman kubis sangat dipuja dan dimuliakan. Dalam
perkembangan selanjutnya, kubis dibudidayakan di Eropa sekitar abad ke-9
Masehi. Di Amerika, kubis mulai ditanam ketika para imigran Eropa menetap di
benua itu. Pada abad ke-16 atau ke-17, kubis mulai ditanam di Indonesia. Pada
abad tersebut orang Eropa mulai berdagang dan menetap di Indonesia. Sekarang,
penanaman kubis sebagai komoditas sayuran telah tersebar luas di seluruh
Indonesia (Pracaya,2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dasar Perlindungan Tanaman
merupakan cara untuk mencegah adanya hama dan penyakit yang dapat merusak
tanaman sehingga menurunkan hasil dari tanaman tersebut. Perlindungan tanaman
dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara, antara lain dengan cara kultur teknis,
Mekanis, penggunaan musuh alami atau dengan pengendalian hama terpadu (PHT)
yang sedang digalakkan pemerintah (Ahmad, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kubis menghendaki cukup
air akan tetapi tidak menghendaki adanya hujan lebat yang terus-menerus. Curah
hujan yang baik antara 100-1500 mm/th dengan kelembaban optimal antara 60-100%
(Sunarjono, 1980). Penanaman kubis pada musim hujan lebih menguntungkan karena
adanya air yang cukup mengingat tanaman ini memerlukan air cukup banyak uantuk
pertumbuhannya. Untuk kubis muda membutuhkan 300 cc air/hari, sedangkan setelah
dewasa memerlukan 400-500 cc/hari. Produksi hasil-hasil pertanian mengalami
kereugian yang sangat besar akibat serangan serangga pada tanaman budidaya. Hal
ini disebabkan adanya kemampuan adaptasi dan daya persaingan yang tinggi yang
dimiliki oleh serangga. Salah satu masalah yang dihadapi dalam budidaya tanaman
kubis yakni adanya serangan hama. Kehilangan hasil tanaman kubis akibat
serangan hama P. xylostella dan C. binotalis dapat mencapai 100% (Santosa dan
Sartono, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Serangan hama dan penyakit merupakan
faktor pembatas produksi yang masih berpengaruh besar dalam budidaya kubis. Selain menyerang
tanaman serangga juga dapat berperan sebagai vector penyakit yang berbahaya.
(Hadiwigeno,1992)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Ulat crop (<i>Crocidolomia
binotalis Zell</i>.)merupakan hama yang penting pada tanaman kubis. Munculnya
hama ini pada pertanaman kubis merupakan ancaman yang serius bagi petani. Pada
tahun 1998 Balai Proteksi Tanaman Pangan & Hortikultura V melaporkan ulat
crop (C. binotalis) merupakan hama yang menempati urutan pertama penyebab
kerusakan tanaman kubis di Jawa Tengah. Serangan hama ini mengakibatkan
turunnya produksi mencapai 50 persen per hektar. Serangan C.binotalis pada
tanaman kubis sampai sekarang belum dapat diatasi secara memuaskan, meskipun
pengendalian kimia telah dilakukan secara intensif. (</span><a href="http://pertanian.uns.ac.id/~agronomi/agrosains"><span style="color: #993322; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://pertanian.uns.ac.id/~agronomi/agrosains</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan
Penulisan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b> </b>Laporan
bertujuan untuk mengetahui secara spesifik hama ulat krop kubis (<i>Crocidolomia
pavonana. </i><b>F</b>) yang mengganggu
komoditi tanaman kubis (<i>Brassica oleracea</i>) beserta cara pengendaliannya.
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan Penulisan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan penulisan adalah sebagai salah
satu syarat untuk dapat mengikuti praktikal test di Laboratorium Dasar
Perlindungan Tanaman Sub Hama Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara
Medan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sekaligus menjadi bahan informasi bagi
pihak yang membutuhkan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
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<br /></div>
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<b>TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b>Botani
Tanaman<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b> </b>Adapun
sistematika tanaman kubis (<i>Brassica
oleracea</i> L.) menurut Rukmana (2010) adalah</div>
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Kingdom : Plantae</div>
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Divisio : Spermatophyta</div>
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Sub
divisio : Angiospermae</div>
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Kelas : Dicotyledoneae</div>
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Ordo : Papavorales</div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Famili : Cruciverae (Brassicaceae)</div>
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Genus : Brassica</div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Spesies : <i>Brassica
oleracea </i><b>L. var. capitata L.</b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Kembang kol (<i>Brassica oleracea</i>) adalah salah satu anggota keluarga kubis.
Disebut demikiankarena bagian tanamanyang dimanfaatkan adalah bunganya. Kembang
kol merupakan bunga yang tersusun dari rangkaian bunga kecil bertangkai pendek;
tersusun padat; berdaging serta berwarna putih bersih, putih kecoklatan atau
kekuningan.</div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
(Novary,1997)</div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Kubis merupakan tanaman setahun atau
yang berbentuk perdu. Rasa daunnya segar, renyah dan sedikit pedas. Kubis dapat
digunakan sebagai sayur, lalab maupun bahan pelengkap masakan yang lain.</div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
(Sutarya
dkk, 1995)</div>
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Dalam bahasa latin diberi nama <i>Brassica oleraceovar</i>. Penanaman biasanya
menggunakan biji, namun ada kol yang dibiakkan dengan tunas atau stek. Kubis
jenis ini disebut dengan kubis layur. Selain kubis putih dan kubis layur ada
pula yang disebut dengan kubis daun (<i>Brassica
aleracia forma</i>). Kubis jenis ini paling mudah menanamnya, dapat tumbuh
dengan baik di daratan rendah maupun di pegunungan. Kubis daun hanya di ambil
daunnya saja karena kubis ini tidak dapat membentuk telur seperti kubis
lainnya. Kubis ini dijual dalam bentuk daun yang disusun dalam ikatan. (Mulyono,
2012)</div>
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Kubis bunga termasuk tanaman yang
mempunyai batang agak pendek, daunnya berbentuk bujur telur atau panjang dan
bergerigi, tangkai bunga dan pangkal daun menebal, serta menghasilkan massa
bunga yang berwarna putih dan lunak. Daun kubis bunga umumnya lebih panjang dan
lebih sempit dibanding kubis krop. Daun daun yang tumbuh sebelum terbentuk
massa bunga, umumnya berukuran kecil dan melengkung untuk melindungi bunga. (Rukmana,
2012)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Syarat Tumbuh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Iklim<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kubis bunga biasa tumbuh pada daerah yang bersuhu antara
20-25ºC. Suhu yang terlalu rendah atau terlalu tinggi akan menyebabkan
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bunganya terganggu. Sedangkan suhu optimum untuk
pertumbuhannya adalah 17ºC. (Splittstoesser, 1984).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Curah hujan yang cukup sepanjang tahun dapat
mendukung kelangsungan hidup tanaman karena ketersedian air tanah yang
mencukupi. Tanaman Kubis tergolong tanaman yang tahan terhadap curah hujan,
sehingga penanaman pada musim hujan masih bisa memberikan hasil yang cukup
baik. Curah hujan yang sesuai untuk pembudidayaan tanaman Kubis adalah 1000-1500
mm/tahun. Akan tetapi tanaman kubis yang tidak tahan terhadap air yang
menggenang (Ahmad, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Di daerah sub tropisyang udaranya
dingin, bunga akan keluar dari ketiak daun. Bunga terdiri dari 4 helai daun
kelopak berwarna hijau, 4 helai daun mahkota bnerwarna kuning muda, 4 helai
benangsari bertangkai panjang, 2 helai benang sari bertangkai pendek dan 1 buah
putik yang beruang dua. Buah berbentuk polong, panjang dan ramping berisi biji.
Biji berbentuk bulat kecil berwarna coklat sampai kehitam-hitaman (Santosa dan
Sartono, 2007).</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Tanah <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kubis dapat ditanam hampir di semua jenis tanah. Tanah
yang ideal untuk kubis adalah andosol dengan tekstur liat berpasir dengan
kandungan bahan organik tinggi (>1%). Dengan drainase baik dan tidak
tegenang. Lalu pH tanah antara 4.3-6.5 dan yang optimal adalah pada pH 5.5-6.5.
(deptan.go.id , 2000).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pada pH tanah yang rendah akan menyebabkan
terjadinya gangguan pada penyerapan hara oleh tanaman sehingga secara
menyeluruh tanaman akan terganggu pertumbuhannya. Di samping itu, kondisi tanah
yang masam (kurang dari 5,5), menyebabkan beberapa unsur hara , seperti
magnesium, boron (B), dan molbdenium (Mo), menjadi tidak tersedia dan beberapa
unsur hara, seperti besi (Fe), alumunium (Al), dan mangan (Mn) dapat menjadi racun
bagi tanaman. Sehingga dengan demikian bila kubis ditanam dengan kondisi yang
terlalu masam, tanaman akan menderita penyakit klorosis dengan menunjukkan
gejala daun berbintik-bintik kuning dan urat-urat daun berwarna perunggu dan
daun berukuran kecil dan bagian tepi daun berkerut (Ahmad, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Kemasaman tanah sangat berpengaruh terhadap
ketersediaan hara didalam tanah, aktifitas kehidupan jasad renik tanah dan
reaksi pupuk yang diberikan ke dalam tanah. Penambahan pupuk ke dalam tanah
secara langsung akan mempengaruhi sifat kemasamannya, karena dapat menimbulkan
reaksi masam, netral ataupun basa, yang secara langsung ataupun tidak dapat
mempengaruhi ketersediaan hara makro atau hara mikro. Ketersediaan unsur hara
mikro lebih tinggi pada pH rendah. Semakin tinggi pH tanah ketersediaan hara
mikro semakin kecil (Santosa dan Sartono, 2007).</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Biologi
Hama<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> </span></b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Menurut Juma (1997), Ulat Crop diklasifikasikan
sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Kindong :
Animalia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Phylum :
Arthropoda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Kelas :
Insecta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Ordo :
Lepidoptera<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Family :
Pytalidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Genus :
Crocidolomia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Spesies :
<i>Crocidolomia binotalis </i><b>Zell.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> Telur
berukuran 5 mm dan biasanya berkumpul berkisar antara 10-300 butir dalam satu
daun. Telur berwarna hijau cerah dan muda berkamuflase pada daun. Telur biasanya
diletakkan pada bagian bawah daun(Ahmad, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Larva instar satu bersifat
gregarious, memakan daun pada permukaan bawah dnegan menyisakan lapisan
epidermis atas. Larva menghindari cahaya. Kepala larva instar awalnya berwarna
hitam kecoklatan dengan tubuh berwarna hijau. Warna larva bervariasi, umumnya
berwarna hijau dengan batas garis dorsal dan lateral berwarna kekuningan.
Panjang larva sekitar 18 mm (Purnamasari, 2006).</div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Larva berukuran berkisah antara 18-25mm
dan memiliki kepala hitam serta warna hijau pada tubuhnya tergantung corak daun
yang mereka makan.Biasanya ulat berada pada bagian bawah daun karena mereka
cenderung menghindari cahaya. Pada hari keempat dan kelima larva akan memakan
daun dari bagian bawah dan akan menyebabkan kerusakan yang parah pada daun
sebelum ulat bergerak pada pusat tanaman (Ahmad, 2007).</div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Panjang berkisar antara
8.5 sampai 10.5mm dan berbentuk bulat dengan berwarna hijau cerah dan coklat
gelap, pupa biasanya diselubungi oleh tanah (Ahmad, 2007). Pupa terdapat pada
kokon yang terbuat dari butiran tanah dan membentuk lonjong dengan stadium 9
hari (Wahyuni, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Ngegat
jantan umumnya berukuran lebih besar daripada betinanya. Jantan berukuran
20-25mm dan betina 8-11mm. Pada betina dan jantan mempunyai warna coklat pada
bagian sayap. Jantan pada umumnya mempunyai warna yang lebih cerah. Pada siang
hari ngengat akan besembunyi pada bagian tubuh pohon dan aktif pada malam hari
(Ahmad, 2007). Imago memiliki sayap dengan bintik putih dan sekumpulan sisik
berwarna kecoklatan. Imago betina dapat hidup selama 16-24 hari. Pengendalian
yang dapat dilakukan secara mekanis dengan mengumpulkan larva dengan tangan
(Wahyuni, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Gejala Serangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Ulat
Crop kubis (<i>Crocidolomia binotalis </i><b>Zell.</b>) sering menyerang titik tumbuh
sehingga sering disebut ulat jantung kubis. Ulatnya kecil berwarna hijau lebih
besar dari ulat tritip,jika sudah besar garis-garis coklat,jika diganggu agak
malas untuk bergerak. Larva muda bergerombol di permukaan bawah daun kubis dan
meninggalkan bercak putih pada daun yang dimakan.Larva instar ketiga sampai
kelima memencar dan menyerang pucuk tanaman kubis sehingga menghancurkan titik
tumbuh. Akibatnya tanaman mati atau batang kubis membentuk cabang dan beberapa
crop yang kecil-kecil. Ulat krop dikenal sebagai hama yang sangat rakus secara
berkelompok dapat menghabiskan seluruh daun dan hanya meninggalkan tulang daun
saja. Pada populasi tinggi terdapat kotoran berwarna hijau bercampur dengan
benang-benang sutera. Ulat krop juga masuk dan memakan krop sehingga tidak
dapat dipanen sama sekali. (Ahmad, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Larva
muda memakan daun dan meninggalkan lapisan epidermis yang kemudian berlubang
setelah lapisan epidermis kering. Setelah mencapai instar ketiga larva memencar
dan menyerang daun bagian lebih dalam menggerek ke dalam krop dan menghancurkan
titik tumbuh sehingga tanaman akan segera mati (</span><a href="http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ulat
ini biasanya ditandai dengan adanya kumpulan kotoran pada daun kubis dan krop
menjadi berlubang-lubang yang menyebabkan kualitas hasil panennya menurun.
Serangan utama C. binotalis yaitu pada bagian dalam yang terlindungi daun
hingga mencapai titik tumbuh. Kalau serangan ini ditambah lagi dengan serangan
penyebab penyakit, tanaman bisa mati karena bagian dalamnya menjadi busuk
meskipun dari luar kelihatannya masih baik (Santosa dan Sartono, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada
waktu siang hari bila ada gangguan imago akan terbang untuk mencari
perlindungan. Kupu-kupu bertelur dalam satu kelompok dengan ukuran 2,5 x 3 – 4
x 5 mm. Kupu-kupu betina umurnya dapat mencapai 16 – 24 hari dan menghasilkan
11 – 18 butir telur. Setiap kelompoknya terdiri dari 30 – 80 butir telur
(Pracaya, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengendalian Hama Ulat Crop<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Menurut Ahmad (2007) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pengendalian
yang dapat dilakukan adalah (1) Melakukan sanitasi Kebersihan kebun, yaitu
dengan membersihkan kebun dari bahan-bahan organic yang bisa membusuk yang
dapat menjadi sarang tempat hama ini bertelur. (2) Melakukan pola tanam dan
pengaturan jarak tanam, jangan menanam dua jenis tanaman yang disukai ulat crop
berdekatan. (3) Secara biologis, yaitu dengan menggunakan musuh alami dari hama
ini, (4) Secara mekanis dengan menangkapi langsung hama ini dan di musnahkan.
(5) Melakukan pemangkasan agar lingkungan tajuk tidak terlalu rimbun. (6) Melakukan
pemangkasan terhadap tanaman yang terserang berat. (7) Dengan menggunakan
perangkap yaitu berupa perangkap cahaya. (8) Membuat persemaian di tempat yang
tidak terlindung atau mengurangi naungan. (9) Secara kimia, yaitu dengan
penggunaan Insektisida alami seperti akar tuba, daun pucung tembakau dan
lengkuas dan disemprotkan pada pada daun, batang dan bagian lainnya yang belum
terserang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">PERMASALAHAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Ulat jantung (Crocidolomia binnotalis)
merupakan hama yang penting pada tanaman kubis. Munculnya hama ini pada
pertanaman kubis merupakan ancaman yang serius bagi petani. Pada tahun 1998
Balai Proteksi Tanaman Pangan & Hortikultura V melaporkan ulat jantung
kubis merupakan hama yang menempati urutan pertama penyebab kerusakan
tanaman kubis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Selanjutnya
disampaikan bahwa pada tanaman kubis sampai sekarang belum dapat diatasi secara
memuaskan, meskipun pengendalian kimia telah dilakukan secara intensif. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Tanaman kubis (<i>Brassica oleraceae</i> var. <i>capitata</i> L.)
merupakan tanaman sayuran yang sudah tidak asing lagi bagi masyarakat, baik itu
kalangan konsumen maupun para petani. Kubis merupakan tanaman sayuran yang
sekarang telah banyak diusahakan para petani di pedesaan Indonesia dan telah
dijadikan salah satu andalan sumber nafkah para petani untuk meningkatkan taraf
hidup.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4414864719232378661" name="more"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Hasil rata-rata produksi kubis di Indonesia tergolong
masih rendah, yaitu berkisar 10 -15 ton per ha. Dibandingkan dengan
negara-negara penghasil kubis lainnya seperti Nederland, ± 36 ton per ha dan
Amerika Serikat ± 25 ton per ha. Di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara sendiri yang
merupakan daerah pertanaman sayuran yang cukup besar di kawasan Indonesia Timur
memiliki rata-rata produksi hanya 12 ton per ha. Rendahnya produksi
tanaman kubis di Sulawesi Utara selain disebabkan oleh sistem bercocok tanam
yang masih bersifat konvensional juga oleh adanya serangan hama terutama hama</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> ulat
crop ini karena bersifat merusak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ulat
ini biasanya ditandai dengan adanya kumpulan kotoran pada daun kubis dan krop
menjadi berlubang-lubang yang menyebabkan kualitas hasil panennya menurun.
Serangan utama C. binotalis yaitu pada bagian dalam yang terlindungi daun
hingga mencapai titik tumbuh. Kalau serangan ini ditambah lagi dengan serangan
penyebab penyakit, tanaman bisa mati karena bagian dalamnya menjadi busuk
meskipun dari luar kelihatannya masih baik. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Serangan
hama dan penyakit merupakan faktor pembatas produksi yang masih berpengaruh
besar dalam budidaya kubis. Selain
menyerang tanaman serangga juga dapat berperan sebagai vector penyakit yang
berbahaya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dari
hasil pengamatan didapati bahwa Pada tanaman kubis yang pada serangan berat
ulat crop akan dapat merusakkan hampir keseluruhan dari bagian tanaman kubis
karena ulat ini langsung menyerang ke titik tumbuh tanaman. Hal ini sesuai
dengan literature yang dikemukakan oleh Ahmad (2007) yang menyatakan bahwa pada
tanaman kubis yang diserang hebat akan menjadi rusak. Cara makan larva yang
rakus dan mampu menghabiskan seluruh daun kubis merupakan alas an yang
menyebabkan ulat ini menjadi hama utama pada kubis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dari
hasil pengamatan didapati bahwa untuk mengendalikan hama ini diperlukan tehnik
tehnik tertentu misalnya secara mekanis, biologis dan kimiawi. Hal ini sesuai
dengan literature yang dikemukakan oleh Santosa dan Sartono (2007) yang
menyatakan bahwa Pengendalian yang dapat dilakukan antara lain Secara biologis,
yaitu dengan menggunakan musuh alami dari hama ini, sepertiTabuhan Trichograma
sp. Lalat sturmiopsis inferens Townsend, Secara kimia, yaitu dengan penggunaan
Insektisida alami, Secara mekanis dengan menangkapi langsung hama ini dan di
musnahkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dari
hasil pengamatan didapati bahwa gejala serangan pada hama ini terlihat Mula
mula Larva muda bergerombol di permukaan bawah daun kubis dan meninggalkan
bercak putih pada daun yang dimakan. Larva instar ketiga sampai kelima memencar
dan menyerang pucuk tanaman kubis sehingga menghancurkan titik tumbuh.
Akibatnya tanaman mati atau batang kubis membentuk cabang dan beberapa crop
yang kecil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kubis bunga biasa tumbuh
pada daerah yang bersuhu antara 20-25ºC. Hal ini Sesuai dengan Ahmad (2007) yang
menyatakan bahwa Kubis bunga biasa tumbuh pada daerah yang bersuhu antara
20-25ºC. Suhu yang terlalu rendah atau terlalu tinggi akan menyebabkan
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bunganya terganggu. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Kubis (<i>Brassica
oleracea</i>. ) merupakan tanaman hortikultura<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Hama
ulat krop (<i>crocidolomia binotalis</i>.) merupakan hama utama bagi tanaman
kubis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Biologi
hama <i>crocidolomia binotalis</i>.adalah, telur, ulat, dan imago<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Gejala
serangan yang ditimbulkan <i>crocidolomia binotalis</i>. terlihat pada
Larva muda bergerombol di permukaan bawah daun kubis dan meninggalkan bercak putih
pada daun yang dimakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pada
serangan yang berat menyabebkan tanaman kubis menjadi rusak diseluruh bagian
dan dapat menurunkan produksi tanaman dalam jumlah yang besar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pengendalian
yang dapat dilakukan antara lain: kebersihan kebun, mengatur pola tanam,
pennggunaan pestisida alami, dengan musuh alami, dan dengan menangkap langsung
hama ini dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Ahmad, H. 2007. Laporan Hama Ulat Crop (<i>Crocidolomia binotalis </i><b>Zell.</b>) (Lepidoptere : Pyralidae) pada
Kubis (<i>Brassica oleracea </i><b>L.</b>). Dizited by IPB e-repository copy
right. Diakses dari </span><a href="http://repository.ipb.ac.id/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">http://repository.ipb.ac.id/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> pada
tanggal 22 Mei 2012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Hadiwigeno, R. W. 2007. Pengenalan Hama dan
Penyakit Tanaman Hortikultura. ITSN e-repository. Diakses dari </span><a href="http://repository.its.ac.id/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">http://repository.its.ac.id/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> pada
tanggal 22 Mei 2012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<a href="http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> diakses
pada tanggal 22 Mei 2012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<a href="http://www.deptan.go.id/keefektifantanah/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">http://www.deptan.go.id/keefektifantanah/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> diakses
pada tanggal 22 Mei 2012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<a href="http://pertanian.uns.ac.id/~agronomi/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">http://pertanian.uns.ac.id/~agronomi/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> diakses
pada tanggal 22 Mei 2012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Jumar, 1997. Entomologi Pertanian. Rineka
Cipta. Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Mulyono, A. G. S. 2012. Pengaruh Pemberian
Perlakuan Berbeda terhadapat Tanaman Kubis dalam lahan Rumah Kaca dengan teknik
Invitro. Program Studi Agronomi dan Hortikultura, IPB. Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Novary, T. S. 1997. Bertanam Kubis. Penebar
Swadaya. Jakarta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pracaya, 2007. Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman.
Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Purnamasari, RD.A.W. 2006. Keefektifan CRY1B
dan CRY1C <i>Bacillus thuringiensis </i><b>B. </b>terhadap <i>Ptutella xylostella </i><b>L. </b>(Lepidoptera:Yponomeutidae)
dan <i>Crocidolomia pavonana </i><b>L. </b>(Lepidoptera:Pyralidae). Program
Studi Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, Fakultas Pertanian, IPB. Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Rukmana, H. 2010. Analisis Perkembangan Tanaman
Hortikultura Kubis di Kebun Percobaan Institut Pertanian Bogor. Diakses dari </span><a href="http://repository.ipb.ac.id/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">http://repository.ipb.ac.id/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> pada
tanggal 22 Mei 2012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t32"
coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="32" o:oned="t" path="m,l21600,21600e" filled="f">
<v:path arrowok="t" fillok="f" o:connecttype="none"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" shapetype="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:1.75pt;margin-top:8.45pt;width:54.1pt;
height:.05pt;z-index:251662336' o:connectortype="straight"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 74px; z-index: 251662336;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="74" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: background1;">Rukmana, H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">. 2012. Analisis Perkembangan Tanaman
Hortikultura di Indonesia Bagian Tengah. Program Studi Agronomi dan
Hortikultura, IPB. Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Santosa, J dan Sartono, S. 2007. Laporan
Penelitian Kajian Insektisida Hayati terhadap Daya Bunuh Ulat <i>Ptutella xylostell </i>dan <i>Crocidolomia binotalis </i>pada Tanaman
Kubis Crop. Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan, Departemen Pertanian RI.
Jakarta. Diakses dari </span><a href="http://www.deptan.go.id/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">http://www.deptan.go.id/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> pada
tanggal 22 Mei 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Spittstoesser, G.D. 1984. The Analitycal of
Pest Control. University of California. San Fransisco.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Sutarya, A.J., Sartika, F.S., dan Junaidi, A.S.
1995. Perkembangan Pertumbuhan Tanaman Hortikultura Kubis di Kebun Percobaan
Institut Pertanian Bogor. Diakses dari </span><a href="http://repository.ipb.ac.id/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">http://repository.ipb.ac.id/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> pada
tanggal 22 Mei 2012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Wahyuni, S. 2006. Perkembangan Hama dan
Penyakit Kubis dan Tomat pada Tiga Sistem Budidaya Pertanian di Desa Sukagalih
Kecamatan Megamendung Kabupaten Bogor. Program Studi Proteksi Tanaman, Fakultas
Pertanian, IPB. Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4414864719232378661.post-63668720773711981742012-10-28T17:14:00.000+07:002012-10-28T17:14:49.872+07:00HAMA PENGGEREK BATANG KAKAO (Zeuzera sp )<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:oval
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<b><b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">HAMA PENGGEREK
BATANG KAKAO (</span></b><i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Zeuzera
sp </span></i><b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">) <o:p></o:p></span></b></b></div>
<b>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 400%; margin: 0cm -17.85pt 0.0001pt -26.95pt;">
<b><span style="line-height: 400%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PADA TANAMAN KAKAO <i>( </i></span></b><i>Theobroma
cacao </i><b><span style="line-height: 400%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">L.<i> </i>)<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>LAPORAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>Oleh :<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b>JAMSON
HT <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b> 110301040 <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b> AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
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o:title="FPERT"/>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>LABORATORIUM DASAR PERLINDUNGAN TANAMAN SUB
HAMA</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>MEDAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>2012<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">HAMA PENGGEREK
BATANG KAKAO (</span></b><i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Zeuzera
sp</span></i><b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">) <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 400%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PADA TANAMAN KAKAO <i>( </i></span></b><i>Theobroma
cacao </i><b><span style="line-height: 400%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">L.<i> </i>)<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>LAPORAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
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<b>Oleh :<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>JAMSON
HT <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b> 110301040 <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b> AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Laporan ini
sebagai salah satu syarat untuk dapat mengikuti <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">Praktikal tes <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">di Laboratorium Dasar Perlindungan Tanaman Sub Hama</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara
Medan<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">Ditugaskan oleh :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">Dosen penanggung jawab<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><u><span lang="SV">( Ir. Fatimah Zahara )<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> NIP :</span></b><span lang="SV" style="background: white; color: #000099; font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1959 0710 1989 03 200 1</span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV"> Diketahui oleh : Diperiksa oleh :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV"> Asisten Koordinator Asisten Korektor</span></b><b><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><u><span lang="SV">(Ruomenson D.J. Bakara)</span></u></b><b><span lang="SV"> <u>(Irma
Agustina)</u> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV"> NIM : 080302037 NIM : 080302035<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>LABORATORIUM DASAR PERLINDUNGAN TANAMAN SUB
HAMA</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>MEDAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>2012<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 400%;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">Puji dan syukur
penulis panjatkan kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa karena berkat rahmat dan lindungan-Nya maka penulis
dapat menyelesaikan laporan ini tepat pada waktunya.</span><span style="line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Adapun</span> <span lang="IN"> judul</span> dari
<span lang="IN"> laporan </span> <span lang="IN">ini </span> <span lang="IN">adalah </span> “<b>Hama
Penggerek Batang</b> <b>Kakao </b>(<i>Zeuzera sp</i>) <b>pada Tanaman Kakao</b> <i>(
Theobroma cacao </i><b>L.</b><i> </i>)<b>”</b><i><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;"> </span></i><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">yang
merupakan salah satu
syarat untuk<b> </b>dapat mengikuti Pratikal Tes di</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">Laboratorium Dasar
Perlindungan Tumbuhan Sub </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">Hama Program Studi
Agroekoteknologi</span><span style="line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">Pada
kesempatan ini penulis
mengucapkan terima kasih
kepada </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">Prof.
Dr. Dra. M. Cyccu Tobing, MS, Ir. Fatimah Zahara, Ir. Muhktar Iskandar Pinem,
M.Agr., Ir. Lahmuddin Lubis, MP, </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">dan Ir.Mena Uly Tarigan MS, serta </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">A</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">bang dan </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">K</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">akak </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">A</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">sisten </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">L</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">aboratorium </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">D</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">asar </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">erlindungan </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">T</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">anaman yang telah membantu penulis sehingga laporan ini
dapat diselesaikan tepat pada waktunya.</span><span style="line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;">Penulis menyadari
bahwa laporan ini jauh dari kesempurnaan. Oleh karena itu, penulis mengharapkan
kritik dan saran yang bersifat membangun demi kesempurnaan laporan ini. Akhir
kata, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih</span><span style="line-height: 200%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Medan, </span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> Mei 2012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Penulis</span><b><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 400%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>KATA PENGANTAR</b>.......................................................................................... i<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>DAFTAR ISI</b>......................................................................................................... ii</div>
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<b>DAFTAR GAMBAR</b>.......................................................................................... iii</div>
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<b>PENDAHULUAN</b>................................................................................................ 1<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Latar
Belakang............................................................................................... 1 </div>
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Tujuan
Penulisan............................................................................................ 2</div>
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Kegunaan Penulisan....................................................................................... 2</div>
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<b>TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</b>...................................................................................... 3<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Botani
Tanaman............................................................................................. 3</div>
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Syarat
Tumbuh............................................................................................... 6</div>
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Iklim...................................................................................................... 6</div>
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Tanah..................................................................................................... 6</div>
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Biologi
hama.................................................................................................. 7</div>
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Gejala
Serangan........................................................................................... 11</div>
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Pengendalian................................................................................................ 12</div>
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<b>PERMASALAHAN</b>........................................................................................... 14<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PEMBAHASAN</b>................................................................................................. 15<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>KESIMPULAN</b>................................................................................................... 17<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Kesimpulan.................................................................................................. 17</div>
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<b>DAFTAR PUSTAKA</b>........................................................................................ 18<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>LAMPIRAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman kakao (<i>Theobroma
cacao </i><b>L.</b>) telah dikenal di
Indonesia sejak tahun 1560, tetapi baru menjadi komoditi yang sangat penting
sejak tahun 1951. Jenis yang pertama sekali ditanam di Indonesia Criollo, yaitu
di daerah Sulawesi Utara yang berasal dari Venezuela. Pada tahun 1888
diperkenalkan bahan tanaman Java Criollo asal Venezuela yang bahan dasarnya
adalah kakao asal Sulawes Utara tersebut, sebagai bahan tanaman tertua untuk
mendapat bahan tanaman unggul. Sebelumnya pada tahun 1880, juga diperkenalkan
bahan tanaman jenis forester asal Venezuela untuk maksud yang sama. Dari hasil
penelitian saat itu, direkomendasikan bahan tanaman klon-klon DR, KWC, dan G
dengan berbagai nomor (Sihotang, 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kakao (<i>Theobroma cacao </i><b>L.</b>) merupakan salah satu tanaman
perkebunan. Kakao dapat mulai berproduksi pada umur delapan belas bulan (1,5
tahun), dan dapat menghasilkan biji kakao yang selanjutnya dapat diproses
menjadi bubuk coklat. Secara teknis, rendahnya produktivitas dan mutu kakao
disebabkan beberapa hal, diantaranya: benih yang digunakan beragam dan local,
pemeliharaan dilakukan seadanya dan belum dilakukan fermentasi sebagai factor
penentu mutu kakao (Nasriyati, dkk., 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian Departemen Pertanian
(2005), kakao merupakan salah satu komoditas perkebunan yang peranannya cukup
penting bagi perekonomian nasional, khususnya sebagai penyedia lapangan kerja,
sumber pendapatan dan devisa Negara. Disamping itu, kakao juga berperan dalam
mendorong pengembangan wilayah dan pengembangan agroindustri (http://deptan.ac.id/
, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hama dan penyakit tanaman kakao yang juga merupakan hama utama
bagi para petani kakao adalah hama penggerek batang yang disebabkan oleh
sejenis serangga yang dalam bahasa latinnya <i>Zeuzera
coffeae </i><b>Nietn </b>dan <i>Glenea spp. </i>Hama ini dialami hampir
semua petani kakao kita, apalagi bila sanitasi lahan jarang dilakukan dan
member peluang untuk hama ini berkembang biak dnegan baik dan secara perlahan
dan pasti akan merusak batang kakao sehingga menjadi salah satu penyebab
menurunnya produktivitas kakao petani (Hidayat, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk mengetahui
bagaimana pengendalian hama Penggerek Batang
(<i>Zeuzera sp) </i>pada Tanaman
Kakao (<i>Theobroma cacao </i><b>L.</b>).</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai salah satu syarat untuk dapat mengikuti praktikal tes
dilaboratorium Dasar Perlindungan Tanaman Departemen Hama dan Penyakit
tumbuhan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai bahan informasi bagi
pihak yang membutuhkan informasi.</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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z-index:251653120' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251653120;"><span style="height: 42px; left: 0px; left: 497px; position: absolute; top: -83px; width: 60px;"><img height="42" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1029" width="60" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Botani Tanaman<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br />Menurut
Sihotang (2010) Tanaman Kakao (<i>Theobroma
cacao </i><b>L.</b>) di klasifikasikan
sebagai berikut,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kingdom : Plantae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Divisio :
Spermatophyta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sub Divisio :
Angiospermae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelas :
Dicotyledoneae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ordo :
Malvales<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Family : Sterculiceae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Genus :
Theobroma<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Spesies : <i>Theobroma cacao </i><b>L.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Habitat
asli tanaman kakao adalah hutan tropis dengan naungan pohon pohon yang tinggi,
curah hujan tinggi, suhu sepanjang tahun relatif sama, serta kelembapan tinggi
dan relatif sama. Dalam habitat seperti itu, tanaman kakao akan tumbuh tinggi
tetapi bunga dan buahnya sedikit. Jika di budidayakan di kebun, tinggi tanaman
umur tiga tahun mencapai 1,8 – 3,0 meter dan pada umur 12 tahun dapat mencapai
4,50 – 7,0 meter. Tinggi tanaman tersebut beragam, dipengaruhi oleh intensitas
naungan serta faktor faktor tumbuh yang tersedia. Tanaman kakao bersifat
dimorsisme, artinya mempunyai dua bentuk tunas vegetatif. Tunas yang arah
pertumbuhannya ke atas disebut dengan ortotrop atau tunas air (Sitompul, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Akar tanaman kakao (<i>Theobroma cacao </i><b>L.</b>) adalah akar tunggang (radix primaria). Pertumbuhan akar kakao
bisa sampai delapan meter kearah samping dan lima belas meter kearah sumber
air. Tanaman kakao (<i>Theobroma cacao </i><b>L.</b>) yang diperbanyak secara vegetatif
pada awal pertumbuhannya tidak membutuhkan akar tunggang, melainkan akar-akar
serabut yang banyak jumlahnya. Setelah dewasa tanaman tersebut menumbuhkan dua
akar tunggang (Sihotang, 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Tanaman kakao (<i>Theobroma cacao </i><b>L.</b>) dapat tumbuh sampai ketinggian 8-10 meter dari pangkal batangnya pada
permukaan tanah. Tanaman kakao punya kecenderungan tumbuh lebih pendek bila
tanaman tanpa pohon pelindung. Diawal pertumbuhannya tanaman kakao yang
diperbanyak melalui biji akan menumbuhkan cabang-cabang primer. Letak
cabang-cabang primer itu tumbuh disebut jorguette, yang tingginya dari
permukaan tanah 1-2 meter. Ketinggian jorguette yang ideal adalah 1,2 – 1,5
meter agar tanaman dapat menghasilkan tajuk yang baik dan seimbang. Dari batang
maupun cabang acapkali tumbuh tunas-tunas air (chupon). Bila tunas air ini
dibiarkan tumbuha akan membentuk jorket kembali. Tunas air tersebut juga
menyerap banyak energi sehingga bila dibiarkan tumbuh akan mengurangi
pembungaan dan pembuahan. Karena itu tunas air harus dipangkas secara berkala (Santoso,
2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Sama dengan sifat
percabangannya, daun kakao juga bersifat dimorfisme. Pada tunas ortotrop,
tangkai daunnya panjang, yaitu 7,5 – 10 cm sedangkan pada tunas plagiotrop
panjang tangkai daunnya hanya sekitar 2,5 cm. Tangkai daun bentuknya silinder
dan bersisik halus, bergantung pada tipenya. Salah satu sifat khusus daun kakao
yaitu adanya dua persendian (<i>articLarvaion</i>)
yang terletak di pangkal dan ujung tangkai daun. Dengan persendian ini
dilaporkan daun mampu membuat gerakan untuk menyesuaikan dengan arah datangnya
sinar matahari. Bentuk helai daun bLarva memanjang (oblongus) ujung daun
meruncing (acuminatus) dan pangkal daun runcing (acutus). Susunan daun tulang
menyirip dan tulang daun menonjol kepermukaan helai daun. Tepi daun rata,
daging daun tipis tetapi kuat seperti perkamen. Warna daun dewasa hijau tua
bergantung pada kultivarnya. Panjang daun dewasa 30 cm dan lebarnya 10 cm,
permukaan daun licin dan mengkilap (Suhaidi, 2005).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Bunga tanaman kakao
tergolong bunga sempurna, terdiri atas daun kelopak (<i>calyx</i>) sebanyak 5 helai, dan benang sari (<i>androecium</i>) sejumlah 10 helai. Diameter bunga 1,5 cm. Bunga
disangga oleh tangkai bunga yang panjangnya 2-4 cm. Tangkai bunga tersebut
tumbuh dari bantalan bunga pada batang atau cabang. Bantalan bunga pada cabang
akan menumbuhkan bunga ramiflora sedangkan bantalan bunga pada batang akan
menumbuhkan bunga cauliflora, yang diameter serbuk sarinya hanya 2-3 mikron
(Sihotang, 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Buah kakao yang masih muda
disebut <i>cherelle</i>, dan sampai 3 bulan
pertama sejak perkembangannya akan terjadi <i>cherelle
wilt</i>, yaitu buah muda menjadi kering dan mengeras. Kehilangan buah dapat
mencapai 80% dari seluruh buah yang semula berkembang. Buah yang sudah masak
disebut <i>pod</i> atau tongkol, warnanya
bermacam-macam dan ukurannya antara 10-30 cm. Buah yang sudah masak pada
umumnya memiliki 2 macam warna (Sunanto, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Syarat Tumbuh <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Iklim<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Kakao (<i>Theobroma cacao </i><b>L.</b>)
adalah tanaman perkebunan yang dapat tumbuh di berbagi tempat, asalkan sifat
fisik dan kimiawi dapat dipenuhi. Batas geografis penanaman kakao yaitu 20<sup>0</sup>LU
dan 20<sup>0</sup>LS, tetapi daerah kakao yang paling baik terbatas pada 10<sup>0</sup>LU
dan 10<sup>0</sup>LS. Tanaman kakao dapat tumbuh baik pada suhu 18<sup>0</sup>C-32<sup>0</sup>C
dengan suhu rata-rata 25<sup>0</sup>C, suhu rata-rata bulanan terdingin tidak
boleh kurang dari 15<sup>0</sup>C. Pengaruh suhu terhadap kakao erat kaitannya
dengan kertersediaan air, sinar matahari dan kelembapan. Pada suhu rendah
sering meyebabkan pembungaan terlambat dan penurunan suhu dibawah 22<sup>0</sup>C
menyebabkan bunga terhenti (Oktaviani, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Hal
terpenting dari curah hujan yang berhubungan dengan pertamanan kakao adalah
distribusinya sepanjang tahun. Hal tersebut berkaitan dengan masa pembentukan
tunas muda dan produksi. Areal penanaman kakao yang ideal adalah di
daerah-daerah bercurah hujan 1.100 –
3.000 mm per tahun. Disamping kondisi fisik dan kimia tanah, curah hujan yang
melebihi 4.500 mm per tahun tampaknya berkaitan dengan serangan penyakit busuk
buah (<i>black pods</i>) (Sihotang, 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Tanah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sifat-sifat tanah yang mempengaruhi
pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman adalah sifat fisik, kimia, dan biologi tanah.
Sifat kimia tanah meliputi kadar unsur hara mikro dan makro tanah, kejenuhan
basa, kapasitas tukar kation (KTK), pH atau keasaman tanah, dan kadar bahan
organik relatif mudah diperbaiki dengan teknologi yang ada. Sementara itu,
sifat tanah yang meliputi tekstur, struktur, konsistensi, kedalaman efektif
tanah (<i>slum</i>), dan akumulasi endapan
suatu (konkresi) relatif sulit diperbaiki meskipun teknologi perbaikannya telah
ada (Suhaidi, 2005).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Tanah yang baik untuk
pertumbuhan tanaman kakao mempunyai pH berkisar antara 6.0-7.0, kandungan bahan
organik tanah lebih dari 4%, KTK lebih dari 24 me/100gr, dan kejenuhan basa
rata-rata lebih dari 50% (Oktaviani, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Biologi Hama<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /> Menurut Ratmawati (2002)
Penggerek Batang Kakao (<i>Zeuzera sp</i>) diklasifikasikan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kingdom : Animalia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Phylum : Arthropoda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelas : Insecta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ordo : Lepidoptera<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Family : Cossidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Genus :
Zeuzera<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Spesies : <i>Zeuzera sp </i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br />Telur hama <i>Zeuzera sp </i>berwarna kuning kemerahan
atau kuning ungu dan akan berubah menjadi kuning kehitaman, menjelang menetas.
Telur diletakkan dicelah kulit kayu (http://www.deptan.go.id/, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Larva berwarna merah cerah sampai ungu sawo matang dan panjangnya 3-5 cm. Stadium larva berkisar antara 81-151
hari. Larva menggerek batang-batang berkayu dan ranting-ranting tanaman kopi
serta pada tanaman yang masih muda setidaknya 3 bulan dan cabang berdiameter 3
cm. Liang gerekan berukuran panjang 40-50 cm dan diameter 1-1,2 cm yang
melingkari batang dalam kulit sekunder, sehingga bagian atas cabang itu mati
dan mudah patah. Serangan hama ini bias mencapai bagian tengah kayu (Ratmawati,
2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Apabila larva masih aktif didalam, maka akan terlihat adanya
serbuk gerek berbentuk bLarvaan-bLarvaan kecil berdiameter 1-2 mm dengan warna
coklat kemerahan yang menggerek sampai ke bagian xylem dan bergerak kearah
vertical, dan atau membuat liang gerek melingkar batang. Adanya liang gerek
terutama yang melingkar batang, akan membuat pohon menjadi rentan terhadap
tiupan angin (Haneda dan Prat, 1999).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada waktu pembuatan pupa, larva akan keluar dari lubangnya. Pupa
berada didalam “kamar pupa” pada liang gerekan dengan panjang 7-12 cm. Umur
pupa 17-120 hari tergantung pada nilai gizi makanannya dan keadaan iklim pada
waktu berkepompong. Menjelang menetas, pupa bergerak dengan gerigi yang
terdapat di punggungnya turun dengan “tanduknya” ia mendorong sekat-ludah
hingga membuka pintu bundar. Kemudian ia bergerak terus ke bawah sampai pada
“pintu keluar” dan mendorong “daun pintu” sisa kulit yang kini sudah kering dan
mudah terbuka atau relepas. Pupa terus beringsut ke luar lubang sampai kurang
lebih separuh badannya menonjol keluar lubang dan menetaslah kupu-kupunya
dengan meninggalkan sarung kepompongnya tetap menyumbat pada “pintu keluar” (Ratmawati,
2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Imago keluar dari kepompong dengan meninggalkan kulit kepompong
yang menempel pada liang gerek. Tanaman inang dari Larva <i>Zeuzera sp </i>Adalah kakao, jati, mahoni, bungur, kosambi, kopi, kina,
kapuk randu, dan jambu biji. Negara penyebar <i>Zeuzera sp </i><b>Nietn. </b>Adalah
India, Srilangka, Asia Tenggara,, Papua Nugini, dan Cina (Sunanto, 2000).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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height:107.25pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\george\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.jpg"
o:href="http://img.over-blog.com/300x200/3/23/27/92/sp3/Copie-de-Zeuzera-pyrina-spe1--France-la-Chevrolie-copie-1.jpg"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><br /><!--[endif]--></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kupu-kupunya berukuran panjang 4 cm dan 2,5 cm lebar dengan warna
dominan merah. Telur diletakkan pada cokelat kulit kayu. Telur berwarna kuning
ungu dan bila hendak menetas berubah warna menjadi kuning kehitaman. Penyebaran
dibantu oleh parasut yang dibuat sendiri. Pada waktu menyebar persentase
kematiannya cukup tinggi. Siklus hidupnya 4-5 minggu (Siregar, dkk., 2000).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Imago berupa kupu-kupu menarik warna putih dengan bercah hitam,
abdomen biasanya abu-abau. Cara meletakkan telur dilakukan dengan jalan,
mengeluarkan corong penelurnya yang digerak-gerakkan kekanan dan kekiri,
kedepan-belakang sambil meletakkan telur. Kemudian beristirahat sebentar dan
bertelur lagi. Peneluran berlangsung 6-8 kali dalam sehari selama 5-6 hari.
Jumlah telur seluruhnya antara 500-1000 butir tiap ekor kupu-kupu betina.
Ngengat aktif pada malam hari (Ratmawati, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1036" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;left:0;
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z-index:251660288' strokecolor="white"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 51px; left: 0px; margin-left: 145px; margin-top: 271px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 274px; z-index: 251660288;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="51" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid white; vertical-align: top;" width="274"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251660288;"><br />
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Gejala Serangan Hama </span></b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Zeuzera sp </span></i><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Larva dari serangga ini menggerek cabang-cabang tanaman kakao yang
bergaris tengah sekitar 3-5 cm. Larva penggerek menyerang cabang tanaman kakao
dengan cara menggerek batang pada kulit sekunder, sehingga cabang bagian atas
mati atau mudah patah. Serangan pada cabang muda, pada umumnya hanya
menyebabkan hambatan pertumbuhan sementara. Jika Larva itu telah keluar, batang
tersebut tumbuh normal kembali. Serangan hama ini ditandai dengan adanya
kotoran yang membentuk silindrik dan berwarna merah sawo matang yang
dikeluarkan melalui liang gerek. Akibat dari serangan penggerek ini tanaman
kakao kehilangan sebagian dari cabang-cabangnya yang produktif. Bahkan jika
menyerang batang utama yang masih muda dapat mematikan tanaman budidaya (Sunanto,
2000).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada stadia larva dapat menyebabkan serangan penggerek batang
merah. Hama Larva ini merusak bagian batang dengan cara menggerek menuju
empelur (xylem) batang atau cabang. Menyerang tanaman muda. Pada permukaan
batang yang baru digerek sering terdapat campuran kotoran dengan serpihan
jaringan. Bila cabang terserang dipotong dan dibelah, akan Nampak lubang
gerekan masuk melintang cabang, kemudian membelok kea rah pucuk membentuk
terowongan-gerekan yang panjang. Akibat serangan larva penggerek batang merah
ini, bagian tanaman di atas lubang gerekan akan merana, layu, kering, dan mati,
sehingga menyebabkan distribusi hara dan air terganggu (Ratmawati, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
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z-index:251661312' strokecolor="white"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 52px; left: 0px; margin-left: 118px; margin-top: 187px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 274px; z-index: 251661312;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="52" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid white; vertical-align: top;" width="274"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251661312;"><br />
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="" style='width:175.5pt;height:138.75pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\george\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.jpg"
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croptop="27897f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><br /><!--[endif]--></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Serangan <i>Zeuzera sp. </i>Menyebabkan
daun mengalami nekrosis dan pucuk pada tanaman dewasa akan mati. Serangannya
terutama pada cabang-cabang muda yang lembek, misalnya di sudut tangkai daun. Larva
<i>Zeuzera sp. </i>Akan melubangi kulit kayu
kemudian Larva masuk kedalamnya dan merusak berkas pembuluhnya. Larva ini
dikayu mampu menggerek sampai dengan 9-30 cm dan mengeluarkan sisa gerekan
berupa serbuk kayu bercampur lender. Cabang yang diserang mengalami kekeringan
dan lentiselnya akan membesar sehingga akhirnya kulit kayunya retak dan pecah
(Siregar, 2000).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengendalian Hama </span></b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Zeuzera sp </span></i><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Secara Mekanis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Batang tanaman kakao yang
terserang dipotong 10 cm dibawah lubang gerak kearah pangkal batang kemudian
batang dibakar diluar kebun (Hidayat, 2008). Pengendalian dapat juga dilakukan
dengan cara menyumbat liang-liang gerek dengan kapas yang telah dicelupkan
dalam insektisida (Sunanto, 2000)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Biologis</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dengan musuh alami sejenis
parasitoid : <i>Bracon zeuzerae, Isosturmia
chatterjeena dan Carceria kockiana</i>. Selain dengan musuh alami, hama ini
dapat juga dikendalikan dengan jamur phatogen serangga <i>Beuveria bossiana</i> (Ratmawati, 2000)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kultur Teknis</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembersihan merupakan cara
bercocok tanam yang paling tua dan cukup efektif untuk menurunkan populasi
hama. Banyak hama yang dapat bertahan hidup atau berdiapause di sisa-sisa
tanaman. Dengan mebersihkan sisa-sisa tanaman tersebut berarti kita mengurangi
laju peningkatan populasi dan ketahanan hidup hama. Pada prinsipnya teknik
sanitasi adalah membersihka lahan dari jenis-jenis tanaman singgang, tunggul
tanaman, atau bagian-bagian tanaman berbeda (Untung, 1996).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kimiawi</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor pengendalian ini
digunakan apabila kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh serangga hama sudah melewati
garis Normal. Menutup lubang gerekan hama dengan kapas yang telah diberi aturan
Insektisida. Menginfus tanaman dengan insektisida sistemik, baik melalui batang
maupun ujung akar (Ratmawati, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1038" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:364.4pt;margin-top:-66.05pt;width:53.45pt;height:50.75pt;
z-index:251662336' strokecolor="white"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251662336;"><span style="height: 70px; left: 0px; left: 485px; position: absolute; top: -89px; width: 73px;"><img height="70" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1038" width="73" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">PERMASALAHAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Larva penggerek menyerang cabang tanaman kakao dengan cara
menggerek batang pada kulit sekunder, sehingga cabang bagian atas mati atau
mudah patah. Serangan pada cabang muda, pada umumnya hanya menyebabkan hambatan
pertumbuhan sementara Akibat dari serangan penggerek ini tanaman kakao
kehilangan sebagian dari cabang-cabangnya yang produktif. Bahkan jika menyerang
batang utama yang masih muda dapat mematikan tanaman budidaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada stadia larva dapat menyebabkan serangan penggerek batang
merah. Hama Larva ini merusak bagian batang dengan cara menggerek menuju
empelur (xylem) batang atau cabang. Menyerang tanaman muda. Bila cabang
terserang dipotong dan dibelah, akan Nampak lubang gerekan masuk melintang
cabang, kemudian membelok kea rah pucuk membentuk terowongan-gerekan yang
panjang. Akibat serangan larva penggerek batang merah ini, bagian tanaman di
atas lubang gerekan akan merana, layu, kering, dan mati, sehingga menyebabkan
distribusi hara dan air terganggu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Larva <i>Zeuzera sp</i><b>.</b> Akan melubangi kulit kayu kemudian Larva
masuk kedalamnya dan merusak berkas pembuluhnya. Larva ini dikayu mampu
menggerek sampai dengan 9-30 cm dan mengeluarkan sisa gerekan berupa serbuk
kayu bercampur lender.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Akibat serangan larva penggerek batang merah ini, bagian tanaman
di atas lubang gerekan akan merana, layu, kering, dan mati, sehingga
menyebabkan distribusi hara dan air terganggu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1039" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:376.4pt;margin-top:-54.05pt;width:53.45pt;height:50.75pt;
z-index:251663360' strokecolor="white"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251663360;"><span style="height: 70px; left: 0px; left: 501px; position: absolute; top: -73px; width: 73px;"><img height="70" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1039" width="73" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Akibat dari serangan penggerek ini tanaman kakao kehilangan
sebagian dari cabang-cabangnya yang produktif. Bahkan jika menyerang batang
utama yang masih muda dapat mematikan tanaman budidaya. Hal ini sesuai dengan Sunanto
(2002) yang menyatakan bahwa serangan pada cabang muda, pada umumnya hanya
menyebabkan hambatan pertumbuhan sementara. Jika Larva itu telah keluar, batang
tersebut tumbuh normal kembali. Serangan hama ini ditandai dengan adanya
kotoran yang membentuk silindrik dan berwarna merah sawo matang yang
dikeluarkan melalui liang gerek. Akibat dari serangan penggerek ini tanaman
kakao kehilangan sebagian dari cabang-cabangnya yang produktif. Bahkan jika
menyerang batang utama yang masih muda dapat mematikan tanaman budidaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada permukaan batang yang baru digerek sering terdapat campuran
kotoran dengan serpihan jaringan. Bila cabang terserang dipotong dan dibelah,
akan Nampak lubang gerekan masuk melintang cabang, kemudian membelok kea rah
pucuk membentuk terowongan-gerekan yang panjang. Hal ini seusai dengan
Ratmawati (2002) yang menyatakan bahwa Larva penggerek menyerang cabang tanaman
kakao dengan cara menggerek batang pada kulit sekunder, sehingga cabang bagian
atas mati atau mudah patah. Serangan pada cabang muda, pada umumnya hanya
menyebabkan hambatan pertumbuhan sementara. Jika Larva itu telah keluar, batang
tersebut tumbuh normal kembali. Serangan hama ini ditandai dengan adanya
kotoran yang membentuk silindrik dan berwarna merah sawo matang yang dikeluarkan
melalui liang gerek.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Larva ini dikayu mampu menggerek sampai dengan 9-30 cm dan
mengeluarkan sisa gerekan berupa serbuk kayu bercampur lender. Cabang yang
diserang mengalami kekeringan dan lentiselnya akan membesar sehingga akhirnya
kulit kayunya retak dan pecah hal ini sesuai dengan Siregar (2000) yang
menyatakan bahwa Larva <i>Zeuzera sp</i><b>.</b> Akan melubangi kulit kayu kemudian Larva masuk kedalamnya dan
merusak berkas pembuluhnya. Larva ini dikayu mampu menggerek sampai dengan 9-30
cm dan mengeluarkan sisa gerekan berupa serbuk kayu bercampur lender. Cabang
yang diserang mengalami kekeringan dan lentiselnya akan membesar sehingga
akhirnya kulit kayunya retak dan pecah<b>.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Batang tanaman kakao yang terserang dipotong 10 cm dibawah lubang
gerak kearah pangkal batang kemudian batang dibakar diluar kebun. Hal ini
sesuai dengan Hidayat (2008) yang menyatakan bahwa Batang tanaman kakao yang
terserang dipotong 10 cm dibawah lubang gerak kearah pangkal batang kemudian
batang dibakar diluar kebun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1040" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:358.4pt;margin-top:-70.4pt;width:53.45pt;height:50.75pt;z-index:251664384'
strokecolor="white"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251664384;"><span style="height: 70px; left: 0px; left: 477px; position: absolute; top: -95px; width: 73px;"><img height="70" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1040" width="73" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">KESIMPULAN <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Akibat dari serangan
penggerek ini tanaman kakao kehilangan sebagian dari cabang-cabangnya yang
produktif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Larva <i>Zeuzera sp</i><b>.</b> Akan
melubangi kulit kayu kemudian Larva masuk kedalamnya dan merusak berkas
pembuluhnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada permukaan batang yang
baru digerek sering terdapat campuran kotoran dengan serpihan jaringan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Larva ini dikayu mampu
menggerek sampai dengan 9-30 cm dan mengeluarkan sisa gerekan berupa serbuk
kayu bercampur lender.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor pengendalian Secara
Kimiawi digunakan apabila kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh serangga hama sudah
melewati garis Normal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Haneda, N.F. dan Prat, A.W. 1999. Sudi Mekanisme Toleransi
Leda (<i>Eucalyptus deglupta </i><b>Blumeb</b>)
Terhadap Hama Penggerek Batang (<i>Zeuzera
coffeae</i>) untuk Menunjang Pemuliaan Jenis. Diakses dari <a href="http://repository.its.ac.id/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://repository.its.ac.id/</span></a> pada tanggal 21 Mei 2012 Pukul 22.00 wib<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hidayat, H. 2008. Hama Penggerek Batang Tanaman Kakao.2008. Balai
Besar Penelitian Tanaman Perkebunan. Kalimantan. Diakses dari <a href="http://www.deptan.go.id/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.deptan.go.id/</span></a> pada tanggal 20 Mei
2012 pukul 17.30 wib<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.deptan.go.id/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.deptan.go.id/</span></a>.
2002. Musuh Alami, Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman Kakao [Edisi Kedua]. Proyek
Pengendalian Hama Terpadu Perkebunan Rakyat, Direktorat Jendral Perkebunan.
Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.deptan.go.id/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.deptan.go.id/</span></a>
Prospek Menggiurkan Investasi Budidaya Kakao. Badan Perijinan dan Penanaman
Modal Daerah Provinsi Kalimantan Timur. Samarinda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Nasriaty ; Firdausil, A.B. ; dan Yani, A. 2008. Teknologi Budidaya
Kakao. Balai Besar Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian, Balitbang
Peranian. Jakarta. <a href="http://www.deptan.go.id/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.deptan.go.id/</span></a>
diakses pada tanggal 19 Mei 2012 pukul 14.30 wib<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Oktaviani, W. 2008. Peningkatan Produksi Buah Kakao (<i>Theobroma cacao </i><b>L.</b>) Melalui Pemberian Zat Pengatur Tumbuh <i>Paclobutrazol </i>pada Berbagai Konsentrasi. Program Studi Agronomi,
Fakultas Pertanian, IPB. Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ratmawati, I. 2002. Penggerek Batang Merah (<i>Zeuzera coffeae</i>) pada
Tanaman Kopi. Balai Besar Perbenihan dan Proteksi Tanaman Perkebunan Surabaya. Diakses
dari <a href="http://repository.its.ac.id/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://repository.its.ac.id/</span></a>
pada tanggal 19 Mei 2012 pukul 21.30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Santoso, B. 2007. Mekanisme Budidaya Tanaman Kakao (<i>Theobroma cacao </i><b>L.</b>) pada Lahan eks PT Perkebunan Nusantara XI dengan Teknik Tumpang
Sari. diakses dari <a href="http://repository.its.ac.id/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://repository.its.ac.id/</span></a>
pada tanggal 21 Mei 2012 Pukul 19.30 wib<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sihotang, B. 2010. Kakao [Artikel-Budidaya Tanaman]. Bogor
Agriculture Institute e-repository. diakses dari <a href="http://repository.ipb.ac.id/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://repository.ipb.ac.id/</span></a> pada tanggal 18 Mei 2012 pukul 20.00 wib.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Siregar, THS ; Riyadi, S. ; dan Nuareni, L. 2000. Budidaya,
Pengolahan, dan Pemanasan Global Cokelat. Penerbit Swadaya. Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sitompul, A.G. 2008. Analisis Pertanaman Kakao (<i>Theobroma cacao </i><b>L.</b>) dengan Perlakuan Berbeda di Kebun Percobaan Institut Pertanian
Bogor. Diakses <a href="http://repository.ipb.ac.id/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://repository.ipb.ac.id/</span></a>
pada tanggal 20 Mei 2012 pukul 17. 20 wib<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Suhaidi, E. 2005. Pengembangan Budidaya Kakao dan Pengolahan
Kakao. diakses <a href="http://www.scribd.bertanamkakao/0r994889"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.scribd.bertanamkakao/0r994889</span></a>
pada tanggal 19 Mei 2012 pukul 18.20 wib<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sunanto, H. 2002. Cokelat, Budidaya, Pengolahan Hasil Studi dan
Aspek Ekonominya. Penerbit Kanisius. Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Untung, K. 1996. Pengantar Pengelolaan Hama Terpadu. Gadjah Mada
University. Yogyakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4414864719232378661.post-88350202422274076022012-10-28T16:12:00.000+07:002012-10-28T16:12:01.693+07:00PENYAKIT HAWAR DAUN (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary)<br />
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<b><b>PENYAKIT </b><b>HAWAR DAUN</b><b>
(</b><i>Phytophthora infestans</i><b> (Mont.) de Bary</b><i>)</i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<b>
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<b>PADA TANAMAN </b><b>TOMAT</b><b> (</b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Solanum tuberosum<b> </b></span></i><b>L.</b><b>)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><br />MAKALAH</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Oleh :<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Muhammad Habib
Sampurno<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>1</b><b>10301072<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI
1<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
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<br /></div>
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<b>LABORATORIUM
DASAR PERLINDUNGAN TANAMAN SUB</b><b> </b><b>PENYAKIT</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>FAKULTAS
PERTANIAN</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>UNIVERSITAS
SUMATERA UTARA</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>MEDAN</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>2012<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>PENYAKIT </b><b>HAWAR DAUN</b><b>
(</b><i>Phytophthora infestans</i><b> (Mont.) de Bary</b><i>)</i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>PADA TANAMAN </b><b>TOMAT</b><b> (</b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Solanum tuberosum<b> </b></span></i><b>L.</b><b>)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><br />MAKALAH</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Oleh :<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Muhammad Habib
Sampurno<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>1</b><b>10301072<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI
1<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Makalah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Sebagai
Salah Satu Syarat Untuk Dapat Mengikuti
Praktikal Tes di</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Laboratorium</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Dasar
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Perlindungan
Tanaman Sub Penyakit </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Program Studi
Agroekoteknologi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Fakultas
Pertanian </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b> Ditugaskan Oleh :<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Dosen Penanggung Jawab Laboratorium<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">(</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Ir</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span></u></b><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Mukhtar
Iskandar Pinem, M.Agr</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b> NIP
: 195</b><b>3 0129</b><b> 19</b><b>79</b><b>03100</b><b>1<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b> </b><b> </b><b>Disetujui Oleh Diperiksa Oleh </b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b> </b><b>Asisten
Koordinator </b><b> </b><b>Asisten </b><b>K</b><b>orektor<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>(</b><b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Muklis Adi Putra </span></u></b><b>)</b><b> </b><b>(</b><b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Nugraha Pratama Dhana</span></u></b><b>) <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>NIM : </b></span><b>080302017</b><b> </b><b> </b><b>NIM : </b><b>090301012<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>LABORATORIUM
DASAR PERLINDUNGAN TANAMAN SUB</b><b> </b><b>PENYAKIT</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>FAKULTAS
PERTANIAN</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>UNIVERSITAS
SUMATERA UTARA</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>MEDAN</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>2012<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b>KATA PENGANTAR<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Puji dan syukur
penulis ucapkan kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa karena atas berkat dan rahmat-Nya
penulis dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini tepat pada waktunya.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">A</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dapun
judul dari makalah ini adalah </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“</span><b>Penyakit </b><b>Hawar Daun</b><b>
(</b><i>Phytophthora infestans</i><b> (Mont.) de Bary</b><i>)</i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><b>pada Tanaman </b><b>Tomat</b><b> </b><b> </b><b>(</b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Solanum tuberosum<b> </b></span></i><b>L.</b><b>)</b><b>”</b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">yang merupakan syarat
untuk dapat mengikuti praktikal tes di Laboratorium </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dasar
Perlindungan Tanaman </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sub Penyakit </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Program
Studi Agroekoteknologi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Fakultas
Pertanian</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Universitas
Sumatera Utara, Medan.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada kesempatan
ini penulis ingin mengucapkan terimakasih kepada Ir. Lahmuddin Lubis, MP ; Ir Mukhtar
Iskandar Pinem, M.Agr ; Ir. Marheni, MP ;</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Ir. Mena Uly Tarigan, MS </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">selaku
dosen mata kuliah dan dosen pembimbing Dasar Perlindungan Tanaman dan juga kepada Abang dan Kakak asisten yang
telah banyak membantu dalam penyelesaian makalah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penulis
menyadari bahwa makalah ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan. Oleh karena itu,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">penulis mengharapkan
kritik dan saran yang bersifat membangun demi kesempurnaan makalah ini. Akhir
kata penulis mengucapkan terima kasih dan semoga makalah ini bermanfaat bagi
kita semua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Medan,</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> April </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">201</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">
Penulis</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>DAFTAR ISI</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>KATA PENGANTAR </b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.......................................................................................... i<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b>DAFTAR ISI </b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">........................................................................................................ ii<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b>DAFTAR
GAMBAR</b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">........................................................................................... iii</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>PENDAHULUAN</b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">................................................................................................. 1<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Latar Belakang</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">............................................................................................... 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Tujuan Penulisan</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">............................................................................................. 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan
Penulisan</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">....................................................................................... 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>TINJAUN PUSTAKA</b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.......................................................................................... 3<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Botani Tanaman</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.............................................................................................. 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Syarat Tumbuh</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">............................................................................................... 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Iklim</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">........................................................................................................ 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Tanah</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">....................................................................................................... 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Biologi Penyakit</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">............................................................................................. 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Gejala Serangan</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.............................................................................................. 8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Faktor Yang
Mempengaruhi........................................................................... </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengendalian.................................................................................................. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>PERMASALAHAN</b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">............................................................................................ 11<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b>PEMBAHASAN</b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.................................................................................................. 13<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b>KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.......................................................................... 15</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Kesimpulan</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">................................................................................................... 15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Saran</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">............................................................................................................. 15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>DAFTAR PUSATAKA</b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">...................................................................................... 16<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b>LAMPIRAN</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
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<b style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;"><b>DAFTAR
GAMBAR</b></b></div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -156.15pt; text-align: center;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="42">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 370.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="494">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Keterangan Gambar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="82">
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Halaman<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.2pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 370.75pt;" valign="top" width="494">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Umbi Kentang yang tidak terserang penyakit Hawar
daun</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.65pt;" valign="top" width="82">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.2pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Jamur <i>Phytophthora infestans</i><b> (Mont.) de Bary</b></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.65pt;" valign="top" width="82">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.2pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 370.75pt;" valign="top" width="494">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Gejala hawar daun pada tanaman kentang (<i>Solanum tuberosum </i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">L.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.65pt;" valign="top" width="82">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.2pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 370.75pt;" valign="top" width="494">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Daur menginfeksi </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Phytophthora infestans</span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> (Mont.) de Bary</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.65pt;" valign="top" width="82">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 400%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;"><br /></span></b></div>
PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b><br />
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kentang
</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(</span></b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Solanum tuberosum<b> </b></span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">L.</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">)</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">termasuk ke dalam family <i>Solanaceae</i>,
ordo <i>Tubiflorae, </i>Sub Kelas <i>Dycotyledoneae</i>, Kelas Angiospermae dan
divisi Spermatophyta. Bersifat musiman, umbi dibentuk pada bagian batang yang
disebut sebagai rhizoma (Iskandar, 1997).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tanaman
kentang </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(</span></b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Solanum tuberosum<b> </b></span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">L.</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> merupakan salah satu
tanaman penunjang program diversifikasi pangan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan gizi
masyrakat. Sebagai bahan makanan, kandungan nutrisi umbi kentang dinilai cukup
baik, yaitu mengandung protein berkualitas tinggi, asam amino <i>esensial</i>, mineral, dan elemen-elemen
mikro, di samping juga sumber vitamin C (asam askorbat), beberapa vitamin B
(tiamin, niasin, vitamin B6), dan mineral P, Mg, dan K (Cahyadi, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tanaman
kentang </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(</span></b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Solanum tuberosum<b> </b></span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">L.</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> umumnya rentan terhadap 300
jenis hama dan penyakit, baik yang disebabkan oleh virus, bakteri maupun
cendawan. Penyakit ini disebarkan melalui benih, tanah, alat-alat lapang dan
juga serangga sebagai vektor. Menurut Mendroza (1987) <i>dalam </i>Sugiarto (2001) tiga penyakit utama yang sangat sukar
dikendalikan adalah penyakit degenerasi virus, penyakit hawar daun (<i>Phytophthora infestan </i></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(Mont.) de Bar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">) yang disebabkan
oleh fungi/jamur dan penyakit layu bakteri (<i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i>).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Phytophthora infestans</span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (Mont.) de Bary</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> merupakan pathogen
yang tergolong kelas Oomycetes, ordo Peronosporales dan family Pythiaceae. </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Phytophthora infestans</span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (Mont.) de Bary</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dikenal
sebagai pathogen yang menyerang tanaman kentang dengan menyebabkan timbulnya
busuk daun atau hawar daun. Penyakit ini telah menjadi perhatian serius oleh
para pemulia kentang di seluruh dunia. Penyakit ini dapat menyebabkan kegagalan
panen, penurunan hasil, kehilangan dalam penyimpanan dan peningkatan biaya
proteksi tanaman (Listanto, 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan
Penulisan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">tujuan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dari</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">penulisan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">makalah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ini</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">adalah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">untuk</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">mengetahui</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">patogen</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penyakit Hawar Daun<b> (</b><i>Phytophthora infestans</i><b> (Mont.) de Bary</b><i>)</i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
pada Tanaman<b> </b>Tomat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(</span></b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Solanum tuberosum<b> </b></span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">L.</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">)”</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan
Penulisan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;">Sebagai salah satu
syarat untuk mengikuti praktikal tes di Laboratorium Dasar Perlindungan Tanaman
Sub Penyakit </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;">Program Studi
Agroekoteknologi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"> Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumtera Utara,
Medan</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;">Sebagai sumber
informasi bagi pihak yang membutuhkan.</span></li>
</ul>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><br />
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Botani Tumbuhan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Secara taksonomi tanaman kentang dapat
diklasifikasikan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kingdom : Plantae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Divisio : Spermatophyta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Subdivisio : Angiospermae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Class : Dicotyledoneae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ordo : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Solanales<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Genus : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Solanaceae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Famili : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Solanum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Spesies : <i>Solanum tuberosum<b> </b></i><b>L.</b> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(Cahyadi, 2009)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Daun tanaman kentang untuk pertama kali muncul adalah
berupa daun tunggal, tetapi daun-daun yang tumbuh selanjutnya berupa daun-daun
majemuk dnegan anak daun primer dan sekunder, dimana helaian anak daun primer
dan daun sekunder ini terletak pada tangkai daun utama dalam bentuk, ukuran,
warna, dan jumlah yang berbeda-beda. Menurut Burton (1966) <i>dalam</i> Sugiarto (2001) bentuk daun primer bermacam-macam, yaitu
oval, oblong, ovate, obovate, dan bulat. (Sugiarto, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Batang kentang kecil, lunak, dan bagian dalamnya
berlubang serta bergabus. Bentuknya persegi dan tertutup dilapisi bulu-bulu
halus. Batang yang muncul dari mata umbi ini berwarna hijau kemerahan dan
bercabang samping. Pada dasar batang utamaakan tumbuh menjadi tanaman baru.
Dengan demikian, stolon merupakan perpanjangan dari batang. Dengan kata lain
umbi kentang merupakan batang yang membesar, sementara itu akarnya bercabang
membentuk hara makanan dari dalam tanah (Cahyadi, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bunga tanaman kentang merupakan bunga sempurna, berwarna
putih, ungu atau merah keunguan. Bunga ini bersifat zygomorph dan mempunyai dua
jenis kelamin. Diameter bunga sekitar 3-4 cm dengan 5 petal dan sepal sehingga
bunga terbentuk warna batang dan berbentuk terompet. Benang sari melingkari
putik membentuk suatu kerucut berwarna kuning, kecuali untuk tanaman mandul
jantan, benang sari berwarna kuning terang sampai kuning hijau. Kedudukan putik
lebih rendah, sama tinggi atau lebih tinggi dari kerucut kepala sari. Tepung
sari yang berada pada kepala sari ini biasanya masak terlebih dahulu daripada
putiknya, sehiingga tanaman kentang ini melakukan penyerbukannya dengan cara
menyerbuk silang (Sugiarto, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Buah kentang erdapat dalam tandan, berbentuk bulat,
dengan ukuran sebesar kelereng, ketika muda berwarna hijau, setelah tua berubah
warna menjadi hitam. Tiap buah berisi lebih dari 500 biji berwarna putih
kekuningan, tanaman kentang akan mati setelah berbunga dan berbuah. (Cahyadi,
2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Umbi
kentang terbentuk sebagai pembesaran dari ujung stolon tetapi tidak semua
stolon dapat membentuk umbi. Bentuk umbi kentang dapat digunakan untuk
membedakan satu kultivar dengan yang lainnya, namun demikian bentuk umbi ini
juga dapat dipengaruhi oleh cara bertanamn, keadaan lingkungan tumbuh dan
penyakit. Lisinska Lesczynski (1989) <i>dalam</i>
Sugiarto (2001) mendeskripsikan bentuk umbi-umbi kentang berdasarkan
perbandingan panjang dan lebar menjadi : bulat (1,0:0,9 – 1,0:1,2 cm), bulat
oval (1,0:1,2 – 1,0 : 1,16 cm), oval (1,0:1,6 – 1,0 : 1,8 cm) oval oblong (1,0
: 1,8 – 1,0:2,0 cm) dan oblong (1,0 : >2,0 cm). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Syarat
Tumbuh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Iklim<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Curah
hujan yang dibutuhkan adalah sekitar 300mm/bulan atau 1000mm/tahun. Apabila
curah hujan terlalu tinggi, umbi tanaman akan mudah tersernag penyakit, karena
tanah menjadi jenuh air. Untuk mengatasi hal ini tentu diperlukan system
drainase yang baik agar tanah tidak menjadi jenuh air (Cahyadi, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Suhu
rata-rata untuk menghasilkan produksi yang optimum adalah 16-18<sup>0</sup>C,
pada suhu dingin tanaman dapat mengalami ‘frost’ (keluarnya cairan sel). Pembentukan
umbi akan terhambat apabila suhu tanah diatas 20<sup>0</sup>C, bahkan setiap
kenaikan suhu 5/9<sup>0</sup>C diatas suhu optimum dapat menurunkan hasil
sekitar 4% (Iskandar, 1997).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Angin
ternyata juga berpengaruh terhadap kentang. Angin yang terlalu kencang kurang
baik untuk tumbuhan berumbi. Pasalnya angin keras bisa merusak tanaman, dapat
mempercepat penularan penyakit dan vektor penyebar bibit penyakit mudah terbawa
kemana-mana (Andriani, dkk., 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tanaman kentang toleran terhadap berbagai jjenis tanah
kecuali tanah yang kehilangan airnya tinggi, sehingga sangat penting adanya
pengairan yang baik. Tanah ber-pH antara 4,8 dan 7,0 merupakan tanah yang cocok
untuk pertanaman kentnag. Menurut Horton (1978) <i>dalam </i>Sugiarto (2001) tanaman pada pH dibawah 4,8 akan kekurangan
kalsium. Sehingga menyebabkan umbi bermutu jelek, sedangkan jika pada pH tinggi
umbi akan mudah terkena kudis / scab. (Sugiarto, 2001). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Biologi Penyakit <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sistematika
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penyakit Hawar Daun</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> pada tanaman family <i>Solanaceae</i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> (<i>Phytophthora
infestans</i><b> (Mont.) de Bary</b><i>)</i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kingdom : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Chromalveolata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Divisio : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Eukaryota<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kelas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Oomycetes</span><span style="background-color: black; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1pt none black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 0pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0cm;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ordo : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Peronosporales</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Famili : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pyhtiaceae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Genus : Phytophthora</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Spesies : <i>Phytophthora infestans</i><b> (Mont.) de Bary</b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(Cahyadi, 2009</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penyakit
hawar daun sangat merusak dan sulit dikendalikan, karena <i>P. infestans </i>merupakan jamur pathogen yang memiliki patogenisitas
beragam. Pada umumnya pathogen ini berkembang biak secara aseksual dengan
oospora. Jamur ini bersifat heterotalik, artinya perkembangbiakan secara seksual
atau pembentukan oospora ahanya terjadi bila terjadi perkawinan silang
(matting) atanra dua isolate <i>P.infestans</i>
yang memiliki <i>matting </i>tipe beda
(Purwanti, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peyakit
hawar daun dapat masuk kedaerah baru melalui umbi bibit terinfeksi atau tanaman
family <i>Solanaceae</i> seperti tomat,
cabai, dan terung yang terinfeksi. Penyakit ini menunjukkan gejala pada daun,
dimana terdapat bercak seperti basah berwarna hijau terang kemudian berubah
menjadi coklat yang kemudian seluruhnya tertutupi bercak ini. Bias juga menyerang
kentang melalui spora yang jatuh ketanah. (Sugiarto, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Gejala Serangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gejala pertama dari penyakit hawar daun dilapang adalah terdapatnya luka pada daun
dengan bentuk yang tidak beraturan dan berwarna gelap setelah 3-5 hari
terinfeksi. Gejala tersebut biasa terlihat pada daun-daun sebelah bawah, dekat
titik pangkal petioles atau pada bagian pinggir daun. Serangan pada pinggir
daun menyebabkan bentuk daun tidak normal, dan warna berubah terang kemudian
mati setelah beberapa hari. Serangan pada bagian batang menyebabkan daun-daun
gugur, batang terlihat terang dan kehilangan warna. Gejala serangan ini akan
terus terjadi disepangjang batang dan tetap aktif pada kondisi panas atau cuaca
kering. (Lengkong, 2008).</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Serangan pada umbi menyebabkan bercak yang berwarna
coklat atau hitam ungu, masuk sampai 3-6 mm kedalam umbi dan tampak waktu
digali maupun waktu penyimpanan. Gejala lebih jelas tampaksetelah penyimpanan
dan dapat menutupi seluruh umbi, menyebabkan busuk, karena perkembangan
pathogen dan aadanya organism sekunder. Selain kentang, penyakit ini juga
menyerang tanaman tomat. (Warda, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Penyakit<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pembentukan
dan perkecambahan sporangium selain tergantung pada suhu dan kelembapan relatif
pada saat tersebut, juga kematangan sporangium. Sporangium dibentuk pada suhu
3-26<sup>0</sup>C dengan kelembaban relative diatas 90%. Sporangium akan
berkecambah apabila ada air bebas pada permukaan infeksi dnegan suhu 10-15<sup>0</sup>C,
setelah berkecambah berbentuk kecambah yang akan mempenetrasi jaringan pada
suhu 15-25<sup>0</sup>C dan memerlukan waktu sekitar 2-2,5 jam, segera setelah
itu akan terbentuk miselium di dalam jaringan dnegan suhu optimum sekitar 14-21<sup>0</sup>C,
suhu di atas 30<sup>0</sup>C menghentikan perkembangan dari cendawan sporangium
akan kehilangan viabilitasnya setelah 3-6 jam pada kelembaban di bawah 80%
(Iskandar, 1997).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengendalian</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengendalian penyakit HD sangat tergantung pada
perlakuan fungisida, yang dapat diaplikasikan sampai 18 kali permusim tanam
sehingga selain mengurangi keuntungan petani, juga sangat beresiko terhadap
kesehatan dan pencemaran lingkungan. Untuk itu dibutuhkan upaya alternative
penanggulangan penyakit hawar daun tanpa menggunakan fungisida. Sebagai contoh
Negara Equador untuk menanggulangi penyakit ini, petani mengeluarkan biaya
hingga $150 per-hektar untuk penyemprotan fungisida. Sedangkan di Indonesia
peggunaan biaya untuk fungisida $224 per-hektar. Fungisida kontak yang paling popular
digunakan adalah manozeb dan maneb, sedangkan fungisida sistemik yaitu curzate
dan acrobat. Selain itu ada juga digunakan fungisida daconil. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengendalian terhadap penyakit HD yang paling
efektif yang ramah lingkungan adalah dengan mengupayakan mekanisme ketahanan
yang bersifat alami. Metode klasik untuk menghasilkan tanaman yang memiliki
ketahanan terhadap penyakit yaitu dengan melibatkan gen ketahanan melalui
program pemuliaan baik dengan pemuliaan konvensional melalui hibridisasi antara
tanaman kentang budidaya yang resisten terhadap penyakit dengan tanaman kentang
tipe liar yang memiliki ketahanan alami terhadap penyakit Hawar daun, atau
melalui pendekatan teknologi DNA-Rekombinan untuk mengasilkan tanaman
transgenic yaitu dengan memasukkan gen tahan penyakit HD pada tanaman kentang
Budidaya (Lengkong, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">PERMASALAHAN</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Phytophthora infestans</span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (Mont.) de Bary</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> merupakan pathogen yang tergolong kelas
Oomycetes, ordo Peronosporales dan family Pythiaceae. </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Phytophthora infestans</span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (Mont.) de Bary</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dikenal
sebagai pathogen yang menyerang tanaman kentang dengan menyebabkan timbulnya
busuk daun atau hawar daun. Penyakit ini telah menjadi perhatian serius oleh
para pemulia kentang di seluruh dunia. Penyakit ini dapat menyebabkan kegagalan
panen, penurunan hasil, kehilangan dalam penyimpanan dan peningkatan biaya
proteksi tanaman</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penyakit
hawar daun sangat merusak dan sulit dikendalikan, karena <i>P. infestans </i>merupakan jamur pathogen yang memiliki patogenisitas
beragam. Pada umumnya pathogen ini berkembang biak secara aseksual dengan
oospora. Jamur ini bersifat heterotalik, artinya perkembangbiakan secara
seksual atau pembentukan oospora ahanya terjadi bila terjadi perkawinan silang
(matting) atanra dua isolate <i>P.infestans</i>
yang memiliki <i>matting </i>tipe beda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Serangan
pada umbi menyebabkan bercak yang berwarna coklat atau hitam ungu, masuk sampai
3-6 mm kedalam umbi dan tampak waktu digali maupun waktu penyimpanan. Gejala
lebih jelas tampaksetelah penyimpanan dan dapat menutupi seluruh umbi,
menyebabkan busuk, karena perkembangan pathogen dan aadanya organism sekunder.
Selain kentang, penyakit ini juga menyerang tanaman tomat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peyakit
hawar daun dapat masuk kedaerah baru melalui umbi bibit terinfeksi atau tanaman
family <i>Solanaceae</i> seperti tomat,
cabai, dan terung yang terinfeksi. Penyakit ini menunjukkan gejala pada daun,
dimana terdapat bercak seperti basah berwarna hijau terang kemudian berubah
menjadi coklat yang kemudian seluruhnya tertutupi bercak ini. Bias juga
menyerang kentang melalui spora yang jatuh ketanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 400%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36pt;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Phytophthora infestans</span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (Mont.) de Bary</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> merupakan pathogen
yang tergolong kelas Oomycetes, ordo Peronosporales dan family Pythiaceae. </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Phytophthora infestans</span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (Mont.) de Bary</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dikenal
sebagai pathogen yang menyerang tanaman kentang. Hal ini sesuai dengan
literatur Listanto
(2010) yang menyatakan bahwa </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Phytophthora infestans</span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (Mont.) de Bary</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> merupakan pathogen yang tergolong kelas
Oomycetes, ordo Peronosporales dan family Pythiaceae. </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Phytophthora infestans</span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (Mont.) de Bary</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dikenal
sebagai pathogen yang menyerang tanaman kentang dengan menyebabkan timbulnya
busuk daun atau hawar daun. Penyakit ini telah menjadi perhatian serius oleh
para pemulia kentang di seluruh dunia. Penyakit ini dapat menyebabkan kegagalan
panen, penurunan hasil, kehilangan dalam penyimpanan dan peningkatan biaya
proteksi tanaman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penyakit
hawar daun sangat merusak dan sulit dikendalikan, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36pt;">karena </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36pt;">P. infestans </i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36pt;">merupakan jamur pathogen yang memiliki patogenisitas
beragam. Hal ini sesuai dengan literatur Purwanti (2002) yang menyatakan bahwa
Penyakit hawar daun sangat merusak dan sulit dikendalikan, karena </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36pt;">P. infestans </i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36pt;">merupakan jamur pathogen
yang memiliki patogenisitas beragam. Pada umumnya pathogen ini berkembang biak
secara aseksual dengan oospora.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gejala
pertama dari penyakit hawar daun
dilapang adalah terdapatnya luka pada daun dengan bentuk yang tidak
beraturan dan berwarna gelap setelah 3-5 hari terinfeksi. Gejala tersebut biasa
terlihat pada daun-daun sebelah bawah, dekat titik pangkal petioles atau pada
bagian pinggir daun. Serangan pada pinggir daun menyebabkan bentuk daun tidak
normal, dan warna berubah terang kemudian mati setelah beberapa hari. Hal ini
sesuai dengan literatur Lengkong (2008) yang menyatakan bahwa Gejala pertama
dari penyakit hawar daun dilapang adalah
terdapatnya luka pada daun dengan bentuk yang tidak beraturan dan berwarna
gelap setelah 3-5 hari terinfeksi. Gejala tersebut biasa terlihat pada
daun-daun sebelah bawah, dekat titik pangkal petioles atau pada bagian pinggir
daun. Serangan pada pinggir daun menyebabkan bentuk daun tidak normal, dan
warna berubah terang kemudian mati setelah beberapa hari. Serangan pada bagian
batang menyebabkan daun-daun gugur, batang terlihat terang dan kehilangan
warna. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pembentukan
dan perkecambahan sporangium selain tergantung pada suhu dan kelembapan relatif
pada saat tersebut, juga kematangan sporangium. Sporangium dibentuk pada suhu
3-26<sup>0</sup>C dengan kelembaban relative diatas 90%. Hal ini sesuai dengan
literatur Iskandar (1997) yang menyatakan bahwa Pembentukan dan perkecambahan
sporangium selain tergantung pada suhu dan kelembapan relatif pada saat
tersebut, juga kematangan sporangium. Sporangium dibentuk pada suhu 3-26<sup>0</sup>C
dengan kelembaban relative diatas 90%. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengendalian terhadap penyakit HD yang paling
efektif yang ramah lingkungan adalah dengan mengupayakan mekanisme ketahanan
yang bersifat alami. Metode klasik untuk menghasilkan tanaman yang memiliki
ketahanan terhadap penyakit yaitu dengan melibatkan gen ketahanan melalui
program pemuliaan baik dengan pemuliaan konvensional melalui hibridisasi antara
tanaman kentang budidaya yang resisten terhadap penyakit dengan tanaman kentang
tipe liar yang memiliki ketahanan alami terhadap penyakit Hawar daun. Hal ini
sesuai dengan literatur Lengkong (2008) yang menyatakan bahwa Pengendalian
terhadap penyakit HD yang paling efektif yang ramah lingkungan adalah dengan
mengupayakan mekanisme ketahanan yang bersifat alami. Metode klasik untuk
menghasilkan tanaman yang memiliki ketahanan terhadap penyakit yaitu dengan
melibatkan gen ketahanan melalui program pemuliaan baik dengan pemuliaan
konvensional melalui hibridisasi antara tanaman kentang budidaya yang resisten
terhadap penyakit dengan tanaman kentang tipe liar yang memiliki ketahanan
alami terhadap penyakit Hawar daun, atau melalui pendekatan teknologi
DNA-Rekombinan untuk mengasilkan tanaman transgenic yaitu dengan memasukkan gen
tahan penyakit HD pada tanaman kentang Budidaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 400%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1029"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:360.5pt;
margin-top:-67.95pt;width:51.95pt;height:40.1pt;z-index:251659264' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251659264;"><span style="height: 54px; left: 0px; left: 481px; position: absolute; top: -91px; width: 69px;"><img height="54" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1029" width="69" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 400%;">KESIMPULAN
DAN SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kesimpulan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.7pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyakit </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">hawar daun </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">pada
tanaman famili <i>Solanaceae </i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">disebabkan
oleh </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">jamur </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <i><span lang="IN">Phytophthora infestans</span></i><b><span lang="IN"> (Mont.) de Bary</span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.7pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Phytophthora infestans</span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (Mont.) de Bary</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">memiliki gejala serangan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">yaitu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">luka pada daun dengan bentuk yang tidak beraturan dan
berwarna gelap setelah 3-5 hari terinfeksi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.7pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengendalian terhadap penyakit HD yang paling efektif yang ramah
lingkungan adalah dengan mengupayakan mekanisme ketahanan yang bersifat alami. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.7pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Salah satu
penyebab kendala pengendalian penyakit ini adalah suhu, iklim dan kelembaban.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Saran <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kedepannya diharapkan agar pengendalian Penyakit hawar daun (</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Phytophthora infestans</span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (Mont.) de Bary</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">) pada
tanaman famili <i>Solanaceae</i> khususnya
tanaman kentang (<i>Solanum tuberosum </i><b>L.</b>) agar lebih mengutamakan pengendalian
dengan cara menanam tanaman kentang budidaya yang resisten terhadap penyakit
hawar daun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Andriani,
O. ; Agustin, R. ; Romlah, S.N. ; Zulkha, V. T., 2010. Budidaya Kentang.
Diakses dari <a href="http://www.scribd.com/kentang/8528tu8twe/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.scribd.com/kentang/8528tu8twe/</span></a>
pada tanggal 5 April 2012 pukul 14.00 wib<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Cahyadi,
A, 2009. Simulasi Model Pertumbuhan Tanaman Kentang (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i>) dan Prediksi Kejadian Penyakit Hawar Daun
Kentang (<i>Phytophthora infestans)</i>. diakses
dari http://www.repository.usu.ac.id/si/. Pada tanggal 4 April 2012 Pukul 18.00 wib.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Iskandar,
Y.S., 1997. Peranan Agens Antagonis <i>Pseudomonas
</i>spp. Kelompok Fluorescens Terhadap Perkembangan Penyakit Hawar Daun Kentang
(<i>Phytophthora infestans</i> <b>(Mont.) de Bary</b><i>)</i>. Diakses dari <a href="http://www.studentpaper.ub.ac.id/78525925/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.studentpaper.ub.ac.id/78525925/</span></a>.
Pada tanggal 4 April 2012 Pukul 19.00 wib<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lengkong,
E.F., 2008. Penyakit Hawar Daun (Late Blight) : Permasalahan, Identifikasi dan
Seleksi Tanaman Tahan Penyakit. diakses dari <a href="http://www.scribd.com/kentang/42348/$%25"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.scribd.com//kentang/42348/$%</span></a>.
Pada tanggal 4 April 2012 Pukul 19.30 wib.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Listanto,
E., 2010. Ekspresi Gen RB pada Tanaman Kentang Kultivar Granola untuk
Meningkatkan Ketahanan terhadap Penyakit Hawar Daun (<i>Phytophthora infestans</i> <b>(Mont.)
de Bary)</b>. Diakses dari <a href="http://www.studentpaper.ub.ac.id/78525925/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.studentpaper.ub.ac.id/78525925/</span></a>.
Pada tanggal 4 April 2012 Pukul 19.00 wib<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nelson,
S.C., 2008. Late Blight of Tomato (<i>Phytophthora
infestans</i><b>)</b>. Diakses dari <a href="http://www.scribd.com/kentang/42348/$%25"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.scribd.com//kentang/42348/$%</span></a>.
Pada tanggal 4 April 2012 Pukul 19.30 wib.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Purwanti,
H, 2002. Penyakit Hawar Daun (<i>Phytophthora
infestans</i> <b>(Mont.) de Bary) </b>pada
Kentang dan Tomat : Identifikasi Permasalahan di Indonesia. <a href="http://repository.ipb.ac.id/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> diakses dari
http://repository.ipb.ac.id</span></a>/. Pada tanggal 3 April 2012 pukul 17.10
wib.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sugiarto, A, 2001. Uji Kultivar Hasil Radiasi dan
Introduksi Beberapa Kultivar Kentang (<i>Solanum
tuberosum </i><b>L.).</b> <a href="http://repository.ipb.ac.id/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> Diakses dari
http://repository.ipb.ac.id</span></a>/. Pada tanggal 3 April 2012 pukul 17.03
wib.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Warda, 2008. Hama dan Penyakit pada Tanaman Kentang di
Kabupaten Gowa Sulawesi Selatan. <a href="http://repository.ipb.ac.id/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> diakses dari http:/scribd/kentnag+sakit/4284728</span></a>.
Pada tanggal 3 April 2012 pukul 17.07 wib.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://www.google.co.id/imgres?um=1&hl=id&"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.google.co.id/imgres?um=1&hl=id&</span></a>
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada tanggal 3 April 2012 pukul 17.07 wib.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://www.tnau.agritech.portal.com/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.tnau.agritech.portal.com</span></a> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada tanggal 3 April 2012 pukul 17.07 wib.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://www.google.co.id/imgres?q=gejala+hawar+daun+pada+kentang/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.google.co.id/imgres?q=gejala+hawar+daun+pada+kentang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">/</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada tanggal 3 April 2012 pukul 17.07 wib.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4414864719232378661.post-84670810189070504082012-10-28T15:50:00.000+07:002012-10-28T15:50:58.857+07:00PENYAKIT BULAI (Peronosclerospora maydis Rac Shaw.)<br />
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</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .1pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENYAKIT BULAI (</span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peronosclerospora
maydis<b> </b></span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Rac Shaw<i>.</i></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
PADA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TANAMAN JAGUNG (</span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zea
mays<b> </b></span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">L<i>.</i>)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />MAKALAH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Oleh:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">FITRIA PERMATA SARI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">110301243<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI
IV B<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LABORATORIUM DASAR PERLINDUNGAN TANAMAN SUB PENYAKIT <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">M E D A N<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2 0 1 2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KUMPULAN
JURNAL LABORATORIUM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DASAR
PERLINDUNGAN TANAMAN SUB PENYAKIT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />LAPORAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">FITRIA PERMATA SARI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">110301243<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI
IV B<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kumpulan
Jurnal Sebagai Salah Satu Syarat Untuk Dapat Mengikuti Praktikal Test di LaboratoriumDasar
Perlindungan Sub Penyakit Program Studi Agroekoteknologi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fakultas
Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ditugaskan
Oleh :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dosen
Penanggung Jawab<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Ir.
Mukhtar Iskandar Pinem, M. Agr)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NIP
: 1953 0129 1979 03 1001 <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Diketahui oleh: Diperiksa oleh:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asisten
Koordinator Asisten Korektor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <u>(Muklis Adi Putra)</u> <u>(Akhmad Fauzan)</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> NIM: 080302017 NIM: 080302041<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LABORATORIUM DASAR PERLINDUNGAN TANAMAN SUB PENYAKIT <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">FAKULTAS PERTANIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">M E D A N<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2 0 1 2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">KATA
PENGANTAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Puji dan syukur penulis mengucapkan
kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, karena atas berkat dan rahmat-Nya penulis dapat
menyelesaikan makalah ini dengan baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Judul dari makalah ini adalah <b>“
Penyakit Bulai (</b><i>Peronosclerospora
maydis</i><b>)</b><i> </i><b>pada Tanaman Jagung (</b><i>Zea mays </i>L<i>.</i><b>)
” </b>yang merupakan salah satu syarat untuk dapat mengikuti praktikal test di
Laboratorium Dasar Perlindungan Sub Penyakit Program Studi Agroekoteknologi
Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Pada kesempatan ini penulis mengucapkan
terima kasih kepada Ir.
Mukhtar Iskandar Pinem, M.Agr., Ir. Lahmuddin Lubis, M.P., Ir. Toga
Simanungkalit, M.P., dan Prof. Dr. Dra. Maryani Cyccu Tobing, M.S. selaku dosen
penanggung jawab serta Abang dan Kakak Asisten Laboratorium Dasar Perlindungan
Tanaman Sub Penyakit yang telah membantu penulis dalam penyelesaian makalah
ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Penulis menyadari bahwa makalah ini
masih jauh dari sempurna, untuk itu penulis mengharapkan saran dan kritik yang
bersifat membangun demi kesempurnaan makalah ini dan semoga dapat bermanfaat
bagi pihak yang membutuhkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 2.6pt;">Medan,
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 2.6pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 2.6pt;">April 2012</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.6pt;">Penulis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.6pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.6pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR
ISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.......................................................................................... </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
i<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR ISI </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">......................................................................................................... </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Latar Belakang ............................................................................................ 1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tujuan Penulisan
......................................................................................... 2</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan
Penulisan .................................................................................... 3</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Botani
Tanaman .......................................................................................... 4<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Syarat
Tumbuh <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Iklim
................................................................................................ 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tanah
............................................................................................... 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Biologi
Penyebab Penyakit ......................................................................... 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Daur
Hidup Penyakit .................................................................................. 8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Faktor
yang Mempengaruhi Penyakit.......................................................... 8
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengendalian ............................................................................................... 9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PERMASALAHAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">............................................................................................ 10<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.................................................................................................. 11<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">KESIMPULAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">................................................................................................... 12<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">......................................................................................... 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LAMPIRAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jagung
(<i>Zea mays </i>L) adalah tanaman pangan kedua sesudah padi. Secara global
jagung adalah tanaman pangan ketiga setelah gandum dan padi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Jagung
berasal dari Mexico, dan di sana telah dibudidayakan selama ribuan tahun.
Jagung menjadi dasar kebudayaan Aztec dan Maya. Sekarang tanaman-asal ('nenek
moyang') dari jagung sudah tidak terdapat lagi di alam. Pada masa Columbus,
jagung dibawa ke Spanyol, dan dari sini oleh bangsa Spanyol dan Portugis
disebarkan ke Afrika dan Asia, termasuk Indonesia. Dewasa ini Amerika Serikat
merupakan produsen jagung terbesar, karena menghasilkan lebih dari separo
produksi dunia. Bahkan lebih dari 60 % dari jagung yang diperdagangkan di
pasaran dunia berasal dari Amerika Serikat (Purseglove, 1972). Meskipun
akhir-akhir ini penanaman jagung di tropik meningkat dengan pesat, namun sampai
sekarang jagung masih lebih banyak ditanam di daerah beriklim sedang (<i>temperate
regions</i>) (Semangun, 1993).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Jagung
merupakan salah satu jenis bahan makanan yang mengandung sumber hidrat arang
yang dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan (mensubstitusi) beras sebab :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Jagung memiliki kalori yang hampir sama dengan
kalori yang terkandung pada padi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Kandungan protein di dalam biji jagung sama
dengan biji padi, sehingga jagung dapat pula menyumbangkan sebagian kebutuhan
protein yang diperlukan manusia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Jagung dapat tumbuh pada berbagai macam tanah,
bahkan pada kondisi tanah yang agak kering pun jagung masih dapat ditanam (AAK,
2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Penyakit
bulai atau <i>downy mildew </i>pada jagung sejak lama dirasa menimbulkan
kerugian yang sangat besar, sehingga banyak dikenal antara para petani.
Penyakit bulai adalah penyakit terpenting pada pertanian jagung di Indonesia.
Kerugian karena penyakit ini dapat mencapai kerugian hingga 90%, sehingga
penyakit ini menyebabkan penanaman jagung mengandung resiko yang tinggi
(Silitonga, <i>dkk.</i>, 2007). Penyakit bulai adalah penyakit yang paling
merusak pada tanaman jagung di Indonesia (Sudjono, 1979) maupun di negara lain
di dunia. Di Indonesia dilaporkan penyebaran penyakit bulai meliputi 25
provinsi. Walaupun ada 5 species <i>Peronosclerospora </i>penyebab penyakit
bulai pada tanaman jagung telah dilaporkan (Renfo, 1980) hanya ada 2 species
yang telah dilaporkan sampai saat ini di Indonesia yaitu <i>P. maydis </i>dan <i>P.
philippinensis </i>(Wakman, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan Penulisan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun tujuan
dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penyakit bulai yang disebabkan oleh
jamur <i>Peronosclerospora maydis </i>pada tanaman jagung (<i>Zea mays </i>L.).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan
Penulisan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">-
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai
salah satu syarat untuk dapat mengikuti praktikal test di Laboratorium
Dasar Perlindungan Sub Penyakit Program Studi Agroekoteknologi Fakultas
Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">- Sebagai
bahan informasi bagi pihak yang membutuhkan.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><b style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Botani Tanaman<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Menurut
Rukmana (1997), jagung diklasifikasikan sebagai berikut : Kingdom Plantae;
divisi Spermatophyta; Subdivisio Angiospermae; Kelas Monocotyledoneae; Ordo Poales;
Famili Poaceae (Graminae); Genus Zea; Spesies <i>Zea mays </i>L. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Suku
rumput-rumputan (Gramineae), khususnya jagung, memiliki banyak species,
misalnya, Zea mays forma tunicata Larranhage, f.excellens Alef, f. microsperma
Korniche, f. dentiformis Korniche var erythrolepis, var. amylaceae, dan var. rugosa.
Persilangan antarspecies dan antargenus jagung menghasilkan varies atau
kultivar baru (Rukmana, 1997).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Setelah
perkecambahan, akar primer awal memulai pertumbuhan tanaman. Sekelompok akar
sekunder berkembang pada buku-buku pangkal batang dan tumbuh menyamping. Akar
yang tumbuh relatif dangkal ini merupakan akar adventif dengan percabangan yang
amat lebat (Rubaztky dan Yamaguchi, 1998). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Batang
tanaman jagung silindris dan tidak berlubang seperti halnya batang tanaman
padi. Batang tanaman jagung yang masih muda (hijau) rasanya manis karena cukup
banyak mengandung zat gula. Rata-rata panjang (tinggi) tanaman jagung antara
satu sampai tiga meter di atas permukaan tanah (Warisno, 1998). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Daun
jagung tumbuh di setiap ruas batang. Daun ini berbentuk pipa, mempunyai lebar
4-15 cm dan panjang 30-150 cm, serta didukung oleh pelepah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">daun
yang menyelubungi batang. Daun mempunyai dua jenis bunga yang berumah satu
(Wakman dan Burhanuddin, 2007). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Pada
setiap tanaman jagung terdapat bunga jantan dan bunga betina yang letaknya
terpisah. Bunga jantan terdapat pada malai bunga di ujung tanaman, sedangkan
bunga betina terdapat pada tongkol jagung. Bunga betina ini biasanya disebut
tongkol selalu dibungkus kelopak-kelopak yang jumlahnya sekitar 6-14 helai.
Tangkai kepala putik merupakan rambut atau benang yang terjumbai di ujung
tongkol sehingga kepala putiknya menggantung di luar tongkol. Bunga jantan yang
terdapat di ujung tanaman masak lebih dahulu daripada bunga betina (Wakman dan
Burhanuddin, 2007). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Jagung
memiliki buah matang berbiji tunggal yang disebut karyopsis. Buah ini gepeng
dengan permukaan atas cembung atau cekung dan dasar runcing. Buah ini terdiri
endosperma yang melindungi embrio lapisan aleuron dan jaringan perikarp yang
merupakan jaringan pembungkus. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">(Rubaztky dan Yamaguchi, 1998). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">Syarat Tumbuh </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Iklim <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Untuk pertumbuhan
optimalnya jagung menghendaki penyinaran matahari yang penuh. Di tempat-tempat
yang teduh pertumbuhan jagung akan
merana dan tidak mampu membentuk buah. Di Indonesia suhu semacam ini terdapat
di daerah dengan ketinggian antara 0 - 600 m dpl dan curah hujan optimal yang
dihendaki antara 85 - 100 mm per bulan merata sepanjang pertumbuhan tanaman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(Wakman dan Burhanuddin, 2007). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Selama pertumbuhan, tanaman jagung membutuhkan suhu optimum antara 23<sup>o</sup>C<sup> </sup>-27<sup>o</sup>C.
Meskipun keadaan suhu di Indonesia tidak merupakan masalah bagi pengembangan
usaha tani jagung, tetapi panen pada musim kemarau lebih baik daripada panen
pada musim hujan. Panen pada musim kemarau berpengaruh terhadap makin cepatnya
kemasakan biji dan mempermudah proses pengeringan biji di bawah sinar matahari.
Secara umum, tanaman jagung dapat tumbuh di dataran rendah sampai dataran
tinggi kurang lebih 1.300 m dpl, kisaran suhu udara antara 13-38, dan mendapatkan
sinar matahari yang penuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">(Rukmana, 1997). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Tanaman jagung toleran terhadap reaksi keasaman tanah pada
kisaran pH 5,5 - 7,0. Tingkat keasaman tanah yang paling baik untuk tanaman
jagung adalah pada pH 6,8. Pada tanah yang memiliki keadaan pH 7,5 dan 5,7
produksi jagung cenderung turun (Wakman dan Burhanuddin, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Tanaman jagung
toleran terhadap reaksi keasaman tanah pada kisaran pH 5,5 - 7,0.
Tingkat keasaman tanah yang paling baik untuk tanaman jagung adalah pada pH
6,8. Hasil penelitian di luar negeri menunjukkan bahwa reaksi tanah berpengaruh
terhadap hasil jagung. Reaksi tanah yang memberikan hasil tertinggi pada jagung
adalah pH 6,8. Pada tanah yang memiliki keadaan pH 7,5 dan 5,7 produksi jagung
cenderung mulai turun. Lahan kering di Indonesia sebagian besar adalah Podsolik
Merah Kuning (PMK) yang pHnya rata-rata rendah (masam). Bila lahan kering
ber-pH masam (pH kurang dari 5,5) dialokasikan untuk penanaman jagung mg, perlu
dilakukan pengapuran terlebih dahulu. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(Rukmana, 1997)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Biologi Penyebab
Penyakit </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Biologi Patogen <i>Peronosclerospora
maydis </i>(Rac.) Menurut </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Smith and Renfro (1999) klasifikasi dari patogen penyebab penyakit bulai adalah: Kingdom
Fungi; Filum Oomycota; Kelas Oomycetes; Ordo Sclerosoprales; Family Sclerosopraceae; Genus Peronosclerospora;
Spesies <i>Peronosclerospora maydis </i>Rac (Shaw). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Konidiofor berukuran 132 - 261 mikron,
tipis. Konidianya hialin, berdinding tipis, berukuran 24 - 46.6 x 12 - 20
mikron. Oogonianya berwarna coklat kemerahan, berbentuk elips tidak beraturan,
berukuran 55 - 73 x 49 - 58 mikron (Singh, 1998). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Pada
umumnya konidiofor mempunyai percabangan tingkat tiga atau empat. Cabang
tingkat terakhir membentuk sterigma. Konidium yang masih muda berbentuk bulat,
sedang yang sudah masak dapat membentuk jorong. Konidium tumbuh dengan
membentuk pembuluh kecambah (Semangun, 1993).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Gambar 1. <i>P. maydis</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sumber.<i>http://balitsereal.litbang.deptan.go.id/bjagung/satutujuh.pdf</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Daur Hidup Penyakit<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Peronosclerospora
maydis </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak dapat hidup secara saprofitik. Selain itu,
jamur tidak memebentuk oospora. Tidak terdapat tanda-tanda bahwa jamur bertahan
dalam tanah. Penanaman di bekas pertanaman yang terserang berat dapat sehat
sama sekali. Oleh karena itu jamur ini harus bertahan dari musim ke musim pada
tanaman hidup. Jamur dapat terbawa dalam biji tanaman sakit. Namun ini hanya
terjadi pada biji yang masih muda dan
basah, pada jenis jagung yang rentan. Konidium terbentuk di waktu malam pada
waktu daun berembun dan konidium segera dipencarkan oleh angin. Oleh karena
embun hanya terjadi bila udara tenang, pada umumnya konidium tidak dapat
terangkut jauh oleh angin. Konidium segera berkecambah dengan membentuk
pembuluh kecambah yang akan mengadakan infeksi pada daun muda dari tanaman muda
melalui mulut kulit. Pembuluh kecambah membentuk apresorium di muka mulut kulit
ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">(Semangun, 1993).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penyakit </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyakit bulai pada jagung terutama terdapat di dataran rendah.
Konidium yang paling baik berkecambah pada suhu 30 ºC. Infeksi hanya terjadi
kalau ada air, baik ini air embun, air hujan. Infeksi sangat ditentukan oleh
umur tanaman dan umur daun yang terinfeksi. Tanaman yang berumur lebih dari 3
minggu cukup tahan terhadap infeksi, dan makin muda tanaman, makin rentan pula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(Semangun, 1993). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Pembentukan
konidia jamur ini menghendaki air bebas, gelap dan suhu tertentu yaitu 24 ºC.
Penyakit ini merupakan penyakit yang paling berbahaya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyebarannya
sangat luas, kehilangan hasil dapat mencapai 90%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">(Wakman dan Burhanuddin, 2007). <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengendalian <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Semangun (1993), pengendalian penyakit bulai yaitu: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Penanaman varietas jagung yang tahan terhadap penyakit bulai
seperti Arjuno, Pioner 12, Abimanyu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Segera mencabut tanaman yang menunjukkan gejala penyakit agar
tidak menjadi sumber infeksi bagi tanaman di sekitarnya, terutama tanaman yang
lebih muda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Merawat benih dengan metalaksil
(ridomil 35 SD).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Tiga cara pengelolaan penyakit bulai dengan menggunakan
kultur teknis, penggunaan fungisida dan penanaman varietas tahan bulai. Hal
yang paling baik dapat digunakan kombinasi dari ketiga pengendalian tersebut
(Singh, 1998). </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Selain
itu, dapat dilakukan aerase dan drainase tanah agar keadaan kebun tidak lembab.
Perlu juga dilakukan pergiliran (rotasi) tanam dengan bukan tanaman yang
sefamili (Rukmana, 1997).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PERMASALAHAN <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gejala penyakit bulai dominan tampak pada daun
tanaman jagung dibanding dengan bagian tanaman lainnya. Pada tanaman dewasa
yaitu daun yang sudah tua terdapat titik-titik noda yang berwarna kecoklatan
seperti bulai serta terdapat serbuk yang berwarna kuning kecoklatan. Pada
permukaan atas dan bawah daun terdapat bercak kecil atau seperti bisul.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Salah satu penyebab rendahnya hasil jagung di Indonesia
adalah serangan penyakit bulai (<i>P. maydis</i>).
Direktorat Perlindungan Tanaman melaporkan bahwa pada periode 1978-1981
rata-rata areal pertanaman jagung yang rusak oleh penyakit ini sebesar 57.871
ha dengan intensitas serangan mencapai 26, 5 %.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Penyakit bulai (<i>P.
maydis</i>) merupakan penyakit yang endemis, banyak kerugian yang diakibatkan
oleh penyakit ini dan sering menjadi penyebab utama rendahnya hasil di beberapa
daerah sentra produksi jagung di Indonesia. Kehilangan hasil akibat penyakit
ini cukup besar dapat mencapai antara 45-70%. Di Amerika Serikat kehilangan hasil
mencapai 45%, di Nigeria sebesar 50% dan lebih besar lagi di Afrika mencapai
70%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Pengendalian penyakit bulai dapat dilakukan dengan
berbagai cara seperti menanam varietas tahan, pengaturan waktu tanama, dan
penggunaan bahan kimia (fungisida), tetapi penggunaan fungisida dalam
pengendalian penyakit bulai pada jagung semakin lebih sering dilakukan sehingga
tanaman menjadi resisten terhadap penyakit tersebut akibat penggunaan fungisida
secara terus menerus dan tidak sesuai dengan dosis anjuran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gejala penyakit bulai dominan tampak pada daun
tanaman jagung dibanding dengan bagian tanaman lainnya. Pada daun yang sudah
tua terdapat titik-titik noda yang berwarna kecoklatan seperti bulai serta
terdapat serbuk yang berwarna kuning kecoklatan. Hal ini sesuai dengan
literatur yang dikemukakan Semangun (1993) yang menyatakan bahwa pada tanaman
dewasa terdapat titik noda yang berwarna kecoklatan seperti karat dan serbuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Salah satu penyebab rendahnya hasil jagung di Indonesia
adalah serangan penyakit bulai (<i>P. maydis</i>). Areal pertanaman jagung yang rusak oleh
penyakit ini sebesar 57.871 ha dengan intensitas serangan mencapai 26, 5 %. Hal
ini sesuai dengan literatur yang dikemukakan oleh Rukmana (1997) yang
menyatakan bahwa pada areal tanaman jagung di Indonesia dimana intensitas
serangan akibat penyakit ini mencapai 26,5%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
Penyakit
bulai pada jagung terutama terdapat di dataran rendah. Konidium yang paling
baik berkecambah pada suhu 30 ºC. Hal ini sesuai dengan literatur yang
dikemukakan Semangun (1993) yang menyatakan bahwa infeksi hanya terjadi kalau
ada air, baik ini air embun, air hujan. Infeksi sangat ditentukan oleh umur
tanaman dan umur daun yang terinfeksi. Tanaman yang berumur lebih dari 3 minggu
cukup tahan terhadap infeksi, dan makin muda tanaman, makin rentan.</div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Pembentukan
konidia jamur ini menghendaki air bebas, gelap dan suhu tertentu yaitu 24 ºC. Hal
ini sesuai dengan literatur Wakman dan Burhanuddin (<span style="color: windowtext;">2007)</span>
yang menyatakan bahwa penyakit ini merupakan penyakit yang paling berbahaya dan
p<span style="color: windowtext;">enyebarannya sangat luas, kehi</span>langan
hasil dapat mencapai 90%.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">KESIMPULAN <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penyakit bulai pada daun jagung disebabkan oleh
jamur <i>Peronoscleospora maydis</i>
Rac Shaw.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gejala penyakit bulai dominan tampak pada daun
tanaman jagung dibanding dengan bagian tanaman lainnya. Pada daun yang
sudah tua terdapat titik-titik noda yang berwarna kecoklatan seperti bulai
serta terdapat serbuk yang berwarna kuning kecoklatan.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kehilangan hasil akibat penyakit ini cukup
besar dapat mencapai antara 45-70%.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pada areal pertanaman jagung yang rusak oleh
penyakit ini sebesar 57.871 ha dengan intensitas serangan mencapai 26, 5
%.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengendalian dengan menggunakan fungisida
dianjurkan pada saat intensitas serangan penyakit bulai lebih besar 21%.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">AAK.
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4414864719232378661.post-43738365024106256422012-10-27T09:42:00.000+07:002012-10-28T15:00:23.271+07:00PENYAKIT BUSUK LUNAK (Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora (Jones) Dye.) PADA TANAMAN TOMAT (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.)<br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENYAKIT </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BUSUK LUNAK</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
(</span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Erwinia carotovora </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pv.
<i>carotovora</i><b> (Jones) Dye.<i>)</i></b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PADA TANAMAN </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">TOMAT</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (</span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Lycopersicum esculentum<b> </b></span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Mill.</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">10301040<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LABORATORIUM
DASAR PERLINDUNGAN TANAMAN SUB</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENYAKIT</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">FAKULTAS
PERTANIAN</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UNIVERSITAS
SUMATERA UTARA</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">2012<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENYAKIT </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BUSUK LUNAK</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
(</span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Erwinia carotovora </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pv.
<i>carotovora</i><b> (Jones) Dye.<i>)</i></b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PADA TANAMAN </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">TOMAT</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (</span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Lycopersicum esculentum<b> </b></span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Mill.</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br />MAKALAH</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;">Oleh :<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">JAMSON H T<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">10301040<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI
1<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Makalah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebagai
Salah Satu Syarat Untuk Dapat Mengikuti
Praktikal Tes di</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Laboratorium</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dasar
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perlindungan
Tanaman Sub Penyakit </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Program Studi
Agroekoteknologi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fakultas
Pertanian </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: blue;"> Ditugaskan Oleh :<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Dosen Penanggung Jawab Laboratorium<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ir</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></u></b><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mukhtar
Iskandar Pinem, M.Agr</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> NIP
: 195</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3 0129</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> 19</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">79</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">03100</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Disetujui Oleh Diperiksa Oleh </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asisten
Koordinator </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asisten </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">K</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">orektor<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(</span></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Muklis Adi Putra </span></u></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(</span></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Intan Purnamasari</span></u></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">) <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>NIM : </b></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">080302017</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> NIM : </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">090301178<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LABORATORIUM
DASAR PERLINDUNGAN TANAMAN SUB</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENYAKIT</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">FAKULTAS
PERTANIAN</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UNIVERSITAS
SUMATERA UTARA</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MEDAN</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">2012<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<b><b><span style="color: blue;"><b> </b><b>KATA PENGANTAR<o:p></o:p></b></span></b></b></div>
<b><b><span style="color: blue;">
</span></b></b><br />
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<b><b><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Puji dan syukur
penulis ucapkan kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa karena atas berkat dan rahmat-Nya
penulis dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini tepat pada waktunya.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></b></div>
<b><b><span style="color: blue;">
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">A</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dapun
judul dari makalah ini adalah </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“</span><b>Penyakit</b><b> </b><b>Busuk
Lunak
</b><b> </b><b> </b><b>(</b><i>Erwinia carotovora </i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pv.
<i>carotovora<b> </b></i><b>(Jones) Dye.</b></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><b>pada Tanaman </b><b>Tomat</b><b> (</b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lycopersicum esculentum<b> </b></span></i><b>Mill.</b><b>)</b><b>”</b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">yang merupakan syarat
untuk dapat mengikuti praktikal tes di Laboratorium </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dasar
Perlindungan Tanaman </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sub Penyakit </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Program
Studi Agroekoteknologi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Fakultas
Pertanian</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Universitas
Sumatera Utara, Medan.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada kesempatan
ini penulis ingin mengucapkan terimakasih kepada Ir. Lahmuddin Lubis, MP ; Ir Mukhtar
Iskandar Pinem, M.Agr ; Ir. Marheni, MP ;</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Ir. Mena Uly Tarigan, MS </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">selaku
dosen mata kuliah dan dosen pembimbing Dasar Perlindungan Tanaman dan juga kepada Abang dan Kakak asisten yang
telah banyak membantu dalam penyelesaian makalah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penulis
menyadari bahwa makalah ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan. Oleh karena itu,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">penulis mengharapkan kritik
dan saran yang bersifat membangun demi kesempurnaan makalah ini. Akhir kata
penulis mengucapkan terima kasih dan semoga makalah ini bermanfaat bagi kita
semua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Medan,</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> April </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">201</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><b style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;"></span></b></div>
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<b>DAFTAR ISI</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>KATA PENGANTAR </b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.......................................................................................... i<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b>DAFTAR ISI </b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">........................................................................................................ ii<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b>DAFTAR
GAMBAR</b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">........................................................................................... iii</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>PENDAHULUAN</b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">................................................................................................. 1<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Latar Belakang</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">............................................................................................... 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Tujuan Penulisan</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">............................................................................................. 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan
Penulisan</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">....................................................................................... 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>TINJAUN PUSTAKA</b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.......................................................................................... 3<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Botani Tanaman</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.............................................................................................. 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Syarat Tumbuh</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">............................................................................................... 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Iklim</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">........................................................................................................ 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Tanah</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">....................................................................................................... 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Biologi Penyakit</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">............................................................................................. 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Gejala Serangan</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.............................................................................................. 8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Faktor Yang
Mempengaruhi........................................................................... </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengendalian.................................................................................................. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>PERMASALAHAN</b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">............................................................................................ 11<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b>PEMBAHASAN</b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.................................................................................................. 12<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b>KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.......................................................................... 14</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Kesimpulan</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">................................................................................................... 14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Saran</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">............................................................................................................. 14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>DAFTAR PUSATAKA</b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">...................................................................................... 15<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b>LAMPIRAN</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>DAFTAR
GAMBAR<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="42"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 361.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="482"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Keterangan Gambar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="95"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Halaman<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.2pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Buah Tomat yang tidak terserang penyakit Busuk
Lunak.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.2pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 361.5pt;" valign="top" width="482"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Bakteri <i>Erwinia carotovora </i>pv. <i>carotovora </i>pv. <b>(Jones) Dye.</b></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.2pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 361.5pt;" valign="top" width="482"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Gejala busuk lunak pada tanaman toma (<i>Lycopersicum</i></span><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">esculentum</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mill</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><b>PENDAHULUAN</b></b></div>
<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman tomat termasuk keluarga besar <i>sonalaceae</i>. Keluarga ini terdiri tidak
kurang dari 2.200 spesies, yang secara alamiah diciptakan untuk membantu
kelangsungan dan kebahagiaan hidup manusia. Pada saat ini buah tomat telah mempunyai
kedudukan yang baik, walaupun belum merata dalam menu atau gizi masyarakat.
Tanaman tomat merupakan tanaman daerah tropis. Berarti tanaman tomat
membutuhkan banyak sinar matahari agar pertumbuhannya baik. Daya tumbuhnya
cukup mengesankan. Bilamana masih menyimpan zat-zat makanan dan cukup air,
serta lingkungannya yang memenuhi persyaratan bagi pertumbuhannya, tomat dapat
tumbuh terus hingga mencapai ketinggian 13 meter dalam waktu 1 tahun, berbunga
dan berbuah terus. (Rismunandar, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan data hasil survei produksi tanaman sayuran
di Indonesia tahun 1991 yang dilaporkan Balai Pusat Statistika, untuk luas
pertanaman tomat adalah 93,436 Ha. Dengan produksi 235,265 ton atau rata-rata
5,24 ton/Ha. Hasil ini dinilai masih relatif sangat rendah (Hartati, 2000).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Rendahnya
produksi tanaman tomat dapat disebabkan oleh penggunaan kultivar yang peka
terhadap penyakit, mutu benih rendah, teknik bercocok tanam yang kurang tepat
dam keadaan lingkungan yang tidak menunjang pertumbuhan secara optimal. (Hartati,
2000).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Salah
satu penyakit yang penting pada family <i>solanaceae
</i>adalah penyakit busuk lunak (<i>soft
rot).</i> Penyakit ini menyerang baik dilapangan maupun di penyimpanan (pasca panen).
(Delfiani,2003). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Masalah penyakit busuk lunak ini meningkat karena pencucian
umbi atau buah terutama pada saat musim hujan. Penyebab penyakit ini adalah bakteri <i>E. carotovora</i> yang termasuk pada family <i>Entherobacteriaceae</i>. Mempunyai bentuk
batang yang berflagela peritrich (tidak bergerak) dan termasuk pada bakteri gram
negatif (Delviani, 2003).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Jenis bakteri ini termasuk pada bacterium tangkai
pendek yang tumbuh subur pada kondisi hangat dan lembab. Termasuk pada penyakit
tular tanah (<i>soil-borne disease)</i>( Delviani,
2003).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan
Penulisan</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tujuan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dari</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">penulisan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">makalah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ini</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">adalah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">untuk</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">mengetahui</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">patogen</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">penyakit</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> busuk lunak </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(</span><i>Erwinia carotovora </i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pv. <i>carotovora </i><b>(Jones) Dye.</b></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> pada</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tanaman</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tomat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">
(</span><i>Lycoversicum esculentum </i><b>Mill</b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">)</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan
Penulisan</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai salah satu
syarat untuk mengikuti praktikal tes di Laboratorium Dasar Perlindungan Tanaman
Sub Penyakit </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Program Studi
Agroekoteknologi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumtera Utara,
Medan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai sumber
informasi bagi pihak yang membutuhkan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="display: inline !important; line-height: 400%;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="display: inline !important; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 400%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;"><span style="color: blue;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Botani Tumbuhan<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman tomat diklasifikasikan ke dalam golongan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Kingdom : Plantae<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Divisio : Spermatophyta<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Subdivisio : Angiospermae<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Class : Dicotyledoneae<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t202"
coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="202" path="m,l,21600r21600,l21600,xe">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1031" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:204.4pt;margin-top:25.25pt;width:208.4pt;
height:28.15pt;z-index:251657728' filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1031'/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ordo : </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Solanales<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Genus : </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Solanaceae<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Famili : </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lycopersicum<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Spesies : </span><i>Lycopersicum</i><i> </i><i>esculentum</i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><b>Mill<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">(Anonymous<sup>a</sup>,
2011)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman tomat memiliki akar tunggang, akar cabang,
serta akar serabut yang berwarna keputih-putihan dan berbau khas. Perakaran
tanaman tidak terlalu dalam, menyebar ke semua arah hingga kedalaman rata-rata
30-40 cm, namun dapat mencapai kedalaman 60-70 cm. Akar tanaman tomat berfungsi
untuk menopang berdirinya tanaman serta menyerap air dan unsur hara dari dalam
tanah. Oleh karena itu tingkat kesuburan tanah dilapisan atas sangat
berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman dan produksi buah (Anonymous<sup>a</sup>,
2011).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Batang tomat bentuknya bulat dan membengkak pada
buku-buku. Bagian yang masih mudah berambut biasa dan ada yang berkelenjar,
mudah pata, dapat naik bersandar pada turus atau merambat pada tali, namun
harus dibantu dengan beberapa ikatan. Tanaman tomat dibiarkan melata dan cukup
rimbun menutupi tanah. Bercabang banyak sehingga secara keseluruhan berbentuk
perdu (Rismunandar, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Daun tomat berbentuk oval dengan panjang 20-30 cm.
tepi daun bergerigi dan membentuk celah-celah yang menyirip. Diantara daun-daun
yang menyirip besar terhadap sirip kecil dan ada pula yang bersirip besar lagi
(bipinnatus). Umumnya, daun tomat tumbuh di dekat ujung dahan atau cabang,
memiliki warna hijau, dan berbulu (Anonymous<sup>b</sup>, 2011).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bunga tomat berukuran kecil, diameternya sekitar 2 cm
dan berwarna kuning cerah, kelopak bunga berjumlah 5 buah dan berwarna hijau
terdapat pada bagian terindah dari bunga tomat yang warnanya kuning cerah
berjumlah 6 buah. Bunga tomat merupakan bunga sempurna karena benang sari atau
tepung sari dan kepala putik atau kepala benang sari terbentuk pada bunga yang
sama (Anonymous<sup>c</sup>, 2012).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Buah tomat adalah buah buni, selagi masih mudah
berwarna hijau dan berbulu serta relative keras, setelah tua berwarna merah
mudah, merah, atau kuning, cerah dan mengkilat, serta relative lunak. Bentuk
buah tomat beragam: lonjong, oval, pipih, meruncing, dan bulat. Diameter buah
tomat antara 2-15 cm, tergantung varietasnya. Jumlah ruang di dalam buah juga
bervariasi, ada yang hanya dua seperti pada buah tomat cherry dan tomat roma
atau lebih dari dua seperti tomat marmade yang beruang delapan. Pada buah masih
terdapat tangkai bunga yang berubah fungsi menjadi sebagai tangkai buah serta
kelopak bunga yang beralih fungsi menjadi kelopak bunga (Anonymous<sup>b</sup>,
2011)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Biji
tomat pipih, berbulu, ringan dan diselimuti daging buah, warna bijinya putih
kekuningan dan kecoklatan. Biji tomat umumnya digunakan untuk perbanyakan
tanaman. Setiap gram berisi antara 200-500 biji, tergantung varietasnya. Biji
berkecambah setelah ditanam 5-10 hari, keeping terangkat ke atas (tipe epigeal)
langsung memanjang dan berwarna hijau (Anonymous<sup>a</sup>, 2011).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;">Syarat
Tumbuh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: blue;">Iklim<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman tomat
pada fase vegetatif memerlukan curah hujan yang cukup.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebaliknya, pada fase
generatif memerlukan curah hujan yang sedikit. Curah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">hujan yang tinggi pada
fase pemasakan buah dapat menyebabkan daya tumbuh </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">benih
rendah. Curah hujan yang ideal selama
pertumbuhan tanaman tomat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">berkisar antara
750-1.250 mm per tahun. Curah hujan tidak menjadi faktor </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">penghambat
dalam penangkaran benih tomat di musim kemarau jika kebutuhan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">air
dapat dicukupi dari air irigasi, namun dalam musim yang basah tidak akan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">terjamin
baik hasilnya. iklim yang basah akan membentuk tanaman yang rimbun, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tetapi
bunganya berkurang, dan didaerah pegunungan akan timbul penyakit daun </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">yang
dapat membuat fatal pertumbuhannya. Musim kemarau yang terik dengan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">angin
yang kencang akan menghambat pertumbuhan bunga (mengering dan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">berguguran).
Walaupun tomat tahan terhadap kekeringan, namun tidak berarti </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tomat
dapat tumbuh subur dalam keadaan yang kering tanpa pengairan. Oleh</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">karena itu baik di
dataran tinggi maupun dataran rendah dalam musim kemarau, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tomat
memerlukan penyiraman atau pengairan demi kelangsungan hidup dan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">produksinya
(Rismunandar, 2001)</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Suhu
yang paling ideal untuk perkecambahan benih tomat adalah 25-30<sup>0</sup>C. Sementara itu, suhu ideal
untuk pertumbuhan tanaman tomat adalah 24-28<sup>0</sup> C. Jika suhu terlalu
rendah pertumbuhan tanaman akan terhambat. Demikian juga pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bunga dan
buahnya yang kurang sempurna. Kelembaban
relatif yang diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan tanaman tomat adalah 80%. Sewaktu musim hujan, kelembaban akan
meningkat sehingga resiko terserang
bakteri dan cendawan cenderung tinggi. Karena itu, jarak tanamnya perlu diperlebar dan areal pertanamannya perlu
dibebaskan dari segala jenis gulma (Anonymous<sup>b</sup>,
2011).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Intensitas
cahaya matahari yang dibutuhkan tanaman tomat sekurang-kurangnya 10-12 jam
setiap hari. Cahaya matahari tersebut digunakan untuk proses fotosintesis,
pembentukan bunga, pembentukan buah, dan pemasakan buah. Jika tanaman ternaungi
alias kekurangan cahaya matahari akan berdampak negative, misalnya umur panen
menjadi lemas, tanaman tumbuh meninggi, dan tanaman lebih gampang terkena
cendawan (Anonymous<sup>a</sup>, 2011).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Tanah<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tomat
bisa ditanam pada semua jenis tanah, seperti andosol, regosol, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">latosol,
ultisol, dan grumusol. Namun demikian, tanah yang paling ideal dari jenis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">lempung berpasir yang
subur, gembur, memiliki kandungan bahan organik yang </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tinggi,
serta mudah mengikat air (porous). Jenis tanah berkaitan dengan peredaran </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dan
ketersediaan oksigen di dalam tanah. Ketersediaan oksigen penting bag</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">i pernapasan akar yang memang rentan tehadap
kekurangan oksigen. Kadar oksigen yang
mencukupi di sekitar akar bisa meningkatkan produksi buah. Oksigen di sekitar akar bisa juga meningkatkan
penyerapan unsur hara fosfat, kalium, dan
besi (Anonymous<sup>b</sup>, 2011).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Untuk pertumbuhannya yang baik, tanaman tomat
membutuhkan tanah yang gembur, kadar
keasaman (pH) antara 5-6, tanah sedikit mengandung pasir, dan banyak mengandung humus, serta pengairan
yang teratur dan cukup mulai tanam
sampai waktu tanaman mulai dapat dipanen (Anonymous<sup>b</sup>, 2011).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Biologi Penyakit <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br />Sistematika penyakit </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tanaman family <i>Solanaceae
</i>busuk lunak (<i>Erwinia carotovora </i>pv. <i>carotovora </i><b>(Jones) Dye.</b>) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pada</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> tanaman tomat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(</span><i>Lycopersicum</i><i> </i><i>esculentum</i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><b>Mill</b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">)</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span lang="IN">adalah sebagai
berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kingdom : </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bacteria<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Divisio : </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proteobacteria<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> : </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Gammaproteobacteria <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ordo : </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Enterobacteriales</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Famili : </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Enterobacteriaceae<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Genus : </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Erwinia<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Spesies : </span><i>Erwinia
carotovora </i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pv. <i>carotovora </i>(<b>Jones</b>) <b>Dye.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(Avandy, dkk, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2011)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Bakteri
<i>Erwinia carotovora </i>pv. <i>carotovora </i>(<b>Jones</b>) <b>Dye. </b>Adalah
satu-satunya bakteri patogenik tumbuhan yang bersifat anaerob fakultatif. Bakteri
ini mempunyai aktivitas pektolitik yang kuat dan menyebabkan busuk lunak pada
tanaman famili <i>solanaceae</i>. Bakteri
ini menyerang jaringan tanaman pada umumnya melalui pelukaan dan juga dapat
melalui lubang alami (Hardyanto,
2010).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Pathogen
busuk lunak <i>Erwinia carotovora </i>pv. <i>carotovora </i>(<b>Jones</b>) <b>Dye. </b>Dapat
menyerang dan menghancurkan jaringan akar, umbi, batang, daun, dan buah.
Pathogen ini dapat memperbanyak diri pada ruang intraseluler serta menghasilkan
sekresi berupa enzim pektolitik dalam jumlah besar. Suhu merupakan factor utama
yang menentukan pathogenesis beberapa bakteri busuk lunak <i>Erwinia carotovora </i>pv. <i>carotovora
</i>(<b>Jones</b>) <b>Dye.</b> dapat berkembang baik pada suhu diatas 22<sup>0</sup>C yaitu
pada daerah iklim hangat (Hardiyanti, 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Gejala Serangan<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Penyakit busuk lunak tergolong penyakit yang serius.
Gejala serangan ditandai dengan munculnya bintik-bintik kecil berwarna
kecoklatan di permukaan daun (Iswanto, 2001; Hakim, 2010). Bercak-bercak kecil
berair tersebut kemudian berkembang menjadi kecoklatan dan mengeluarkan bau
busuk (Hakim, 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Gejala serangan <i>Erwinia
carotovora </i>pv. <i>carotovora </i>(<b>Jones</b>) <b>Dye.</b> lebih banyak dijumpai pada tempat penyimpanan atau pada waktu
pengangkutan (pasca panen) daripada dilapangan. Gejala awal pada daun segar
terjadi bercak-bercak berair yang kemudian membesar dan berwarna coklat. Pada
serangan lanjut, daun yang terinfeksi melunak, berlendir dan mengeluarkan bau
yang khas (Sagala, 1998).</span><span style="background-color: black; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1pt none black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0cm;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi</span></b><b> Penyakit <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<td height="50" style="border: .75pt solid white; vertical-align: top;" width="185"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251653632;"><span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--><b><span style="color: blue;"> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></span></b></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Penyebab penyakit busuk
lunak pada tanaman family <i>Solanaceae </i>adalah
<i>Erwinia carotovora </i>pv. <i>carotovora </i>(<b>Jones</b>) <b>Dye. </b>Ciri khas
bakteri tersebut terlihat dari sel bakteri yang berbentuk batang dengan ukuran
(1,5-2,0) x (0,6-0,9) micron, umumnya membentuk rangkaian sel seperti rantai,
tidak mempunyai kapsul dan tidak berspora. Bakteri bergerak menggunakan
flagella yang terdapat di sekeliling sel bakteri (<i>flagella peritrichous</i>). Bakteri bersifat gram negative. Suhu
optimal untuk perkembangan bakteri adalah 17<sup>0</sup>C pada kondisi
kelembapan rendah dan suhu yang rendah maka perkembangan bakteri akan terhambat
(Hakim, 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Udara
lembab dan suhu yang relatif rendah akan membantu mempercepat pembusukan
jaringan tanaman yang terinfeksi jaringan tanaman ini, berakibat tanaman akan
mati. Bakteri <i>Erwinia carotovora </i>pv. <i>carotovora </i>(<b>Jones</b>) <b>Dye.</b> didataran
rendah lebih banyak menimbulkan kerugian daripada didataran tinggi (Sagala, 1998).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengendalian</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Pengendalian penyakit busuk lunak pada sayur-sayuran
masih dikhususkan pada sanitasi dan kultur teknik. Semua sisa-sia tanaman
dibersihkan dari sekitar gudang penyimpanan dan dinding gudang harus
didisinfeksi dengan larutan yang mengandung formal dehida atau tembaga sulfat.
Kemudian hanya menyimpan hasil panen yang sehat saja. Jaringan sakit atau yang
terinfeksi harus segera dibuang dan dibakar. Hasil panen sebaiknya disimpan
dalam keadaan kering dan kelembapan dalam gudang dijaga tetap rendah untuk
mencegah terjadinya infeksi. Suhu diatur sekitar 4<sup>0</sup>C untuk
menghambat perkembangan bakteri jika terjadi infeksi baru. Pengendalian terhadap
penyakit busuk lunak ini antara lain : (Sagala, 1998)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sanitasi, yaitu menjaga kebersihan kebun dari sisa-sisa tanaman sakit
sebelum menanam.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menanam dengan jarak yang tidak terlalu rapat untuk menghindari
kelembaban yang terlalu tinggi, terutama dimusim hujan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada waktu pemeliharaan tanaman sejauh mungkin dihindari terjadinya luka
yang tidak perlu khususnya pada waktu menyiang.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengendalian pasca panen dilakukan dengan :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mencuci tanaman dengan air yang mengandung kloroks.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengurangi terjadinya luka dalam penyimpanan dan pengangkutan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menyimpan dalam ruangan yang cukup kering, mempunyai ventilasi cukup,
sejuk dan difumigasi sebelumnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 400%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1034"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:367.15pt;
margin-top:-62.5pt;width:51.95pt;height:40.1pt;z-index:251660800' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="color: blue;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251660800;"><span style="height: 53px; left: 0px; left: 490px; position: absolute; top: -83px; width: 69px;"><img height="53" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1034" width="69" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">PERMASALAHAN</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Penyakit
busuk lunak pada tanaman famili <i>Solanaceae
</i>disebabkan oleh bakteri <i>Erwinia
carotovora </i>pv. <i>carotovora </i>(<b>Jones</b>) <b>Dye. </b>Ciri khas bakteri tersebut terlihat dari sel bakteri yang
berbentuk batang dengan ukuran (1,5-2,0) x (0,6-0,9) micron, umumnya membentuk
rangkaian sel seperti rantai, tidak mempunyai kapsul dan tidak berspora. Bakteri
bergerak menggunakan flagella yang terdapat di sekeliling sel bakteri (<i>flagella peritrichous</i>). Bakteri bersifat
gram negatif. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Bakteri
<i>Erwinia carotovora </i>pv. <i>carotovora </i>(<b>Jones</b>) <b>Dye. </b>Adalah
satu-satunya bakteri patogenik tumbuhan yang bersifat anaerob fakultatif.
Bakteri ini mempunyai aktivitas pektolitik yang kuat dan menyebabkan busuk
lunak pada tanaman famili <i>solanaceae</i>.
Bakteri ini menyerang jaringan tanaman pada umumnya melalui pelukaan dan juga
dapat melalui lubang alami.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Gejala
awal pada daun segar terjadi bercak-bercak berair yang kemudian membesar dan
berwarna coklat. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Penyakit
busuk lunak tergolong penyakit yang serius. Gejala serangan ditandai dengan
munculnya bintik-bintik kecil berwarna kecoklatan di permukaan daun.
Bercak-bercak kecil berair tersebut kemudian berkembang menjadi kecoklatan dan
mengeluarkan bau busuk.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Penyakit
ini tidak hanya menyerang tanaman muda saja tanaman dewasa juga diserang oleh
penyakit ini dan bahkan pasca panen pun penyakit ini masih menyerang hasil
panen seperti buah pada tomat dan umbi pada kentang dan khususnya pada tanaman
berfamili solanaceae.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 400%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1035"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:366.65pt;
margin-top:-66.15pt;width:51.95pt;height:40.1pt;z-index:251661824' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="color: blue;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251661824;"><span style="height: 53px; left: 0px; left: 489px; position: absolute; top: -88px; width: 69px;"><img height="53" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1035" width="69" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk
mencegah agar tomat yang akan ditanam pada lahan yang sebelumnya terserang
bakteri <i>Erwinia carotovora </i>pv. <i>carotovora </i>(<b>Jones</b>) <b>Dye. </b>lahan
tersebut harus disanitasi agar pengaruh bakteri tersebut hilang. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Hal ini sesuai dengan literatur </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sagala (1998) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> yang menyatakan bahwa </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">perlu dilakukannya Sanitasi, yaitu menjaga kebersihan kebun dari sisa-sisa tanaman sakit
sebelum menanam.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Agar hasil pasca panen pada gudang penyimpanan
tidak terserang oleh penyakit busuk lunak perlu dilakukan sanitasi dengan
kultur teknis yakni mensinfeksi dinding gudang penyimpanan dengan formal dehida
atau tembaga sulfat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Hal ini sesuai dengan literatur </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sagala (1998) pengendalian
penyakit busuk lunak pada sayur-sayuran masih dikhususkan pada sanitasi dan
kultur teknik. Semua sisa-sia tanaman dibersihkan dari sekitar gudang
penyimpanan dan dinding gudang harus didisinfeksi dengan larutan yang
mengandung formal dehida atau tembaga sulfat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bakteri </span><i>Erwinia carotovora </i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pv. <i>carotovora </i>(<b>Jones</b>) <b>Dye. </b>lebih banyak memberikan kerugian pada dataran rendah daripada
di dataran tinggi. Hal ini sesuai dengan literatur Sagala (1998) yang
menyatakan bahwa Udara lembab dan suhu yang relatif rendah akan membantu
mempercepat pembusukan jaringan tanaman yang terinfeksi jaringan tanaman ini,
yang berakibat tanaman akan mati. Bakteri <i>Erwinia
carotovora </i>pv. <i>carotovora </i>(<b>Jones</b>) <b>Dye.</b> didataran rendah lebih banyak menimbulkan kerugian daripada
didataran tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bakteri </span><i>Erwinia carotovora </i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pv. <i>carotovora </i>(<b>Jones</b>) <b>Dye. </b>menyerang jaringan tanaman seperti akar, umbi, batang, daun,
dan buah. Hal ini sesuai dengan literatur Hardiyanti (2010) yang menyatakan
bahwa Bakteri pathogen busuk lunak <i>Erwinia
carotovora </i>pv. <i>carotovora </i>(<b>Jones</b>) <b>Dye. </b>Dapat menyerang dan menghancurkan jaringan akar, umbi, batang,
daun, dan buah. Pathogen ini dapat memperbanyak diri pada ruang intraseluler
serta menghasilkan sekresi berupa enzim pektolitik dalam jumlah besar.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Bakteri
<i>Erwinia carotovora </i>pv. <i>carotovora </i>(<b>Jones</b>) <b>Dye. </b>Adalah
satu-satunya bakteri patogenik tumbuhan yang bersifat anaerob fakultatif. Hal
ini sesuai dengan literatur Hardyanto (2010) yang menyatakan bahwa Bakteri <i>Erwinia carotovora </i>pv. <i>carotovora </i>(<b>Jones</b>) <b>Dye. </b>Adalah
satu-satunya bakteri patogenik tumbuhan yang bersifat anaerob fakultatif.
Bakteri ini mempunyai aktivitas pektolitik yang kuat dan menyebabkan busuk
lunak pada tanaman famili <i>solanaceae</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 400%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1036"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:360.5pt;
margin-top:-67.95pt;width:51.95pt;height:40.1pt;z-index:251662848' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="color: blue;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251662848;"><span style="height: 54px; left: 0px; left: 481px; position: absolute; top: -91px; width: 69px;"><img height="54" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1036" width="69" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">KESIMPULAN
DAN SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Kesimpulan <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyakit </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">busuk lunak </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pada
tanaman famili <i>Solanaceae </i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">disebabkan
oleh </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">bakteri </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><i>Erwinia carotovora </i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pv. <i>carotovora </i>(<b>Jones</b>) <b>Dye.</b></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i>Erwinia carotovora </i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pv. <i>carotovora </i>(<b>Jones</b>) <b>Dye. </b>memiliki gejala
serangan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">yaitu</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> terdapat bercak berair pada
daun segar dan pada buah terdapat bercak-bercak hitam.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengendalian </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Intensitas serangan penyakit dapat dilakukan dengan cara sanitasi pada
lahan bekas terserang penyakit busuk lunak dan sanitasi pada gudang.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bakteri <i>Erwinia carotovora </i>pv. <i>carotovora </i>(<b>Jones</b>) <b>Dye. </b>menyebabkan kerugian pada tanaman tomat dan
famili <i>solanacea</i> lainnya yakni pada
masa pra-panen dan pasca panen.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Salah satu
penyebab kendala pengendalian penyakit ini adalah suhu, iklim dan ketinggian
tempat.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Saran <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b> </b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kedepannya diharapkan agar pengendalian Penyakit Busuk Lunak (<i>Erwnia
carotovora </i>pv. <i>carotovora </i><b>(Jones) Dye.</b>) pada tanaman famili <i>Solanaceae</i> khususnya tanaman tomat (<i>Lycopersicum</i></span><i>
</i><i>esculentum</i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><b>Mill</b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">) agar lebih mengutamakan sanitasi pada lahan bekas
tanaman yang terserang penyakit ini dan pada gudang penyimpanan hasil panen.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">Anonimus<sup>A</sup>.
2011. Botani Tanaman Tomat. diakses dari http://www.repository.usu.ac.id/simre/.
Pada tanggal 4 April 2012 Pukul 18.00
wib.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">Anonimus<sup>B</sup>.
2011. Morfologi Tomat. Diakses dari <a href="http://www.studentpaper.ub.ac.id/78525925/"><span style="text-decoration: none;">http://www.studentpaper.ub.ac.id/78525925/</span></a>.
Pada tanggal 4 April 2012 Pukul 19.00 wib<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">Anonimus<sup>C</sup>.
2012. Tomat. diakses dari <a href="http://www.scribd.com/tomat-jurnal-online/42348/$%25"><span style="text-decoration: none;">http://www.scribd.com//tomat-jurnal-online/42348/$%</span></a>.
Pada tanggal 4 April 2012 Pukul 19.30 wib.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">Avandy, U;
Dewi, R.M.; dan Rahayu, S.K.,2011. Tugas Mata Kuliah Perlindungan Tanaman
Penyakit Busuk Lunak <i>Erwinia carotovora</i>.
<a href="http://www.scribd.com/makalah-bakteri-busuk-lunak/829857/"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> Diakses dari http://www.scribd.com/makalah-bakteri-busuk-lunak/829857/</span></a>
. Pada tanggal 3 April 2012 pukul 17.00 wib<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">Delfiani,
D, 2003.Evaluasi Ketahanan 28 Klon Kentang (<i>Solanum
tuberosum</i>) terhadap Penyakit Busuk Lunak (<i>Erwinia carotovora </i>L.R. Jones) Secara In Vitro. <a href="http://repository.ipb.ac.id/"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> diakses dari
http://repository.ipb.ac.id</span></a>/. Pada tanggal 3 April 2012 pukul 17.00
wib.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">Hakim, C,
2010. Keefektifan Biopestisida Organik Cair untuk Mengendalikan Penyakit Busuk
Lunak yang Disebabkan oleh <i>Erwinia
carotovora </i>pada Anggrek <i>Phalaenopsis </i>sp.
<a href="http://repository.ipb.ac.id/"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> diakses dari
http://repository.ipb.ac.id</span></a>/. Pada tanggal 3 April 2012 pukul 17.10
wib.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">Handiyanti, M, 2010. Potensi <i>Basillus
</i>spp. Dan <i>Pseudomonas flurescens </i>sebagai
Agen Pengendali Penyakit Busuk Lunak bakteri (<i>Erwinia carotovora</i>) pada Anggrek <i>Phalaenopsis </i>sp. <a href="http://repository.ipb.ac.id/"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> Diakses dari http://repository.ipb.ac.id</span></a>/.
Pada tanggal 3 April 2012 pukul 17.03 wib.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">Hardiyanto, 2010.Pengujian Ketahanan Anggrek <i>Phalaenopsis </i>terhadap Penyakit Busuk Lunak yang disebabkan oleh <i>Erwinia carotovora</i> Secara In Vitro. <a href="http://repository.ipb.ac.id/"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> diakses dari
http://repository.ipb.ac.id</span></a>. Pada tanggal 3 April 2012 pukul 17.07
wib.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">Hartati, S, 2000. Penampilan Genotip Tanaman Tomat (<i>Lycopersicum esculentum </i><b>Mill</b>)
Hasil Mutasi Buatan pada Kondisi Stress Air dan Kondisi Optimal. Agrosains
Volume 2 No. 2. <a href="http://www.scribd.com/makalah-tomat/98391491/%25$#87"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> Diakses dari http://www.scribd.com/makalah-tomat/98391491/%$#87</span></a>.
Pada 4 April 2012 Pukul 21.00 wib.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">Rismunandar, 2001. Tanaman Tomat. Sinar Baru Algensindo. Bandung<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">Sagala, U.S., 1998. Uji Potensi Antagonisme <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens </i>(Isolat UKa dan UKd) terhadap <i>Erwinia carotovora </i>pv. <i>carotovora </i>Penyebab Penyakit Busuk Lunak
pada Tanaman Kubis (<i>Brassica oleracea </i>var.
<i>capitata</i> L.). <a href="http://repository.ipb.ac.id/"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> diakses dari
http://repository.ipb.ac.id/</span></a>. Pada tanggal 3 April 2012 pukul 17.07
wib.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.tnau.agritech.portal.com/"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> http://www.tnau.agritech.portal.com/</span></a>
pada tanggal 4 April 2012 pukul 23.00 wib<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.google.com/imgn/85825/&#$"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> http://www.google.com/imgn/85825/</span></a>
pada tanggal 5 April 2012 pukul 1.00 wib<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.google.com/imgn/75387386/@!"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> http://www.google.com/imgn/75386/</span></a> pada
tanggal 5 April 2012 pukul 2.00 wib</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4414864719232378661.post-37480904748219113162012-04-27T00:07:00.000+07:002012-10-28T15:00:53.724+07:00PENYAKIT HAWAR DAUN (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary)<br />
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Laporan Laboratorium Dasar Perlindungan Tanaman Sub-Penyakit</div>
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Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan</div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENYAKIT </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">HAWAR DAUN</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
(</span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Phytophthora infestans</span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (Mont.) de Bary</span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PADA TANAMAN </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">TOMAT</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (</span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Solanum tuberosum<b> </b></span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">L.</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><b style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%; text-indent: 36pt;">PENDAHULUAN</b></b></div>
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<b>Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kentang
</span><b>(</b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Solanum tuberosum<b> </b></span></i><b>L.</b><b>)</b><b> </b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">termasuk ke dalam family <i>Solanaceae</i>,
ordo <i>Tubiflorae, </i>Sub Kelas <i>Dycotyledoneae</i>, Kelas Angiospermae dan
divisi Spermatophyta. Bersifat musiman, umbi dibentuk pada bagian batang yang
disebut sebagai rhizoma (Iskandar, 1997).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman
kentang </span><b>(</b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Solanum tuberosum<b> </b></span></i><b>L.</b><b>)</b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> merupakan salah satu
tanaman penunjang program diversifikasi pangan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan gizi
masyrakat. Sebagai bahan makanan, kandungan nutrisi umbi kentang dinilai cukup
baik, yaitu mengandung protein berkualitas tinggi, asam amino <i>esensial</i>, mineral, dan elemen-elemen
mikro, di samping juga sumber vitamin C (asam askorbat), beberapa vitamin B
(tiamin, niasin, vitamin B6), dan mineral P, Mg, dan K (Cahyadi, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman
kentang </span><b>(</b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Solanum tuberosum<b> </b></span></i><b>L.</b><b>)</b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> umumnya rentan terhadap 300
jenis hama dan penyakit, baik yang disebabkan oleh virus, bakteri maupun
cendawan. Penyakit ini disebarkan melalui benih, tanah, alat-alat lapang dan
juga serangga sebagai vektor. Menurut Mendroza (1987) <i>dalam </i>Sugiarto (2001) tiga penyakit utama yang sangat sukar
dikendalikan adalah penyakit degenerasi virus, penyakit hawar daun (<i>Phytophthora infestan </i></span><b>(Mont.) de Bar</b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">) yang disebabkan
oleh fungi/jamur dan penyakit layu bakteri (<i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i>).</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i>Phytophthora infestans</i><b> (Mont.) de Bary</b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> merupakan pathogen
yang tergolong kelas Oomycetes, ordo Peronosporales dan family Pythiaceae. </span><i>Phytophthora infestans</i><b> (Mont.) de Bary</b><b> </b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dikenal
sebagai pathogen yang menyerang tanaman kentang dengan menyebabkan timbulnya
busuk daun atau hawar daun. Penyakit ini telah menjadi perhatian serius oleh
para pemulia kentang di seluruh dunia. Penyakit ini dapat menyebabkan kegagalan
panen, penurunan hasil, kehilangan dalam penyimpanan dan peningkatan biaya
proteksi tanaman (Listanto, 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>Tujuan
Penulisan</b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tujuan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dari</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">penulisan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">makalah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ini</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">adalah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">untuk</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">mengetahui</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">patogen</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyakit Hawar Daun<b> (</b><i>Phytophthora infestans</i><b> (Mont.) de Bary</b><i>)</i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">
pada Tanaman<b> </b>Tomat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><b>(</b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Solanum tuberosum<b> </b></span></i><b>L.</b><b>)”</b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><b style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36pt;">Kegunaan
Penulisan</b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai salah satu
syarat untuk mengikuti praktikal tes di Laboratorium Dasar Perlindungan Tanaman
Sub Penyakit </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Program Studi
Agroekoteknologi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumtera Utara,
Medan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai sumber
informasi bagi pihak yang membutuhkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 400%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b>TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Botani Tumbuhan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Secara taksonomi tanaman kentang dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai berikut
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kingdom : Plantae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Divisio : Spermatophyta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Subdivisio : Angiospermae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Class : Dicotyledoneae</span><br />
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ordo : </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Solanales</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Genus : </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Solanaceae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Famili : </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Solanum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Spesies : <i>Solanum tuberosum<b> </b></i><b>L.</b> </span><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(Cahyadi, 2009)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Daun tanaman kentang untuk pertama kali muncul adalah
berupa daun tunggal, tetapi daun-daun yang tumbuh selanjutnya berupa daun-daun
majemuk dnegan anak daun primer dan sekunder, dimana helaian anak daun primer
dan daun sekunder ini terletak pada tangkai daun utama dalam bentuk, ukuran,
warna, dan jumlah yang berbeda-beda. Menurut Burton (1966) <i>dalam</i> Sugiarto (2001) bentuk daun primer bermacam-macam, yaitu
oval, oblong, ovate, obovate, dan bulat. (Sugiarto, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Batang kentang kecil, lunak, dan bagian dalamnya
berlubang serta bergabus. Bentuknya persegi dan tertutup dilapisi bulu-bulu
halus. Batang yang muncul dari mata umbi ini berwarna hijau kemerahan dan
bercabang samping. Pada dasar batang utamaakan tumbuh menjadi tanaman baru.
Dengan demikian, stolon merupakan perpanjangan dari batang. Dengan kata lain
umbi kentang merupakan batang yang membesar, sementara itu akarnya bercabang
membentuk hara makanan dari dalam tanah (Cahyadi, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bunga tanaman kentang merupakan bunga sempurna, berwarna
putih, ungu atau merah keunguan. Bunga ini bersifat zygomorph dan mempunyai dua
jenis kelamin. Diameter bunga sekitar 3-4 cm dengan 5 petal dan sepal sehingga
bunga terbentuk warna batang dan berbentuk terompet. Benang sari melingkari
putik membentuk suatu kerucut berwarna kuning, kecuali untuk tanaman mandul
jantan, benang sari berwarna kuning terang sampai kuning hijau. Kedudukan putik
lebih rendah, sama tinggi atau lebih tinggi dari kerucut kepala sari. Tepung
sari yang berada pada kepala sari ini biasanya masak terlebih dahulu daripada
putiknya, sehiingga tanaman kentang ini melakukan penyerbukannya dengan cara
menyerbuk silang (Sugiarto, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Buah kentang erdapat dalam tandan, berbentuk bulat,
dengan ukuran sebesar kelereng, ketika muda berwarna hijau, setelah tua berubah
warna menjadi hitam. Tiap buah berisi lebih dari 500 biji berwarna putih
kekuningan, tanaman kentang akan mati setelah berbunga dan berbuah. (Cahyadi,
2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Umbi
kentang terbentuk sebagai pembesaran dari ujung stolon tetapi tidak semua
stolon dapat membentuk umbi. Bentuk umbi kentang dapat digunakan untuk
membedakan satu kultivar dengan yang lainnya, namun demikian bentuk umbi ini
juga dapat dipengaruhi oleh cara bertanamn, keadaan lingkungan tumbuh dan
penyakit. Lisinska Lesczynski (1989) <i>dalam</i>
Sugiarto (2001) mendeskripsikan bentuk umbi-umbi kentang berdasarkan
perbandingan panjang dan lebar menjadi : bulat (1,0:0,9 – 1,0:1,2 cm), bulat
oval (1,0:1,2 – 1,0 : 1,16 cm), oval (1,0:1,6 – 1,0 : 1,8 cm) oval oblong (1,0
: 1,8 – 1,0:2,0 cm) dan oblong (1,0 : >2,0 cm). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Syarat
Tumbuh<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Iklim<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Curah
hujan yang dibutuhkan adalah sekitar 300mm/bulan atau 1000mm/tahun. Apabila
curah hujan terlalu tinggi, umbi tanaman akan mudah tersernag penyakit, karena
tanah menjadi jenuh air. Untuk mengatasi hal ini tentu diperlukan system
drainase yang baik agar tanah tidak menjadi jenuh air (Cahyadi, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Suhu
rata-rata untuk menghasilkan produksi yang optimum adalah 16-18<sup>0</sup>C,
pada suhu dingin tanaman dapat mengalami ‘frost’ (keluarnya cairan sel). Pembentukan
umbi akan terhambat apabila suhu tanah diatas 20<sup>0</sup>C, bahkan setiap
kenaikan suhu 5/9<sup>0</sup>C diatas suhu optimum dapat menurunkan hasil
sekitar 4% (Iskandar, 1997).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Angin
ternyata juga berpengaruh terhadap kentang. Angin yang terlalu kencang kurang
baik untuk tumbuhan berumbi. Pasalnya angin keras bisa merusak tanaman, dapat
mempercepat penularan penyakit dan vektor penyebar bibit penyakit mudah terbawa
kemana-mana (Andriani, dkk., 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Tanah<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman kentang toleran terhadap berbagai jjenis tanah
kecuali tanah yang kehilangan airnya tinggi, sehingga sangat penting adanya
pengairan yang baik. Tanah ber-pH antara 4,8 dan 7,0 merupakan tanah yang cocok
untuk pertanaman kentnag. Menurut Horton (1978) <i>dalam </i>Sugiarto (2001) tanaman pada pH dibawah 4,8 akan kekurangan
kalsium. Sehingga menyebabkan umbi bermutu jelek, sedangkan jika pada pH tinggi
umbi akan mudah terkena kudis / scab. (Sugiarto, 2001). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Biologi Penyakit <o:p></o:p></b></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistematika
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyakit Hawar Daun</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> pada tanaman family <i>Solanaceae</i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Phytophthora
infestans</i><b> (Mont.) de Bary</b><i>)</i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kingdom : </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Chromalveolata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Divisio : </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Eukaryota<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> : </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Oomycetes</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: black; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: black; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-size: 0pt; line-height: 200%; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ordo : </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Peronosporales</span><br />
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Famili : </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pyhtiaceae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Genus : Phytophthora</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Spesies : <i>Phytophthora infestans</i><b> (Mont.) de Bary</b></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(Cahyadi, 2009</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyakit
hawar daun sangat merusak dan sulit dikendalikan, karena <i>P. infestans </i>merupakan jamur pathogen yang memiliki patogenisitas
beragam. Pada umumnya pathogen ini berkembang biak secara aseksual dengan
oospora. Jamur ini bersifat heterotalik, artinya perkembangbiakan secara seksual
atau pembentukan oospora ahanya terjadi bila terjadi perkawinan silang
(matting) atanra dua isolate <i>P.infestans</i>
yang memiliki <i>matting </i>tipe beda
(Purwanti, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Peyakit
hawar daun dapat masuk kedaerah baru melalui umbi bibit terinfeksi atau tanaman
family <i>Solanaceae</i> seperti tomat,
cabai, dan terung yang terinfeksi. Penyakit ini menunjukkan gejala pada daun,
dimana terdapat bercak seperti basah berwarna hijau terang kemudian berubah
menjadi coklat yang kemudian seluruhnya tertutupi bercak ini. Bias juga menyerang
kentang melalui spora yang jatuh ketanah. (Sugiarto, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b>Gejala Serangan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Gejala pertama dari penyakit hawar daun dilapang adalah terdapatnya luka pada daun
dengan bentuk yang tidak beraturan dan berwarna gelap setelah 3-5 hari
terinfeksi. Gejala tersebut biasa terlihat pada daun-daun sebelah bawah, dekat
titik pangkal petioles atau pada bagian pinggir daun. Serangan pada pinggir
daun menyebabkan bentuk daun tidak normal, dan warna berubah terang kemudian
mati setelah beberapa hari. Serangan pada bagian batang menyebabkan daun-daun
gugur, batang terlihat terang dan kehilangan warna. Gejala serangan ini akan
terus terjadi disepangjang batang dan tetap aktif pada kondisi panas atau cuaca
kering. (Lengkong, 2008).</span><i> </i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="height: 49px; left: 0px; margin-left: 237px; margin-top: 44px; position: absolute; width: 284px; z-index: 251653120;">
</span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="49" style="border: .75pt solid white; vertical-align: top;" width="284"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; text-align: center; z-index: 251653120;"><span style="font-size: 9px;"><br /></span></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Serangan pada umbi
menyebabkan bercak yang berwarna coklat atau hitam ungu, masuk sampai 3-6 mm
kedalam umbi dan tampak waktu digali maupun waktu penyimpanan. Gejala lebih
jelas tampaksetelah penyimpanan dan dapat menutupi seluruh umbi, menyebabkan
busuk, karena perkembangan pathogen dan aadanya organism sekunder. Selain
kentang, penyakit ini juga menyerang tanaman tomat. (Warda, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b> </b><b style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi</b><b style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Penyakit</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembentukan
dan perkecambahan sporangium selain tergantung pada suhu dan kelembapan relatif
pada saat tersebut, juga kematangan sporangium. Sporangium dibentuk pada suhu
3-26<sup>0</sup>C dengan kelembaban relative diatas 90%. Sporangium akan
berkecambah apabila ada air bebas pada permukaan infeksi dnegan suhu 10-15<sup>0</sup>C,
setelah berkecambah berbentuk kecambah yang akan mempenetrasi jaringan pada
suhu 15-25<sup>0</sup>C dan memerlukan waktu sekitar 2-2,5 jam, segera setelah
itu akan terbentuk miselium di dalam jaringan dnegan suhu optimum sekitar 14-21<sup>0</sup>C,
suhu di atas 30<sup>0</sup>C menghentikan perkembangan dari cendawan sporangium
akan kehilangan viabilitasnya setelah 3-6 jam pada kelembaban di bawah 80%
(Iskandar, 1997).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>PENGENDALIAN</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengendalian penyakit HD sangat tergantung pada
perlakuan fungisida, yang dapat diaplikasikan sampai 18 kali permusim tanam
sehingga selain mengurangi keuntungan petani, juga sangat beresiko terhadap
kesehatan dan pencemaran lingkungan. Untuk itu dibutuhkan upaya alternative
penanggulangan penyakit hawar daun tanpa menggunakan fungisida. Sebagai contoh
Negara Equador untuk menanggulangi penyakit ini, petani mengeluarkan biaya
hingga $150 per-hektar untuk penyemprotan fungisida. Sedangkan di Indonesia
peggunaan biaya untuk fungisida $224 per-hektar. Fungisida kontak yang paling popular
digunakan adalah manozeb dan maneb, sedangkan fungisida sistemik yaitu curzate
dan acrobat. Selain itu ada juga digunakan fungisida daconil. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengendalian terhadap penyakit HD yang paling
efektif yang ramah lingkungan adalah dengan mengupayakan mekanisme ketahanan
yang bersifat alami. Metode klasik untuk menghasilkan tanaman yang memiliki
ketahanan terhadap penyakit yaitu dengan melibatkan gen ketahanan melalui
program pemuliaan baik dengan pemuliaan konvensional melalui hibridisasi antara
tanaman kentang budidaya yang resisten terhadap penyakit dengan tanaman kentang
tipe liar yang memiliki ketahanan alami terhadap penyakit Hawar daun, atau
melalui pendekatan teknologi DNA-Rekombinan untuk mengasilkan tanaman
transgenic yaitu dengan memasukkan gen tahan penyakit HD pada tanaman kentang
Budidaya (Lengkong, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 400%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="position: relative; z-index: 251658240;"><span style="height: 53px; left: 490px; position: absolute; top: -83px; width: 69px;"><img height="53" src="file:///C:/Users/george/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="69" /></span></span>PERMASALAHAN<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<i>Phytophthora infestans</i> (Mont.) de Bary<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> merupakan pathogen yang tergolong kelas
Oomycetes, ordo Peronosporales dan family Pythiaceae. </span><i>Phytophthora infestans</i> (Mont.) de Bary <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dikenal
sebagai pathogen yang menyerang tanaman kentang dengan menyebabkan timbulnya
busuk daun atau hawar daun. Penyakit ini telah menjadi perhatian serius oleh
para pemulia kentang di seluruh dunia. Penyakit ini dapat menyebabkan kegagalan
panen, penurunan hasil, kehilangan dalam penyimpanan dan peningkatan biaya
proteksi tanaman</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyakit
hawar daun sangat merusak dan sulit dikendalikan, karena <i>P. infestans </i>merupakan jamur pathogen yang memiliki patogenisitas
beragam. Pada umumnya pathogen ini berkembang biak secara aseksual dengan
oospora. Jamur ini bersifat heterotalik, artinya perkembangbiakan secara
seksual atau pembentukan oospora ahanya terjadi bila terjadi perkawinan silang
(matting) atanra dua isolate <i>P.infestans</i>
yang memiliki <i>matting </i>tipe beda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Serangan
pada umbi menyebabkan bercak yang berwarna coklat atau hitam ungu, masuk sampai
3-6 mm kedalam umbi dan tampak waktu digali maupun waktu penyimpanan. Gejala
lebih jelas tampaksetelah penyimpanan dan dapat menutupi seluruh umbi,
menyebabkan busuk, karena perkembangan pathogen dan aadanya organism sekunder.
Selain kentang, penyakit ini juga menyerang tanaman tomat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Peyakit
hawar daun dapat masuk kedaerah baru melalui umbi bibit terinfeksi atau tanaman
family <i>Solanaceae</i> seperti tomat,
cabai, dan terung yang terinfeksi. Penyakit ini menunjukkan gejala pada daun,
dimana terdapat bercak seperti basah berwarna hijau terang kemudian berubah
menjadi coklat yang kemudian seluruhnya tertutupi bercak ini. Bias juga
menyerang kentang melalui spora yang jatuh ketanah.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 400%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b>PEMBAHASAN</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<i>Phytophthora infestans</i> (Mont.) de Bary<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> merupakan pathogen
yang tergolong kelas Oomycetes, ordo Peronosporales dan family Pythiaceae. </span><i>Phytophthora infestans</i> (Mont.) de Bary <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dikenal
sebagai pathogen yang menyerang tanaman kentang. Hal ini sesuai dengan
literatur Listanto
(2010) yang menyatakan bahwa </span><i>Phytophthora infestans</i> (Mont.) de Bary<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> merupakan pathogen yang tergolong kelas
Oomycetes, ordo Peronosporales dan family Pythiaceae. </span><i>Phytophthora infestans</i> (Mont.) de Bary <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dikenal
sebagai pathogen yang menyerang tanaman kentang dengan menyebabkan timbulnya
busuk daun atau hawar daun. Penyakit ini telah menjadi perhatian serius oleh
para pemulia kentang di seluruh dunia. Penyakit ini dapat menyebabkan kegagalan
panen, penurunan hasil, kehilangan dalam penyimpanan dan peningkatan biaya
proteksi tanaman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyakit
hawar daun sangat merusak dan sulit dikendalikan, karena <i>P. infestans </i>merupakan jamur pathogen yang memiliki patogenisitas
beragam. Hal ini sesuai dengan literatur Purwanti (2002) yang menyatakan bahwa
Penyakit hawar daun sangat merusak dan sulit dikendalikan, karena <i>P. infestans </i>merupakan jamur pathogen
yang memiliki patogenisitas beragam. Pada umumnya pathogen ini berkembang biak
secara aseksual dengan oospora. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Gejala
pertama dari penyakit hawar daun
dilapang adalah terdapatnya luka pada daun dengan bentuk yang tidak
beraturan dan berwarna gelap setelah 3-5 hari terinfeksi. Gejala tersebut biasa
terlihat pada daun-daun sebelah bawah, dekat titik pangkal petioles atau pada
bagian pinggir daun. Serangan pada pinggir daun menyebabkan bentuk daun tidak
normal, dan warna berubah terang kemudian mati setelah beberapa hari. Hal ini
sesuai dengan literatur Lengkong (2008) yang menyatakan bahwa Gejala pertama
dari penyakit hawar daun dilapang adalah
terdapatnya luka pada daun dengan bentuk yang tidak beraturan dan berwarna
gelap setelah 3-5 hari terinfeksi. Gejala tersebut biasa terlihat pada
daun-daun sebelah bawah, dekat titik pangkal petioles atau pada bagian pinggir
daun. Serangan pada pinggir daun menyebabkan bentuk daun tidak normal, dan
warna berubah terang kemudian mati setelah beberapa hari. Serangan pada bagian
batang menyebabkan daun-daun gugur, batang terlihat terang dan kehilangan
warna. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembentukan
dan perkecambahan sporangium selain tergantung pada suhu dan kelembapan relatif
pada saat tersebut, juga kematangan sporangium. Sporangium dibentuk pada suhu
3-26<sup>0</sup>C dengan kelembaban relative diatas 90%. Hal ini sesuai dengan
literatur Iskandar (1997) yang menyatakan bahwa Pembentukan dan perkecambahan
sporangium selain tergantung pada suhu dan kelembapan relatif pada saat
tersebut, juga kematangan sporangium. Sporangium dibentuk pada suhu 3-26<sup>0</sup>C
dengan kelembaban relative diatas 90%. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengendalian terhadap penyakit HD yang paling
efektif yang ramah lingkungan adalah dengan mengupayakan mekanisme ketahanan
yang bersifat alami. Metode klasik untuk menghasilkan tanaman yang memiliki
ketahanan terhadap penyakit yaitu dengan melibatkan gen ketahanan melalui
program pemuliaan baik dengan pemuliaan konvensional melalui hibridisasi antara
tanaman kentang budidaya yang resisten terhadap penyakit dengan tanaman kentang
tipe liar yang memiliki ketahanan alami terhadap penyakit Hawar daun. Hal ini
sesuai dengan literatur Lengkong (2008) yang menyatakan bahwa Pengendalian
terhadap penyakit HD yang paling efektif yang ramah lingkungan adalah dengan
mengupayakan mekanisme ketahanan yang bersifat alami. Metode klasik untuk
menghasilkan tanaman yang memiliki ketahanan terhadap penyakit yaitu dengan
melibatkan gen ketahanan melalui program pemuliaan baik dengan pemuliaan
konvensional melalui hibridisasi antara tanaman kentang budidaya yang resisten
terhadap penyakit dengan tanaman kentang tipe liar yang memiliki ketahanan
alami terhadap penyakit Hawar daun, atau melalui pendekatan teknologi
DNA-Rekombinan untuk mengasilkan tanaman transgenic yaitu dengan memasukkan gen
tahan penyakit HD pada tanaman kentang Budidaya.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<br />
<b>KESIMPULAN
DAN SARAN<o:p></o:p></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kesimpulan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyakit </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">hawar daun </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pada
tanaman famili <i>Solanaceae </i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">disebabkan
oleh </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">jamur </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <i><span lang="IN">Phytophthora infestans</span></i><b><span lang="IN"> (Mont.) de Bary</span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Phytophthora infestans</span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> (Mont.) de Bary</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">memiliki gejala serangan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">yaitu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">luka pada daun dengan bentuk yang tidak beraturan dan
berwarna gelap setelah 3-5 hari terinfeksi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengendalian terhadap penyakit HD yang paling efektif yang ramah
lingkungan adalah dengan mengupayakan mekanisme ketahanan yang bersifat alami. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Salah satu
penyebab kendala pengendalian penyakit ini adalah suhu, iklim dan kelembaban.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Saran <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kedepannya diharapkan agar pengendalian Penyakit hawar daun (</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Phytophthora infestans</span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> (Mont.) de Bary</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">) pada
tanaman famili <i>Solanaceae</i> khususnya
tanaman kentang (<i>Solanum tuberosum </i><b>L.</b>) agar lebih mengutamakan pengendalian
dengan cara menanman tanaman kentang budidaya yang resisten terhadap penyakit
hawar daun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 400%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 400%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Andriani,
O. ; Agustin, R. ; Romlah, S.N. ; Zulkha, V. T., 2010. Budidaya Kentang.
Diakses dari <a href="http://www.scribd.com/kentang/8528tu8twe/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">http://www.scribd.com/kentang/8528tu8twe/</span></a>
pada tanggal 5 April 2012 pukul 14.00 wib<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Cahyadi,
A, 2009. Simulasi Model Pertumbuhan Tanaman Kentang (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i>) dan Prediksi Kejadian Penyakit Hawar Daun
Kentang (<i>Phytophthora infestans)</i>. diakses
dari http://www.repository.usu.ac.id/si/. Pada tanggal 4 April 2012 Pukul 18.00 wib.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Iskandar,
Y.S., 1997. Peranan Agens Antagonis <i>Pseudomonas
</i>spp. Kelompok Fluorescens Terhadap Perkembangan Penyakit Hawar Daun Kentang
(<i>Phytophthora infestans</i> <b>(Mont.) de Bary</b><i>)</i>. Diakses dari <a href="http://www.studentpaper.ub.ac.id/78525925/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">http://www.studentpaper.ub.ac.id/78525925/</span></a>.
Pada tanggal 4 April 2012 Pukul 19.00 wib<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lengkong,
E.F., 2008. Penyakit Hawar Daun (Late Blight) : Permasalahan, Identifikasi dan
Seleksi Tanaman Tahan Penyakit. diakses dari <a href="http://www.scribd.com/kentang/42348/$%25"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">http://www.scribd.com//kentang/42348/$%</span></a>.
Pada tanggal 4 April 2012 Pukul 19.30 wib.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Listanto,
E., 2010. Ekspresi Gen RB pada Tanaman Kentang Kultivar Granola untuk
Meningkatkan Ketahanan terhadap Penyakit Hawar Daun (<i>Phytophthora infestans</i> <b>(Mont.)
de Bary)</b>. Diakses dari <a href="http://www.studentpaper.ub.ac.id/78525925/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">http://www.studentpaper.ub.ac.id/78525925/</span></a>.
Pada tanggal 4 April 2012 Pukul 19.00 wib<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nelson,
S.C., 2008. Late Blight of Tomato (<i>Phytophthora
infestans</i><b>)</b>. Diakses dari <a href="http://www.scribd.com/kentang/42348/$%25"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">http://www.scribd.com//kentang/42348/$%</span></a>.
Pada tanggal 4 April 2012 Pukul 19.30 wib.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Purwanti,
H, 2002. Penyakit Hawar Daun (<i>Phytophthora
infestans</i> <b>(Mont.) de Bary) </b>pada
Kentang dan Tomat : Identifikasi Permasalahan di Indonesia. <a href="http://repository.ipb.ac.id/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"> diakses dari
http://repository.ipb.ac.id</span></a>/. Pada tanggal 3 April 2012 pukul 17.10
wib.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sugiarto, A, 2001. Uji Kultivar Hasil Radiasi dan
Introduksi Beberapa Kultivar Kentang (<i>Solanum
tuberosum </i><b>L.).</b> <a href="http://repository.ipb.ac.id/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"> Diakses dari
http://repository.ipb.ac.id</span></a>/. Pada tanggal 3 April 2012 pukul 17.03
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Warda, 2008. Hama dan Penyakit pada Tanaman Kentang di
Kabupaten Gowa Sulawesi Selatan. <a href="http://repository.ipb.ac.id/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"> diakses dari http:/scribd/kentnag+sakit/4284728</span></a>.
Pada tanggal 3 April 2012 pukul 17.07 wib.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://www.google.co.id/imgres?um=1&hl=id&"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">http://www.google.co.id/imgres?um=1&hl=id&</span></a>
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada tanggal 3 April 2012 pukul 17.07 wib.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://www.tnau.agritech.portal.com/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">http://www.tnau.agritech.portal.com</span></a> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada tanggal 3 April 2012 pukul 17.07 wib.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://www.google.co.id/imgres?q=gejala+hawar+daun+pada+kentang/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">http://www.google.co.id/imgres?q=gejala+hawar+daun+pada+kentang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">/</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada tanggal 3 April 2012 pukul 17.07 wib.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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